Farmers In Vietnam Research Articles

Mixed method evaluation of factors influencing the adoption of organic participatory guarantee system certification among Vietnamese vegetable farmers

AbstractIn markets where vegetables are commonly cultivated with heavy use of synthetic pesticides, it is particularly important for consumers to be able to identify genuine organic produce. Organic Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) certification offers smallholder farmers an affordable way to build trust among consumers and secure premium prices for their organic produce. In Vietnam, the demand for vegetables with no, or low, pesticide residues is growing. The attractiveness of PGS certification should increase accordingly, but the number of organic PGS certified farmers in Vietnam are stagnating or even decreasing. The aim of this study is to explain this paradox by investigating the factors that influence the adoption of organic PGS certification among Vietnamese vegetable farmers. We follow a mixed methods approach, combining a qualitative analysis of farmer interviews (n = 62) and a quantitative analysis of a farm survey data (n = 434) using a sample selection model that estimates adoption contingent on farmers’ awareness of PGS certification. Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, we found that social relationships and positive attitudes towards farming and the environment drive the adoption of organic PGS. Barriers include insufficient knowledge of organic farming techniques, labour shortages, and ageing farmers. At the systemic level, support by (non-)governmental institutions facilitates adoption, but challenges such as lower yields and limited access to premium markets remain. To promote organic PGS among Vietnamese vegetable farmers, efforts should focus on disseminating organic farming techniques that boost yields, alleviate labour demands, and ensure secure markets for premium-priced organic vegetables.

Digital technology adoption among smallholder farmers in Vietnam: Implications for digital agricultural extension strategies

AbstractThis study explores the adoption of digital technology among smallholders in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam. Data were gathered by doing a survey of 455 farmers analysed by descriptive analysis and a Poisson Regression model. Key knowledge gaps include an incomplete understanding of farmers' digital technology adoption and insufficient empirical evidence supporting potential determinants in smallholders' digital adoption. Findings indicate active use of digital tools in agriculture, with factors such as education, farm size, digital experience, knowledge exchange frequency, access to digital information and internet costs positively influencing adoption. The study advocates for tailored training and targeted interventions to enhance adoption rates.

Set When the Sun Rises, Rise When the Sun Sets: Climate Impact on Health, Safety, and Wellbeing of Smallholder Farmers in Vietnam

Vietnam is a country most at risk for experiencing climate change effects, especially increasing temperatures. Agricultural production is one of the biggest contributors to Vietnam’s economy. Recent research has explored how climate change will impact agriculture in Vietnam. However, the impact of climate change to the health, safety, and wellbeing of Vietnamese farmers is often overlooked. In this study, we conducted five focus groups with 46 farmers representing three provinces of Vietnam. We used a convergent mixed-methods design and a Total Worker Health® framework to assess how farmers in Vietnam experience climate-change-related hazards and describe how famers associate these hazards with impacts to their health, safety, and wellbeing. Multi-dimensional scaling suggests farmers conceptualize hazards separately from health, safety, and wellbeing outcomes, but a thematic analysis of our data indicated that farmers perceive both direct and indirect impacts of climate change to their health, safety, and wellbeing. Direct impacts of climate change described included physical health effects such as heat stress. Indirect impacts included mental health stressors due to productivity demands. Gaps in available health and safety trainings for farmers were also identified. This project demonstrates the need to co-develop safety and health trainings with farmers. System-level approaches both at the societal and community levels are needed. The local governments, cooperatives, Women’s Unions, and Farmers’ Unions are trusted sources of information that could implement and disseminate these trainings.

Set when the sun rises, rise when the sun sets: Climate change adaptive strategies of small holder farmers in Vietnam

Set when the sun rises, rise when the sun sets: Climate change adaptive strategies of small holder farmers in Vietnam

Self-selection out of formal credit markets: evidence from rural Vietnam

PurposeThis paper examines why farmers self-select out of formal credit markets even though they need external funds.Design/methodology/approachWe use probit and Bayesian probit estimators to detect the determinants of self-selection behavior based on a primary dataset of 2,212 rice farmers in Vietnam. After that, we use the multinomial probit (MNP) and Bayesian MNP estimators to reveal the impact of relevant factors on the decision to self-select for farmers belonging to each self-selection category.FindingsThe probit and Bayesian probit estimators show that the decision to self-select depends on household head age, income per capita, farm size, whether or not to have relatives or friends working for banks, the number of previous borrowings, risks related to natural disasters, diseases, and rice price, and the number of banks with which the farmer has relationships. The MNP and Bayesian MNP estimators give further insights into the decision of farmers to self-select in that determinants of the self-selection behavior depend on the reasons to self-select. In concrete, farm size and the number of previous borrowings mitigate the self-selection of farmers who did not apply for loans due to having access to other preferred sources of credit. The self-selection of farmers not applying for loans because of unfavorable loan terms is conditional on household head age, farming experience, income, farm size, the number of previous borrowings, natural disaster risk, and the number of banks the farmer has relationships with. Several factors, including education, income, the distance to the nearest bank, whether or not having relatives or friends working for banks, the number of previous borrowings, risks, and the number of banks the farmer has relationships with, affect the self-selection of farmers not applying for loans because of high borrowing costs. The self-selection of farmers not applying for loans because of complex application procedures depends on income and the number of previous borrowings. Finally, the household head’s age, gender, experience, income, farm size, the amount of trade credit granted, the number of previous borrowings, natural disaster risk, and the number of banks the farmer has relationships with are the determinants of the self-selection of farmers not applying for loans because of a fear not being able to repay.Practical implicationsThis paper fills the knowledge gap by investigating why farmers self-select out of formal credit markets. It provides evidence of how the farmers’ subjective perceptions of rural credit markets contribute to their self-selection.Originality/valueThis paper shows that demand-side constraints are also vital for farmers’ access to bank credit. Improving credit access via easing supply-side constraints may not increase credit uptake without addressing demand-side factors. Given that finding, it recommends policies to improve access to bank credit for farmers regarding the demand side.

Factors associated with smallholders’ uptake of intercropping in Southeast Asia: A cross-country analysis of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

While previous studies acknowledge intercropping as a climate-smart agricultural practice and confirm its prominence in developing countries, behavioral factors underlying farmers’ decision in intercropping adoption remain poorly understood. This study assesses and compares the heterogeneity in adoption of intercropping among smallholder farmers in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, through the lens of climate change adaptation. A sample of 1017 smallholder farmers was recruited for a household survey across the three countries using a convenient sampling approach. Principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the main dimensions of farmers’ perception towards climate change and adaptation. Next, generalized order logit regressions were employed to assess the association between farmers’ adoption tendency of intercropping and their perception of climate change and adaptation, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of intercropping, and socio-demographic characteristics. The study shows that perceived climate severity was negatively associated with intercropping adoption tendency in Vietnam and Laos (p < 0.001). In all studied countries, farmers who perceived a higher level of climate change impact were less interested in intercropping. Perceived ease and perceived usefulness of intercropping were positively related to farmers’ adoption of intercropping in the three countries (p < 0.001). Information acquisition on climate change adaptation reduced the willingness to intercrop in Vietnam (p < 0.001) but increased the adoption readiness in Laos (p < 0.001) and Cambodia (p < 0.1). Informal social support hampered readiness to adopt intercropping only in Vietnam (p < 0.001). Lastly, households with a home garden were more willing to adopt intercropping in Laos (p < 0.1) and Cambodia (p < 0.001), compared to households without a home garden. Policies focused on enhancing the perceived ease and benefits of intercropping, alongside improving the access and usability of information on climate change and adaptation, could incentivize adoption of intercropping among smallholder farmers,therefore strengthening their resilience against the impacts of climate change.

Acceptance of Solar Technology by Farmers in Vietnam

This study aims to explain the acceptance of solar technology by farmers in Vietnam. The study combines the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), supplemented with additional factors (concern for the environment, trust in technology, and supporting policies) to address the research objectives. The study uses quota sampling to collect data from 248 farmers in 4 provinces (Hau Giang, Dong Thap, Bac Lieu, and Kien Giang) in the Mekong Delta region, Vietnam. By applying the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach, the research results demonstrated the positive influences of various factors on the intention to use solar technology among farmers, including perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, subjective norms, attitude, perceived behavioral control, concern for the environment, trust in technology, and supporting policies. Among these factors, trust in technology was found to have the most impact on the intention to use solar technology among farmers in Vietnam.

Comparative genomic analysis of Aeromonas dhakensis and Aeromonas hydrophila from diseased striped catfish fingerlings cultured in Vietnam.

Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) is a burden for striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) farmers in Vietnam. MAS can be caused by several species of Aeromonas but Aeromonas hydrophila is seen as the leading cause of MAS in aquaculture, but recent reports suggest that A. dhakensis is also causing MAS. Here we investigated the bacterial etiology of MAS and compared the genomic features of A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis. We collected 86 isolates from diseased striped catfish fingerlings over 5 years from eight provinces in Vietnam. Species identification was done using PCR, MALDI-TOF and whole genome sequence (WGS). The MICs of commonly used antimicrobials was established. Thirty presumed A. hydrophila isolates were sequenced for species confirmation and genomic comparison. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted using publicly available sequences and sequences from this study. A total of 25/30 isolates were A. dhakensis sequence type (ST) 656 and 5/30 isolates were A. hydrophila ST 251. Our isolates and all publicly available A. hydrophila isolates from Vietnam belonged to ST 251 and differed with <200 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Similarly, all A. dhakensis isolates from Vietnam belonged to ST 656 and differed with <100 SNPs. The tet(A) gene was found in 1/5 A. hydrophila and 19/25 A. dhakensis. All A. hydrophila had an MIC ≤2 mg/L while 19/25 A. dhakensis had MIC ≥8 mg/L for oxytetracycline. The floR gene was only found in A. dhakensis (14/25) which showed a MIC ≥8 mg/L for florfenicol. Key virulence genes, i.e., aerA/act, ahh1 and hlyA were present in all genomes, while ast was only present in A. dhakensis. This study confirms previous findings where A. dhakensis was the dominating pathogen causing MAS and that the importance of A. hydrophila has likely been overestimated. The differences in antimicrobial susceptibility between the two species could indicate a need for targeted antimicrobial treatment plans. The lipopolysaccharide regions and outer membrane proteins did not significantly differ in their immunogenic potentials, but it remains to be determined with in vivo experiments whether there is a difference in the efficacy of available vaccines against A. hydrophila and A. dhakensis.

Determinants of the decision to adopt climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder upland farmers in Southeast Asia

This article argues that local adaptive capacity of the smallholder farmers determines their decision to adopt climate change adaptation strategies in the upland farming communities in the Philippines. This argument is based on the research conducted in the selected upland farming communities in the Philippines, Vietnam and Timor-Leste in 2017-2018 using the Local Adaptive Capacity (LAC) framework as the theoretical foundation. The study involved a survey of 637 upland farmers who were selected using simple random sampling; focus group discussion; key informant interviews; and, farm visits. Results revealed that the smallholder farmers across the three countries had low level of adaptive capacity. Binary logistics regression also indicates that leadership (p=.078) and innovations (p=.000) are the factors that influence farmers to adopt climate change adaptation strategies in the Philippines, while knowledge (p=0.000) and community assets (p=0.000) as the determinants among the smallholder farmers in Vietnam. In Timor-Leste, the decision to adopt climate change adaptation strategies are community assets (p=0.001), knowledge (p=0.000), and innovations (p=0.007). These results suggest an urgent need of enhancing the local adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers to be able to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Crop farming and technical efficiency of tea production nexus: An analysis of environmental impacts

This article aims to analyze the impact of ecological aspects on technical efficiency (TE), especially for tea farmers in Vietnam. First, farm-level data of tea farmers from 245 mountain regions are selected and used. Secondly, a four-component stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) strategy is applied to measure the impact of ecological aspects on TE of regional tea farmers. The results of the frontier of production indicate that the average TE of the tea farmers is calculated at about 38%, which is relatively low. Among environmental factors, only financial support for organic tea production has shown a certain improvement over the impact of TE in terms of tea production. Other variables, such as age and contract farming, have shown a positive effect on TE for tea farmers. The research results also indicate that there is considerable space to improve the efficiency of the production of the study area. The government of Vietnam should take important steps regarding technology innovation, policy, promotion of current subsidies, risk management, and the upgrade of TE in tea farming.

Assessing Productivity and Economic Potential of Pond-Based Culture of Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) and Babylon Snail (Babylonia areolata) in Monoculture and Four Different Coculture Arrangements

The aim of this study was to create an economic decision-making tool to allow farmers and stakeholders to make informed decisions around costs, benefits, and risks involved in production of sandfish, Holothuria scabra, and Babylon snail, Babylonia areolata, in different coculture arrangements based on a sound economic framework. A small-scale (0.16 ha) farm operation in Vietnam was modelled using production data obtained in previous studies to represent the costs and returns of rearing sandfish in tank-based nursery systems and in pond-based coculture grow-out systems. Sandfish and Babylonia monoculture was compared with three coculture models where the two species were separated, and the amount of pond area allocated to each ranged from 25% to 75%. A fourth coculture model (Co-4; “comingled”) was assessed where the two species were not separated and shared 100% of the substrate. The sandfish monoculture system produced 487 kg of sandfish at an annual cost of USD 5,616, providing an annual return of USD –3,521. The largest annual cost associated with sandfish monoculture was labor (USD 8.04 per kg). Pond monoculture of Babylon snail returned USD 1,876 annually, with an annual production cost of USD 19,858. Feeding represented the largest production cost associated with Babylonia monoculture of USD 14,340 per annum, or USD 5.11 per kg. Sandfish monoculture and Babylonia monoculture returned benefit–cost ratios of 0.37 and 1.09, respectively. The coculture model with pond area divided 50:50 between sandfish and Babylonia during grow-out, produced 258 kg of sandfish and 2,584 kg of Babylonia over a 359-day production cycle. This equates to USD 1,108 and USD 20,001 annual production of sandfish and Babylonia, respectively. After production costs, this model provided a return of USD 2,309 annually at a benefit–cost ratio of 1.12. The comingled culture model, Co-4, provided the greatest annual return of USD 6,019 and a benefit–cost ratio of 1.24. Results of this study build on previous research into practical aspects of sandfish/Babylonia coculture and provide a more complete picture of the potential application of this research to improve livelihoods and income of small-scale farmers in Vietnam.

Credit, shocks and production efficiency of rice farmers in Vietnam

Enhancing rice production efficiency in developing countries is important to improve the livelihoods of farmers and to ensure global food security for a growing population. Despite significant progress in recent decades, rice production is facing multiple challenges from climate change to the increasing competition for land, labor and capital from urbanization and industrialization. Given the fact that Vietnamese farmers often suffer from shocks and financial capital constraints, our paper aims to (i) investigate the impact of credit and shocks on rice production efficiency, and to (ii) examine the role of credit in mitigating the impact of shocks. Our findings show that weather shocks and land fragmentation are major sources of the inefficiency. Meanwhile, livestock, farm mechanization, and education are factors promoting rice production efficiency. Our results also show that access to credit plays a significant role in mitigating the negative impact of weather shocks. Our paper calls for more assistance and support to farmers in mitigating the severe effects of weather shocks, in particular via the promotion of rural credit markets. In addition, the encouragement of farm mechanization, land defragmentation, livestock farming, and the improvement of rural education should be given high priority to improve rice production efficiency.

The Prevalence of Heat-related Illnesses and Associated Factors among Rice Farmers in Vietnam

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of heat-related illnesses (HRI) and their associated factors among rice farmers in Central Vietnam. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 379 farmers from August to September 2021 in Ha Tinh province on the north-central coast of Vietnam. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, farming activities, heat exposure, and health issues. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the factors associated with HRI. Results: At least one HRI symptom was experienced by 83.4% of farmers, and two or more HRI symptoms were experienced by 55.1% of farmers during the last harvesting season (the summer-autumn rice season, 2021). Factors significantly associated with HRI were age, having chronic diseases, type of farming tasks, the number of hours working in the heat, and water intake. Farmers working outdoors for more than 4 hours in the heat were 2.3 times [95%CI: 1.14–4.69] more likely to experience HRI than those working fewer than 2 hours. A higher risk of HRI was also associated with heavy farming tasks (OR = 2.35, [1.34–4.14]), having hypertension (OR = 3.75, [1.90–7.81]), cardiovascular diseases (OR = 2.53, [1.03–6.93]), and other chronic conditions (OR = 2.51, [1.51–4.25]). In contrast, a lower risk of HRI was found in the older group (OR = 0.44, [0.22–0.87]) and increased water intake (OR = 0.46, [0.27–0.77]). Conclusions: Hot weather is a significant occupational health risk for farmers in Vietnam. Changing the working schedule, working in shorter intervals, and remaining well-hydrated should be considered in HRI prevention strategies.

Analyzing Factors That Affect Rice Production Efficiency and Organic Fertilizer Choices in Vietnam

Rice farmers in Vietnam face many difficulties achieving technical efficiency (TE), which can be measured by the distance to the production frontier, in rice production due to non-optimal combinations of inputs and the influence of household socioeconomic characteristics. This study investigates the TE of rice production by applying stochastic frontier analysis to raw data obtained from the Vietnamese Households Living Standards Survey 2016 (VHLSS 2016) database. In addition, organic fertilizers now demand much attention worldwide because of their environmentally friendly characteristics. Therefore, this study identifies the effects of organic fertilizer choices on the TE of rice production. The results show that farmers in Vietnam achieved 87.6 percent TE and that most factors tested had significant effects on rice production. Instead of rice monoculture, the four main factors with strong and positive effects on TE levels were intensive labor, irrigation, mixing crops instead of rice monoculture, and education. Moreover, this study also revealed that organic fertilizer plays a vital role in growing rice by applying propensity score matching (PSM) between farmers who use or do not use irrigation facilities in rice production. While in the process of building a system, the government should focus on rice producers to strive for maximum efficiency with regard to labor productivity and mixed-crop farming, and to take proper measures to improve rice productivity and quality through the use of organic fertilizers. As a result, this study revealed that the use of organic fertilizers for rice production in Vietnam does not always benefit households’ TE.

Factors Driving the Adoption of Coping Strategies to Market Risks of Shrimp Farmers: A Case Study in a Coastal Province of Vietnam

Shrimp farmers in Vietnam respond passively to market risks, such as input and output price shocks. This study provides a better understanding of market risks, risk management strategies adopted by shrimp farmers, the factors driving their choice of strategies, and how such strategies affect farm performance. Random sampling was used to collect information from a sample of 246 shrimp farmers. Several analytical methods were combined, including descriptive analysis, coefficient of variance estimation for market risks, and a logistic regression model to uncover factors behind farmers’ decisions to adopt risk management strategies. To cope with market risks, shrimp farmers frequently adopt two risk management strategies: changes in farming technology and practices, and agricultural input contracts. Overall, 54.9% of shrimp farmers only used a single strategy, whereas the others used combined risk management strategies. Age, farm size, membership in a farmers association, participation in training, gender, price of output, price of seed, price of fertilizer, distance from farm to the market center, and shrimp type were identified as factors driving the probability of using combined risk management strategies.

Adoption of Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices (VietGAP) in Aquaculture: Evidence From Small-Scale Shrimp Farming

The increasing demand by international customers for high-quality shrimp products has led to the introduction of various certificates of traceability intended to validate quality products in Vietnam. The Vietnamese good agricultural practices (VietGAP), better known in aquaculture as the Vietnamese good aquaculture practices, has emerged as a reliable certificate for small-scale farmers and a prerequisite for international certification. This study investigates factors affecting applications for VietGAP by small-scale shrimp farmers in Vietnam. Cost-benefit analysis and binary logistic regression approaches were used to categorise shrimp farms with and without VietGAP certification. Findings indicated that while the adoption of VietGAP raised production costs by 14.5 %, it could increase net profit by up to 22 %. The increase in net profit is from increased productivity and antibiotics and chemical-free products in shrimp farming, helped fetch better prices. The results also revealed three factors that positively influenced the farmers’ decision to acquire VietGAP; education, farm size, and production system. Shrimp farmers with longer schooling years, larger farms, and those who possess cooperative/farming cluster membership are more likely to acquire VietGAP certification. The results imply that the VietGAP certification should be better promoted to cooperative production forms of farming, by strengthening the schooling year of farmers and increasing awareness of VietGAP certification to farmers who operate shrimp farms of 5,000–9,000 m2.

E-Commerce Apps – Solutions for Farm-Household in the Context of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Research on Suppliers of Lychee Products According to Global Gap Standards

In the context of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in countries around the world, it is extremely hard for farmers to consume agricultural products, thereby affecting their production results. This study was designed to analyze the factors affecting the production and business results of lychee farmers in Vietnam in the context of the influence of the Covid 19 pandemic. Data for the study was collected from a survey of about 400 lychee production households according to Global Gap standards in Vietnam. Research findings have shown that the revenue from the supply of lychee products of farmers in Vietnam has decreased after the effects of Covid 19. Along with that, factors also have different degrees of influence on the business results of lychee-producing households. Especially in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, e-commerce has become an effective consumption channel, supporting the consumption of products of lychee producers in Vietnam. In the light of those findings, the author provided recommendations for lychee product suppliers in Vietnam on how to solve their problems.

What motivates farmers to accept good aquaculture practices in development policy? Results from choice experiment surveys with small-scale shrimp farmers in Vietnam

This study explores small-scale Vietnamese shrimp farmers’ preferences for good aquaculture practices and proactive aquaculture development policy to encourage wastewater treatment and antibiotic use. Data were collected through a survey of farmers using two discrete choice experiments with a sample size of 450 respondents. The results of mixed logit and latent class models indicated that the farmers preferred good aquaculture practices in shrimp farming to conventional types, and the risk reduction and economic benefits of good aquaculture practices attracted shrimp farmers. However, many small-scale farmers did not prefer the integration of proactive aquaculture practices in development policy, despite the availability of a concessional loan to cover the initial investment cost, and they expressed less willingness to pay for wastewater treatment and antibiotic use regulations. To increase the adoption of good aquaculture practices, in addition to concessional funding policy, small-scale farmers also expressed a need for other support policies, such as the aquaculture insurance provision, subsidies for wastewater treatment, and compliance with regulations on antibiotic use.

The impact of cooperative participation on income: the case of vegetable production in Vietnam

PurposeThe demand for clean vegetables has rapidly increased, many farmers gradually turn to vegetable cultivation to increase income; therefore, agricultural cooperative mobilized farmers group to facilitate them access to technical training and enhance compliance with the Vietnamese Good Agricultural Practices (VietGAP) standards. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of the participation on farmer’s income as well as the major factors that affect the participation in cooperatives by the vegetable farmers in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThe study used primary data collected from vegetable farmers in Vietnam. This study utilized propensity score matching to avoid initial selection bias. The differences between participants and nonparticipants will be adjusted by matching each membership individual to a nonmember based on similar observable characteristics by summarizing the conditional probability of a member given pretreatment characteristics.FindingsThis study demonstrates that participation in cooperatives is significantly affected by ethnicity, age of household head, labor involving vegetable production and extension service access. The results of this study also confirm that agricultural cooperatives have positive effects on member farmers to enhance income and that participants – on average – have a higher income than nonparticipants.Research limitations/implicationsThe method cannot rule out the possibility of selection bias due to unobserved differences between participants and even an appropriate comparison group.Originality/valueThis study contributes to an improved understanding about impacts of cooperatives on farmers’ income in developing and emerging economies. Moreover, research also upgrades knowledge regarding the effectiveness of agricultural cooperatives in Vietnam, as well as guides policymakers in supporting the cooperatives in expanding the market and other necessary changes.

The Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Production and Sustainable Agriculture of Smallholder Farmers in Vietnam

Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human beings, and agriculture is one of the fields that is most negatively affected by climate change. Farmers around the world and global food supply chains are impacted by the more extreme weather phenomena and increased damage of diseases and pests caused by climate change. Today, almost all agricultural enterprises and farms consider climate change a serious long-term risk for their production. Agricultural land systems can produce significant greenhouse gases (GHGs) by the conversion of forests to crop- and animal lands, and also through the weak management of crops and livestock. Around the world, cultivation and cattle production accounts for 25% of global GHG emissions (Javeline, ‎2014). However, under suitable conditions, agriculture can create environmental conditions that can help minimize pollution and the negative effects of climate change including carbon absorption by green plants in forests, and fields for watershed protection and biodiversity conservation. Sustainable agriculture helps farmers to adapt, maintain, and improve productivity without applying harmful techniques. In turn, this allows farms to manage and mitigate climate-related risks in their supply chains. The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) has found new ways to incorporate smart climate cultivation methods into all farming practices to help farms and enterprises carry out agriculture sustainably.