Farm Income Research Articles

Kelayakan Usahatani dan Pola Saluran Pemasaran Komoditi Bawang Merah di Wilayah Timur dan Barat Kabupaten Sumbawa

This research aims to determine the feasibility of farming and the pattern of shallot marketing channels in the eastern and western regions of Sumbawa Regency. The research area was determined using a purposive sampling technique, starting from the district to the village level which is the center of shallot production. The research was carried out in May-July 2024. The number of samples or farmers in this research was determined by 30 shallot farmers. The analysis method uses descriptive methods, income approach, RC Ratio, and BEP. The research results show that the average income from shallot farming in the western zone is higher, namely: Rp. 77,947,742,- per farm/farmer/season compared to the average income of shallot farming in the eastern zone, which is Rp. 28,058,875,-. per farm/farmer/season. The R/C ratio value of shallot farming in the western zone is greater, namely R/C = 3 compared to the R/C ratio value of the eastern zone, namely R/C = 2. This shows that the efficiency of farming in the western zone is more efficient than with shallot farming in the eastern area of Sumbawa Regency. The BEP price value for the eastern zone is IDR. 10,100 per kilogram, and the BEP price for the west zone is IDR. 8,500,- per kilogram. There are 2 (two) market channel patterns in the western zone of Sumbawa Regency, namely: (1) farmers - retailers at the sub-district market - consumers, (2) farmers - village level collectors - retailers at the sub-district market. Meanwhile, there is only 1 (one) market channel pattern in the eastern zone, namely: farmers - collectors outside the sub-district - wholesalers outside Sumbawa Regency.

The Analysis of Determinants of Production and Optimization of Garlic Farming in Sembalun District East Lombok Regency

Each farming aims to maximize farming income but is constrained by the quantity of inputs. The limited quantity of input is faced by farmers who cultivate garlic plants. One solution is to utilize production inputs available at the location where farmers live, such as organic fertilizers, to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of the use of production inputs on production quantity and to determine the level of efficiency of the use of each production input. The purpose of the research was achieved through the collection of primary data from the results of the garlic farming survey in Sembalon District, East Lombok Regency. As a respondent, 71 farmers cultivate garlic. The research location is in Sembalun Bumbung village and Sembalun Lawang village. The number of sampling units in each village was selected using a proportional random sampling technique of 44 farmers in Sembalun Bumbung village and 27 farmers in Sembalon Lawang village. Production quantity and input quantity data were analyzed by multiple regression followed by an analysis of the ratio of marginal production value to the price per input unit to determine the status of efficiency in the use of production inputs. The results of the study showed that the use of organic fertilizer inputs, ZA fertilizers, and phonska fertilizers had a real effect on the production quantity. The use of organic fertilizers is not optimal, while the use of ZA fertilizers and phonska fertilizers needs to be reduced to increase efficiency.

A decision-making framework based on rain-fed crop suitability, water scarcity, and economic benefits for determination multiple-crop rotation strategy

Water scarcity under global climate change has impacted decreased agricultural productivity. Determining the suitable crop rotation strategy under water scarcity applicable to a specific region requires an evaluation of crop suitability, water scarcity, and economic benefits to farmers. This paper aims to improve agricultural productivity and economic benefits through crop rotation strategies under climate change. We developed seven crop rotation strategies, including rice, soybean, maize, and sweet potatoes, that were determined based on preliminary results of the crop suitability index using the EcoCrop model. The water scarcity index (WSI) in historical and future under climate change conditions is estimated using the CropWAT model. In addition, the economic benefit of each crop rotation strategy is evaluated. Finally, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to select the most suitable crop rotation strategy applicable to Taoyuan City, Taiwan, based on crop suitability assessment, water scarcity, and economic benefit analysis. Our result shows that WSI values are 0.37, 0.50, and 2.28 in the dry years of 2004, 2015, and 2020, respectively, due to decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures. The 10-year and 20-year averages were 0.4 and 0.35, respectively, indicating that the issue of agricultural water scarcity is intensifying year by year. Cultivating sweet potatoes has less vulnerability to water scarcity by up to 90 % under climate change than rice. Sweet potatoes also generate farmers’ income, which increases by 338 %, considering both rain-fed and irrigation efficiency conditions. Finally, the MCDA-AHP revealed that sweet potatoes and soybean-maize rotation in Taoyuan City were the most suitable and profitable crops for cultivating in Taoyuan City, especially under high and severe agriculture water stress events. Implementing a crop rotation strategy involving sweet potatoes and soybean-maize can effectively mitigate the impact of climate change and extreme drought on crop yield and ensure a stable income for farmers. Integrated irrigation and crop rotation strategies are crucial for providing farmers and other stakeholders with more informed decision-making in agriculture sectors while enhancing water use efficiency.

What rural ecological governance goals do local residents prefer? Evidence from Hainan, China

Rural ecosystems restoration requires the joint participation of rural residents and government in governance. This study aims to analyze whether rural ecological governance goals are consistent with rural residents' preferences and how they affect rural residents' utility levels, which are key to rural residents' ecological governance participation behavior. Using survey data from 653 rural residents in Hainan Island, China, this paper applies a choice experiment method and a random parameter logit model to identify differences in rural residents' preferences for different rural ecological governance policy goals and their governance participation behaviors. The results show that increasing the coverage rate of sewage treatment facilities, reducing fertilizer and pesticide application, and increasing rural biodiversity can significantly enhance rural residents' ecological governance participation utility, thereby promoting their choice of ecological governance options. Rural residents' participation behavior in rural ecological governance is also influenced by individual and household characteristics such as ethnicity, labor size, net farm income, ICT usage, and ecological knowledge level. Based on these findings, policymakers should strengthen communication of governance policies and objectives, respect rural residents' policy goal preferences, prioritize the implementation of rural ecological governance models that increase the coverage of wastewater treatment facilities, reduce fertilizer and pesticide application, and increase rural biodiversity, and rely on ICT devices to popularize ecological knowledge among rural residents.

Drought risk assessment for citrus and its mitigation resistance under climate change and crop specialization: A case study of southern Jiangxi, China

Crop specialization has become an important way to promote agricultural efficiency and increase incomes for farmers in China. Under extreme weather conditions, this is likely to increase resistance to drought risk mitigation and lead to greater drought damage. In order to make more sophisticated mitigation policy decisions, it requires efforts to assess crop drought risk variability and its risk mitigation resistance in detail. This study focuses on citrus as a cash crop, using a case of southern Jiangxi. We first constructed a drought risk assessment system for citrus, and then geographic information technology was used to characterize the risk dynamics. The factor contribution model was applied to calculate the risk mitigation resistance. And the least square error (LSE) model was finally employed to classify risk mitigation resistance types. The results showed that citrus drought risk had fluctuated moderately over macro-regions in the past 30 years, but had varied dramatically at local scales. Citrus drought risk significantly increases during the bud bust to flowering, fruit expansion, and fruit maturation stages. Exposure contributed 33.23 % to drought risk fluctuations, specifically, mainly attributed to the amplification of drought exposure in the farmer and agricultural production sectors, while 14.95 % was derived from climate change. In large-scale citrus expansion areas, the improvement in drought mitigation capacity generally lags behind the increase rate of the exposure system. The LSE model showed that risk mitigation resistance type varied across regions at system level and indicator level. In addition, water scarcity has emerged as a widespread issue that limits drought risk mitigation. Generally, this study provides new insights into the measurement of drought risk mitigation resistance and its type identification, thus contributing to the safe supply of agricultural products and human well-being.

Farmers’ risk attitude, agricultural technology adoption and impacts in Eastern India

BackgroundAgricultural production is inherently risky, as farmers are exposed to multiple stresses. The adoption of improved agricultural practices could become a key coping strategy to sustain production in such a risky environment. As several technologies are being developed and disseminated along this line, it is important to examine the factors influencing farmers’ adoption of these strategies and their impact on productivity. Using survey data of rice growing farmers from eastern states of India, we tested how farmers’ risk attitudes influence their decisions to adopt improved agricultural practices and whether the adoption has any influence on rice productivity.ResultsRisk-seeking farmers are more likely to adopt mechanization, whereas risk-averse farmers are more likely to adopt stress-tolerant rice varieties (STRVs), which represent a low-/no-capital-cost improved technology. Adoption of these improved technologies has resulted in productivity gains. Yet, their overall adoption is (s)low in India and other developing countries, presenting a broader challenge of suboptimal productivity and requiring deeper policy engagement.ConclusionsAdoption of STRVs and mechanization has been found to have positive impact on rice productivity. These two agricultural technologies, as our results reveal, are adopted by two distinct categories of farmers depending on their risk attitude. However, both technologies could play a complementary role increasing and stabilizing rice production of farmers, and that is where scope for policy lies to bridge this gap. Targeted policy measures such as subsidizing the purchase of machineries for establishment of custom hiring centers, implementing effective extension mechanisms, and integrating STRVs in the seed systems to enhance physical and economic access to these technologies, could significantly increase their adoption and consequently improve productivity and income of farmers.

Economic Analysis of Truffle Cultivation in Turkey: Comparing the Costs of Establishing a Truffle Growing Facility through Spore Inoculation of Adult Hazelnut Orchards and Using Inoculated Oak Saplings

Currently, in Turkey, there are truffle mushroom garden businesses established only through inoculated oak saplings, and economic analyses have been conducted on this approach. For Turkey, which holds approximately 75% of the world's hazelnut cultivation areas, the income of hazelnut farms can be significantly increased through dual cultivation of hazelnuts and truffle mushrooms. In this context, this study aims to compare the establishment costs and profitability rates of a truffle orchard business established using inoculated oak saplings and a truffle orchard business created through spore inoculation onto mature hazelnut orchards. The materials related to the research were obtained through the secondary data collection method. Financial analyses of the Truffle Mushroom Orchard Project Feasibility Report and Investor Guide were brought to the present day using the compound interest method. Additionally, based on literature and market research, the cost of the inoculation material required for the inoculation process was calculated, and two different methods of establishing truffle mushroom garden facilities were analyzed in terms of formation and profitability through a comparative approach. As a result of the study, it was found that the hazelnut project has a lower initial investment cost compared to the oak project, reached the break-even point in a shorter time frame, and therefore, the cash flow method was considered easier and more profitable due to these advantages, coupled with the advantage of hazelnut dual production. It is recommended to conduct an economic feasibility study considering hazelnut and truffle mushroom dual production as a single business entity.

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY AND TRANSPARENCY IN COFFEE SUPPLY CHAIN THROUGH BLOCKCHAIN-INTEGRATED TRACEABILITY PLATFORM

Coffee is a global commodity that plays a significant role in the economy of many countries, including Indonesia. As the world's fourth-largest coffee producer, Indonesia has a vast potential to increase its coffee exports. This economic impact is not only a source of foreign exchange but also a significant source of income for smallholder farmers. However, recent inefficiencies have led to declining exports and quality control issues. This issue is exacerbated by the lack of transparency and traceability in the coffee supply chain, which makes it difficult for stakeholders to monitor the movement of coffee beans from farm to market. Thus, this research aims to address these problems by developing a blockchain-integrated traceability platform enhanced with IoT technology. The platform connects all stakeholders in the coffee supply chain, including farmers, processors, distributors, sellers, and consumers, ensuring real-time monitoring and data transparency throughout the coffee supply chain. This benefitted not only the involved stakeholders but also the end consumers. The system's provided QR code allows consumers to access information about the coffee's origin, quality, and processing details, increasing customer awareness and trust in the product.

The Application of Digital-Genomic Tools to Improve Productivity and Profitability in Smallholder Dairy Systems in sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The dairy sector contributes 30% and 44% of the livestock-related agricultural GDP in Tanzania and Kenya, respectively. Despite this significant contribution, it is predominantly comprised smallholder farmers with few cows providing vital support in terms of food security, household income and employment for millions of farmers. Research aimed at enhancing productivity and sustainability in these smallholder dairy systems is crucial for rural development, increasing farm incomes, creating employment and supporting women and youth. However, a major challenge is the absence of a routine performance data collection system. Previous efforts to address this limitation often relied on methods from well-established dairy systems in developed countries which frequently failed to adapt effectively. Advances in mobile technology have prompted attempts to investigate alternative cost-effective and practical data recording systems in the smallholder dairy farming with a major focus on information and communications technology (ICT). Successful implementation of digital tools for data collection and synthesis to generate management information as feedback to farmers using ICT-based extension tools has led to increased productivity and household income. Additionally, the use of genomic information allows for genetic evaluation with minimal pedigree information and supports the initiation of breed improvement programs for increased productivity. Information © The Authors 2024

Empowerment of the “Sinar Bahagia” Cocoa Farmers Group in Bebidas Village, Wanasaba District, East Lombok Regency Through Diversification of Cocoa Bean Processing

Bebidas Village is one of the villages in Wanasaba District, East Lombok Regency, which has relatively potential to be developed into a cocoa production center. There are two main obstacles faced by farmers, namely the lack of knowledge, attitudes, and skills of cocoa farmers towards cocoa farming management and cocoa bean processing technology into various commercial products and the absence of a standard procedure to produce quality dry cocoa beans. This community service activity aims to assist in processing cocoa plant products into various cocoa products with economic value to increase the income of cocoa farmers in Bebidas Village, Wanasaba District, East Lombok Regency. This activity can increase the productivity of cocoa plants and increase the types of processed cocoa plant products with commercial value.

Agroecological performance of smallholder dairy cattle systems in the Peruvian Amazon

CONTEXTIn Peru, silvopastoral systems have been included as a national measure to address deforestation and mitigate carbon emissions. Limited studies have assessed the sustainability of mixed livestock-crop systems using tools that address multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). OBJECTIVEWe assessed the sustainability of smallholder dairy farms in the Peruvian Amazon as affected by system type (silvopastoral or conventional) and herd size (medium or large) using the Tool for Agroecological Performance Evaluation (TAPE). Furthermore, we explored the linkages among TAPE indicators including the 10 Elements of Agroecology (EA), an overall evaluation scale (Characterization of Agroecological Transition; CAET), and 11 SDG-linked Core Criteria of Performance (CCP). METHODSTwenty-two farmers of the San Martin region were surveyed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, Pearson correlations, and fitted to linear and quadratic functions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSSilvopastoral systems showed a greater agroecological transition than conventional systems (69.0 vs. 60.2; CAET mean) regardless of herd size.Results suggested that EA and CCP were essentially independent of each other if linearity was assumed. However, concave quadratic relationships were detected between the CAET and 4 CCP: Farm Income, Agricultural Net Income, Dietary Diversity, and Women's Empowerment. For these CCP, depressed values for farms with intermediate CAET (60 to 69) suggested that they neither reap the full benefits of agroecological practices found mainly in silvopastoral farms (CAET >70) nor the full benefits of conventional practices (CAET <60). SIGNIFICANCEThe implementation of agroecological practices in smallholder systems may support positive economic and social sustainability outcomes.

Impact on farm Income by Jalasamrudhi Project, Thiruvananthapuram, India

The study analysed the impact of the Jalasamrudhi watershed development programme on farm income. The data regarding the crops and income were collected from the Kattakada legislative constituency of the Jalasamrudhi Project, Thiruvananthapuram. A systematic sampling technique was adopted for the data collection and information was collected from 80 beneficiaries and 80 non-beneficiaries of the project, thus bringing the total sample size to 160. In addition to the watershed development programme implemented by Jalasamrudhi project, the beneficiaries of the project received one cattle per person and five poultry birds per person, enhancing their livelihoods and agricultural capabilities in the Kattakada constituency of the Jalasamrudhi Project in Thiruvananthapuram. Thus, the beneficiaries benefited from increase in an adoption of the water conservation measures and net farm income.

Influence of phosphorus fertilizer blends on insect pest incidence, yield and profitability of soybean production in the Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana

Field studies were conducted to test the effects of different fertilization regimes on insect pest abundance and grain yields of soybean, as well as on their profitability in the Guinea Savannah zones of Ghana. A total of five fertilization regimes were tested, and these were: 250 kg ha-1 TSP (46% P2O5 or 20%P) applied at sowing; 250 kg ha-1 YARA Legume II (4%N, 7.9%P, 10.8% K, 31%CaO (insoluble), 6%CaO (soluble), 3% MgO, 3%S, 0.075% B) applied at sowing; 250 kg ha-1 YARA Legume II applied at four weeks after sowing (WAS); 65kg ha-1 Nitrabor (15.45% N, 26%CaO, 0.3 B) applied at sowing plus 185 kg ha-1 YARA Legume I (0 % N, 7.9% P, 10.8% K, 31% CaO (insoluble), 4%S, 2% MgO) applied at 4WAS; 185 kg ha-1 YARA Legume I applied at sowing plus 65 kg ha-1 Nitrabor applied at 4WAS. The experiments were laid in randomized complete block designs with three replicates. Fertilization enhanced soybeans’ ability to overcome pest infestations, with plants treated with Nit-65+YLI-185 and YL II-250 + 0 Fert recording lower pest populations and significantly lower pest damages compared to the unfertilized plot. Fertilizer application increased soybean yield by 2269 kg ha-1 in the on-station experiment and by 1334 kg ha-1 in the on-farm experiment. In the on-station experiment, fertilizer use efficiency ranged from 5.5 kg grain per kg fertilizer applied at the 250 kg ha-1 YARA Legume II at 4 WAS to 12 kg grain per kg fertilizer applied with the 65kg ha-1 Nitrabor at sowing plus 185 kg ha-1 YARA Legume I at 4WAS. A similar observation was made in the on-farm experiment but with lower values. Phosphorus use efficiency followed a similar pattern as in the fertilizer use efficiency in both the on-station and on-farm experiments. The highest value cost ratio was attained with 65kg ha-1 Nitrabor at sowing plus 185 kg ha-1 YARA Legume I at 4WAS treatment in both the on-station and on-farm experiments, indicating the potential of increasing the productivity of soybean and the income of farmers in northern Ghana through the regime of fertilization.

Determinants of rice production in Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia: In search of innovative sustainable farm management practices

Over the past five years, rice production in Bantaeng Regency has averaged 5.2 tons per hectare, considerably below Bantaeng Regency's 2020 goal of 10.0 tons. Low rice yield internationally and domestically has prompted many studies to assess the effect of farmer and farm characteristics, and input factors on rice production. These include education, agricultural income, farmer cooperatives, production inputs, and financing. In response to this issue, the present study examined determinants of rice production in Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia. A representative sample of 185 rice farmers was randomly selected for structured interviews. The data analysis was carried out by employing the Binary Logistics Regression Analysis (BLRA). We used the BLRA to regress thirteen independent variables (land area, seed application, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, insecticides, herbicides, farm labor, education length, education level, farmer age, experience in farming, landowner status, and farming distance) to examine their effects on rice production. As a result, all independent variables simultaneously had a statistically significant effect on rice yield. Then, the partial testing of thirteen variables revealed that five variables—urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, pesticide, labor, and farmer age—had a positive and significant impact on rice production. In contrast, the seed application variable has a statistically negative effect on rice yield, while the other variables do not. Based on the results of this study, we recommend five innovative rice farm management strategies to enhance rice production in the future. Firstly, the farmer should expand their cropped area and increase the use of urea fertilizer, insecticides, and herbicides, labor and seed reduction is expected to boost rice yield immediately. Secondly, governments must ensure farmers' access to urea and NPK fertilizers, pesticides, and certified seeds in the future. Thirdly, policymakers must regulate the high costs and limited availability of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides. The policymaker would guarantee farmers adequate access to these resources. Fourthly, the farmers should use certified seeds with great output potential and apply the right amount. Fifthly, the rural labor replacement policy regulates rural wages and pay to handle the expected farm labor shortage.

Digital tools and welfare: adoption determinants among ginger producers in Southern and Central Ethiopia

IntroductionLow adoption rates of digital tools in agricultural extension services persisted among smallholder ginger producers in Southern and Central Ethiopia, despite their recognized benefits. This study investigated the factors that drove or hindered digital tool adoption in this context.MethodsA mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative interviews and quantitative data analysis. The Endogenous Switching Regression model was applied to examine the socio-economic, institutional, and technological factors affecting adoption.ResultsThe results showed that digital tool adoption significantly enhanced both agricultural productivity and household income among smallholder farmers. Key determinants included access to digital infrastructure, availability of ICT resources, and tailored extension services.DiscussionThe findings suggested a need for policies that promoted digital adoption, emphasizing infrastructure investment, expanded ICT access, and the development of specialized extension programs. These actions were seen as crucial for advancing rural livelihoods, supporting sustainable agriculture, and stabilizing the regional economy.

Agricultural Land Conversion and Challenges for Tenant Farmers: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan

ABSTRACTAgricultural land conversion (ALC) is a common phenomenon, particularly in developing countries that is driven by motives of urban development and growth. This conversion causes a loss of income source, causing unemployment and food insecurity among rural communities. This study aimed to investigate the socioeconomic impacts of ALC on tenant farmers/sharecroppers' households. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey and statistical techniques were used to compare the data before and after the ALC. Moreover, the regression model was employed to estimate the important determinants of land conversion. Results showed that most of the farmers' lands were converted into a non‐agriculture sector and these lands were irrigated. After the land conversion, the farmers' main source of households' income changed from farming to wages, business, or remittances. The proportion of agricultural income to total income significantly declined from 65% to 25%. Animal rearing and agricultural production have significantly declined after the ALC in the study area. The farmers' consumption of most essential commodities has decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the farmers reduced expenditures on non‐food items and overall results showed that these tenant farmers/sharecroppers faced severe consequences of ALC. Crop diversification, farmers' education, experience, and agricultural labor were negatively associated with ALC. Immediate actions from the district and provincial governments are needed to safeguard these households from the adverse impacts of poverty and food insecurity. By improving access to water sources and introducing diversified and integrated farming systems, these lands can become more productive, allowing farmers to cultivate a wider range of crops and raise livestock, making the land more economically viable for continued agricultural use.

Access and usage of formal financial services among small-scale Cassava farmers for productivity in Enugu state, Nigeria.

Purpose: Access to financial resources has been identified as one of the ways of boosting farm output, and this can be achieved through improving access to and usage of formal financial services. The study thus evaluated the effects of financial inclusion on cassava production among small-scale farmers in Enugu state, Nigeria. Methodology: A multi-stage sampling technique was employed in the selection of 162 cassava farmers in Enugu State. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, and Likert scale rating Technique. Finding: Empirical results showed that the average of all respondents who participated in the survey was 43 years and 62.35% of the total respondents were males. Additionally, the result showed mean household size (4.75), mean years of cassava farming experience (5.86 years), and mean farm size (0.45 hectares). The majority (88.30%) of the farmers had access to a formal financial institution and the average amount saved in the last 12 months was ₦162,154.32. The multiple regression analysis showed that socioeconomic characteristics influencing cassava output are household, farming experience, farm size, farm income, and input cost. Additionally, financial inclusion positively influenced cassava output through access to formal financial institutions and level of savings. Originality: The findings revealed the positive effect access and usage of formal financial services have on the economy. Therefore, the study recommends that farmers be encouraged to improve their usage of formal financial services such as improving their savings levels at banks and banks to reduce charges on formal financial services.

Residue and Irrigation Management for Optimizing Productivity and Profitability of Wheat in Ambala (Haryana)

Background: The rice-wheat cropping system in Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab faces sustainability risks due to soil fertility depletion, rising cultivation costs and environmental pollution hazards because of the large-scale burning of rice crop residues. Two-year field experiments investigated wheat sowing techniques by keeping rice crop residues under various irrigation schedules to optimize production and economic outcomes in Ambala, Haryana. Three sowing methods, i.e., conventional sowing (CS), Happy Seeder (HS) and Super Seeder (SS) and four irrigations scheduling, i.e., scheduling at critical growth stages (IS1), IW/CPE ratio 0.9 with first irrigation at CRI (IS2), IW/CPE ratio for whole crop season (IS3) and depletion of 50% available soil moisture (IS4). Methods: Happy Seeder sown wheat exhibited a significantly higher average yield of 58.38 q ha-1 than conventional (57.69 q ha-1) and Super seeder (56.85 q ha-1) sown wheat. Overall, Happy Seeder and irrigation schedule (IS3) produces the highest grain yield of 65.23, 63.56 and 64.40 q ha-1 in the first, second year and pooled year results. In conventional sowing of wheat, the average total cultivation cost was 107134.02 and 110907.71 Rs ha-1, which was less in Happy Seeder sown wheat, i.e., 99077.07 and 102932.27 Rs. ha-1 respectively, in the year 2021-22 and 2022-23. Result: The average benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for the happy seeder technique, 1.42 and 1.44, outperforms the conventional sowing wheat approach during both years of experiments. The recent wheat sowing using happy seeder under residue mulching conditions, must adopt modified irrigation scheduling practices to enhance yield and profitability, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. The study highlights the potential of recent agricultural practices to boost farmer income, promote sustainable agricultural growth and environment conservation.

Extrinsic Motivation vs. Intrinsic Motivation: Key Factors Influencing Farmers' Land Quality Protection Behavior in China.

The crowding effect of individual behavior motivation is a focal point in various disciplines, such as economics and social psychology. Understanding the motivation crowding effect in the context of pro-environmental behavior of farmers is crucial for formulating agricultural environmental policies. However, there is limited knowledge about the motivation crowding effect on farmers' land quality protection behavior, especially in developing countries. This study employs stratified regression models, propensity score matching models, seemingly unrelated regression models, and simple slope analysis methods to analyze the impact of extrinsic motivations (external incentives such as increasing farming income and production yield) and intrinsic motivations (internal drives such as personal satisfaction and responsibility) on farmers' land quality protection behavior, as well as the motivation crowding effect between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. The analysis is based on survey data from 1064 smallholder farmers in five provinces in China: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu. The results indicate that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations have a positive impact on farmers' land quality protection behavior. Notably, extrinsic motivation exhibits a crowding-out effect on intrinsic motivation, suggesting a motivation crowding effect. While promoting farmers' land quality protection behavior through economic incentives is a feasible short-term solution, it may not effectively foster the long-term formation of such behaviors. Given the current context of severe land pollution, alleviating this issue through economic incentives represents a short-term policy approach. Thus, transitioning from short-term to long-term solutions by enhancing farmers' intrinsic motivation to promote farmers' land quality protection behavior is essential for the government to consider in future land protection policy formulation.

Intersectionality shapes the access to various adaptive resources in climate-vulnerable contexts

Abstract Intersectional approaches are becoming essential to understanding the differential impacts of climate change and the heterogeneity of adaptive capacities. Varying factors of social and economic privileges and inequalities synergistically shape the local power structure, ultimately determining disproportionality and unequal access to adaptive resources. Using empirical data from coastal Bangladesh, which is part of the Ganges Delta, and one of the world’s -most climate-vulnerable regions, this study shows how religion, gender, and ethnicity intersect with patterns in (i) farm and non-farm incomes, (ii) land conflicts, (iii) the size of farms, and (iv) access to critical sources of weather information. The study highlights that multilayered identity, which is shaped by various structural determinants, including local power structure, can determine gendered dimensions of access to various adaptation resources. It also shows that if policymakers and development partners partially understand or do not understand the complex landscape of local vulnerability or unequal power structures including the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable populations, they would not be able to provide critical support in times of crisis. The concept of intersectionality is therefore critical in addressing adaptation and risk management challenges for regions like the Ganges Delta and other parts of the world, where people are struggling with similar social and environmental challenges.