Fish Farming Production Research Articles

A review of the global use of fishmeal and fish oil and the Fish In:Fish Out metric.

Aquacultured carnivorous species consume most of the world's fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), which itself is primarily derived from small pelagic fish. This has raised concerns about the practice's impact on wild fish stocks, ecosystems, and coastal communities that rely on these fish. The aquaculture industry claims a decreasing dependence on wild fish, relying on the Fish In:Fish Out (FIFO) metric as a ratio of the quantity of wild fish required for farmed fish production. This is misleading because it usually assumes constant FM or FO yields, inclusion rates and feed conversion ratios, which vary widely. Thus, a constant FIFO value for a given species cannot be assumed. Furthermore, low FIFO values resulting from averaging carnivores and herbivores conceal the high feed requirements of carnivore species. The increasing use of FMFO from by-products does not demonstrate a decreased use of wild fish but rather reflects a growing demand for FMFO, particularly for the fast growing and valuable salmon and shrimp farming industries.

Growth and Depuration of Off‐Flavors in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss in a Partial Recirculating Aquaculture System (PRAS)

ABSTRACTIn recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off‐flavours accumulated in fish muscle tissue can be problematic in terms of consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Off‐flavours often give fish earthy, muddy, or other undesirable flavours. Typically, off‐flavours are removed during a depuration period in which fish are fasted and held in clean water. Unfortunately, this causes additional costs and delayed sales, while fish lose weight and show a decrease in lipid content. First, we studied fish growth in a partial RAS (PRAS) where the conditions are very similar to those in depuration with a water exchange rate of 4000 L kg−1 feed, compared to RAS with a 650‐L water kg−1 feed. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was reared in both systems. Our aim was to combine the benefits of a higher water exchange rate: the lack of need for biofilters and a lower accumulation of off‐flavours while obtaining stable rearing conditions. Additionally, we studied the effects of moderate feeding and H2O2 addition during depuration. The fish grew faster in a PRAS than in a RAS when fed ad libitum. Thirteen off‐flavour compounds were found in the fish flesh and 11 in the circulating water. The H2O2 addition led to decreased levels of off‐flavours in the tank water and in fish muscle. The results showed no significant differences in off‐flavours between the fed and not‐fed systems, showing that moderate feeding did not prevent a good depuration result. However, the lipid content and the overall fish weight were higher in the fed systems, which suggests more effective depuration. Increased depuration efficiency can be an important tool when considering ways to improve the profitability of production.

Behavioral, electrocardiographic, and opercular beat recording characterization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in immersion bath with different concentrations of tricaine (MS-222)

In the world scenario of farmed fish production, tilapia stands out as one of the most cultivated species. In view of animal welfare in fish farming, stressful practices such as biometrics and transportation are minimized by the use of anesthetic agents, with tricaine (MS-222) being among the most commonly used. Despite its extensive use, its anesthetic responses remain a focus of investigation for animal safety. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the electrocardiographic and respiratory activity of juvenile Nile tilapia exposed to different concentrations of tricaine. In this study, juvenile Nile tilapia (30.9 ± 5.5 g, n = 99) were subjected to tricaine anesthetic baths at concentrations of 150–250 ppm for behavioral analysis and electrophysiological recordings (electrocardiogram and opercular beating). Our results show that induction and recovery of anesthesia with tricaine in juvenile Nile tilapia was effective for a short-term anesthesia with dose-dependence characteristics. Furthermore, the electrophysiological data reveal a marked decrease in heart rate (28.10–44.08 %) and opercular beating (35.72–59.19 %), depending on the concentration of tricaine used, with reversibility during the recovery period. Therefore, we can infer that the safe utilization window for tricaine varies between 150–250 ppm in juvenile tilapia, emphasizing that its administration should consider the anesthetic plan with monitoring of physiological parameters, especially respiratory ones, which are more easily evidenced.

The early life microbiome of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) larvae in a commercial hatchery is influenced by microorganisms in feed

Fish health, growth and disease is intricately linked to its associated microbiome. Understanding the influence, source and ultimately managing the microbiome, particularly for vulnerable early life-stages, has been identified as one of the key requirements to improving farmed fish production. One tropical fish species of aquaculture importance farmed throughout the Asia-Pacific region is the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus). Variability in the health and survival of E. lanceolatus larvae is partially dependent on exposure to and development of its early microbiome. Here, we examined the development in the microbiome of commercially reared giant grouper larvae, its surrounding environment, and that from live food sources to understand the type of bacterial species larvae are exposed to, and where some of the sources of bacteria may originate. We show that species richness and microbial diversity of the larval microbiome significantly increased in the first 4 days after hatching, with the community composition continuing to shift over the initial 10 days in the hatchery facility. The dominant larval bacterial taxa appeared to be predominantly derived from live cultured microalgae and rotifer feeds and included Marixanthomonas, Candidatus Hepatincola, Meridianimaribacter and Vibrio. In contrast, a commercial probiotic added as part of the hatchery’s operating procedure failed to establish in the larvae microbiome. Microbial source tracking indicated that feed was the largest influence on the composition of the giant grouper larvae microbiome (up to 55.9%), supporting attempts to modulate fish microbiomes in commercial hatcheries through improved diets. The marked abundances of Vibrio (up to 21.7% of 16S rRNA gene copies in larvae) highlights a need for rigorous quality control of feed material.

Peningkatan Produksi Melalui Formulasi Pakan Berbasis Potensi Lokal Sebagai Alternatif Pakan Buatan Pada Budidaya Ikan Lele

Doktor Mengabdi (DM) activities develop partnerships in orderto overcome the problem of higher feed prices, which have a small profit or even a loss. This is exacerbated if, during harvest, the price of catfish per kilogram decreases. The urgency needed to solve these problems is then met by training on the formulation and manufacture of self-sufficient feed based on the potential of local ingredients. The activity partners were BUMDES of Labruk Lor Village and the "Mina Agung Mandiri" Fish Farming Group, which was further assisted by the Lumajang District FisheriesService. The results that have been applied to this activity include: 1) socialization with approaches and providing understanding to activity partners; 2) counseling and training to increase knowledge about good and correct fish farming and making fish feed independently by utilizing abundant raw materials in the surrounding area; and 3) The practice or direct application of making fish feed includes flouring the raw materials for making fish feed, mixing all the raw material compositions for making fish feed, and printing using a fish feed pellet printing machine. 4). Evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of activities 5). Evaluating the impact of activities, both the impact on the economy and fish growth, This activity provides farmers with theability to make feed independently and shows an increase in the profit yields of fish farming production by up to 40%. Furthermore, based on the measurements carried out, it showthat the water quality of each partner's pond is still in optimal conditionfor fish growth and does not indicate any diseases that attack the growth and development of the fish being cultivated.

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fishery Products Using GC-MS/MS in South Korea.

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and shellfish. Pesticide residues in seafood were analyzed using GC-MS/MS after sample preparation using a modified QuEChERS method, revealing the presence of eight pesticides (4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT, boscalid, isoprothiolane, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, thifluzamide, and trifluralin) across seven fish species (carp, far eastern catfish, crucian carp, eel, Chinese muddy loach, mirror carp, and sea bass). Following the grouping of DDE with DDT, a risk assessment of fishery products was conducted. After the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish was calculated and compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the health risk index (HI, %ADI) of the detected pesticides was evaluated and found to be 1.07% or lower. The results suggest that the consumption of domestically farmed fish products in South Korea poses minimal health risks associated with pesticide residues.

Improving Skills Through Training in Freshwater Fish Farming and Crystal Guava Jam Production (Bantarjaya Village, Bogor Regency, West Java)

Fish farming is a type of fishing that involves cultivating various fish on land. Fish farming success can be influenced by site characteristics, water quality, fish suitability, and care. Crystal guava processing is a production utilization innovation. This has the potential to raise the value of crystal guava commodities, which can be consumed directly but are also processed into various derivative products. The community groups will be divided into two foster groups: the MSME group that makes crystal guava jam and the foster group that grows fish in irrigation ponds. This empowerment approach involves the creation of supporting infrastructure such as ponds in irrigation canals and the production of crystal guava jam. Then, using the t-test on the dependent mean and Principal Component Analysis, integrated training was carried out, including socializing and field practice, to quantify statistical development in abilities. As a result, the target community's understanding has increased. The target group (community) can increase their abilities in fish cultivation, the production of novel products (commodity derivatives), and marketing across various phases with the creation of supporting infrastructure.

Lipid Quality of Amazonian’s Native Fish, Overview and Market Outlook of Brazilian Fish Farming

The aimed of this study was to carry out a bibliometric survey on the lipid composition Amazonian’s native fish and the international aquaculture overview, Brazilian aquaculture overview, native farmed fish production, characteristics of Brazilian fish meat, nutritional aspects and benefits of native fish consumption and market outlook of Brazilian fish farming. This is a data collection study that is characterized as being of an exploratory descriptive, with a qualitative character, aiming to analyze, systematize, compare and cross data between different scientific literatures related to the theme. The searches in Web, storage and data analysis were carried out from March to August 2021. The bibliographic bases for carrying out the searches were Scopus, Web Science, Elsevier, Hindawi, Scielo, Wiley, CAPES/Brasil Journals and institutional repositories. Searched for descriptors in Portuguese and English language, with words and terms separated by the Boolean operators 'AND' and 'OR'. In addition to being sustainable, consuming native farmed fish is a healthy choice from a nutritional point of view, because they contain monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are related to an anti-inflammatory effect and a lower propensity for cardiovascular diseases in consumers. Regarding the production chain problems, market studies must be carried out for each region of Brazil. In addition, more investment in integrated crop systems is needed. In other words, quality certification is needed to universalize native Brazilian fish. Therefore, the future of Brazilian fish will depend on better dissemination to attract different market niches

Behavior and management of carp fish: A review.

Nowadays, fish production aims to achieve a continuous and immediate generation of top-quality animal protein from the finest sources. Moreover, the aquaculture industry holds a vital position in addressing the rising global appetite for fish and seafood products. In addition, it has played a substantial role in providing affordable animal protein in Egypt in recent years. Therefore, rapid development has occurred in the industrial aquaculture sector in Egypt to compensate for the decrease in red meat production. According to previous studies, Egypt occupied the first rank among African countries and the ninth position globally in the field of fish farming production. This achievement aimed to link up the disparity between fish production and consumption in Egypt. Carp, due to its economic importance in this industry, has expanded worldwide with more evident ecological influences. The carp fish belongs to the Cyprinidae family, which encompasses seven subfamilies, approximately 220 genera, and has been associated with around 20,000 documented species. Given the importance of carp with different species, this work reviews the management, behavior, and different rearing systems of some popular carp species in Egypt. Data search was done on PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for the keywords including fish farming, carp fish, management, behavior, rearing systems, Egypt, Africa, and Worldwide. In Egypt, the output of carp is ranked second only to tilapia in aquaculture. A polyculture system is more often used in carp rearing, particularly when raising tilapia, to maximize growth rates, minimize feed conversion ratios, and reduce the amount of fat in the corpses. Furthermore, agro-ecologically valuable agriculture has been linked to integrated carp monoculture. Crop rising was the key to the successful development of pond aquaculture.

Обґрунтування та перспективи використання комах як джерела білка у кормах для риб (огляд)

Purpose. Analysis of the prospects and experience of using insects as an alternative source of animal protein in aquaculture. Scientific and practical substantiation of the introduction of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) into fish feeds. Evaluation of the effeciency of the use of insect protein in solving the issues of sustainable development of aquaculture. Findings. World resources and trends in the use of animal protein in feed production have been characterized. The biological and functional characteristics, as well as the quality and safety of animal protein have been analyzed. Insect protein is considered a non-traditional feed component for Ukrainian aquaculture. It should be noted that the use of insect protein in feeding different fish species requires special approaches, in accordance with the biological needs of their body and the stage of ontogenesis. Also, the efficiency of the use of insect protein in fish feeds depends on the methodological approaches of its introduction, the amount of use, as well as the feed component replaced in the basic diet. On the example of the results of scientific studies on the introduction of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in fish feeds, promising directions and methods of using this insect species have been identified. The positive effect of experimental feeding on productive parameters, feed conversion, quality and safety of farmed fish products have been noted. The limiting factors for increasing insect protein production in accordance with technological parameters and biological characteristics have been analyzed in detail. It is noted that the industrial production of insects can be a solution to the problem of processing industrial and organic waste as a result of their use for nutrition. The feasibility and prospects of using insect protein in aquaculture in Ukraine have been outlined. The authors have analyzed modern sources of professional scientific literature in accordance with the study of the state and prospects of using traditional and non-traditional sources of animal protein in fish feeds. Using the example of the black soldier fly, the authors characterize the efficiency of the use of insect protein in aquaculture, its biological characteristics and technological parameters of production. Practical value. The literature review covers modern approaches and prospects for optimizing aquaculture. It can be used by fish farming specialists for scientific studies and practical experimental developments. Keywords: animal protein, insect protein, black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, fish feeds, non-traditional feed components, tenological parameters, biological characteristics, aquaculture.

Use of Fish Resources and Prospects for Aquaculture Conservation in Water Bodies of West Kazakhstan Regions

The ability to meet the needs of the population in fish and fish products and its food security is one of the most acute problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to study the current state of fisheries in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to propose the development of fisheries in the West Kazakhstan region. Methods for studying of a condition of a fishery of Republic Kazakhstan statistical methods of the data analysis have been used, and exclusively the catch of fish and other water animals, and also dependence of physical volume of fish farming production on total quantity of the made production. In research topical questions of production capacity of fishing and fish-canning enterprises, by kinds and volumes of output production, economic indicators, and also on the enterprises which are carrying out purchase and realization of fish production, wholesale and retail trade, problems of marketing researches in the field of manufacture and safety of fish production are considered. Conclusions - proceeding from the received results it has been concluded that it is necessary to create laboratories and fish farming in autonomous objects, that will allow to develop innovative technologies of cultivation, conservation and replenishment of fish resources in water bodies of region, will provide educational base for training of future specialists, will create conditions for conservation and multiplication of fish resources of Kazakhstan, will increase food safety of the country, will solve key problems of fish industry development. Artificial fish farming involves intervention in the development of organisms in order to increase their productivity, such as regular restocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.

Study of ammonia removal in aquaponic system with Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica chinensis (var. parachinensis)) and mechanical filter for tilapia cultivation

Water quality is one of the important factors to increase the success of fish farming production apart from disease factors and fish seed quality. Oreochromis niloticus or commonly called tilapia is one of the fish that is widely cultivated in Indonesia. The challenges of increasing intensive aquaculture production are stocking density and high protein feed while maintaining good water quality. High stocking densities and high protein feed can increase ammonia in the water which can cause death in fish, for that some quality control of aquaculture can be done, namely using mechanical filters (Granular activated carbon and biofoam) and aquaponic. The difference between these two methods was in the media used, mechanical filters used granular activated carbon and biofoam, while aquaponics used Chinese flowering cabbage (caisin) (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). To determine the effectiveness of reducing ammonia from the two methods, this study will compare water quality parameters with mechanical filters and aquaponic filter methods by using plant medi, namely (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis). This research was conducted for 30 days to measure several water quality parameters including temperature, DO, pH, TDS and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The results during the study showed that the recirculating aquaponic system was better than the recirculating system with a mechanical filter (Granular activated carbon and biofoam) for SR, FCR and TDS parameters while the temperature, pH, DO and TAN parameters for 30 days were not much different between the recirculating aquaponic system and the recirculating system using a mechanical filter (Granular activated carbon and biofoam).

Seafood production in Northern Norway: Analyzing variation and co-development in aquaculture and coastal fisheries

Norway is one of the leading ocean-based food production nations. Its seafood industry comprises wild-capture fisheries and farmed fish production. Both industries play a provisional role but also contribute to economic development of the country and help sustain coastal communities, particularly, in Northern Norway. Coastal fishery has been the staple industry in Northern Norway for centuries, while aquaculture complemented the seafood production in this region only approximately 40 years ago. To date, there has been limited knowledge on how the two industries co-developed in Northern Norway. While there are controversies regarding the potential cost and benefit of aquaculture to local communities, only a few studies have addressed co-existence of the two seafood industries in Northern Norway on a municipality scale. In this study, we compared the development of coastal fisheries and aquaculture in Northern Norway over a 14-year period (2005–2018) using a Bayesian approach that allowed to fit a model specific to each municipality, accounting also for temporal changes in both industries. A strong stochastic spatial variation characterized both industries, indicating a sizeable gap in the seafood production between the municipalities. Finally, the study showed that the fisheries and aquaculture likely did not affect each other’s production, suggesting that there were no or few discernible conflicts or synergies between these two industries in Northern Norway. This study featured an advanced method for analyzing variation of seafood production per administrative unit that can be transferable to assess seafood development in other regions of Norway and beyond.

Gender roles in the fisheries of North Aral Sea in Kazakhstan

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the existing research on the Aral Sea from a gender perspective, with a specific focus on women's roles in the fishery sector.The methodology employed in this study involved the use of a semi-structured in-depth interview instrument, which was developed to document the role of women in the fisheries value chain, as well as the challenges and opportunities they face.Originality / value of the research. This article aims to fill the gap in the lack of recognition of women's roles in fisheries in Kazakhstan and start a conversation about gender considerations in the ecologically and economically vulnerable coastal community of Kazakhstan.Findings. The study's findings highlight the prevalent gender roles in the fishery sector in the research area, where men are primarily responsible for catching fish, while women process and add value to it, both at home and in processing plants. However, despite their significant presence in the fish processing industry, women lack representation in fisheries associations. The study also identified pikeperch as a key export-oriented fish and highlighted the potential for women to contribute to farmed fish production. Finally, the study identified women's interest in skills training, particularly in marketing and sales, and recommended that stakeholders in the fishery sector jointly design and organize training programs to facilitate women's access to these skills.

Nutritional Fish Diseases in Aquaculture: A Human Health Hazard or Mythical Theory: An Overview

To consume or not to consume farmed fish diagnosed with nutritional disorders within an aquaculture culture system is a question that resonates with fisheries and aquaculture experts worldwide. Proper fish health management in aquaculture should be a critical area of concern for all fish farmers. It has become a fundamental requirement for achieving sustainable aquaculture production. However, many fish farmers, particularly in developing countries lack knowledge about nutritional fish diseases and how to effectively manage them on the farm. Like human health, farmed fish’s health in aquaculture systems should be a daily priority for fish farmers. Nutritional fish diseases are often overlooked by the majority of fish farmers, even at the commercial level. Most Fish farmers may not realize that nutritional disease prevention can be achieved through the use of well-formulated fish feeds that meet all the nutritional requirements for fish growth. Additionally, maintaining good water quality and implementing best management practices are essential to ensure that the fish stock remains healthy in the culture system. Since different fish species have varying nutritional dietary requirements, it is important to formulate the right nutritional diet based on the specific fish species being cultured. Fish feeds should contain the necessary nutrients to ensure opportunistic disease resistance. Furthermore, fish farmers should be familiar with early diagnosis techniques for nutritional fish disease disorders. This ensures that the harvested fish reaching the market does not raise concerns about the quality and safety of farmed fish products. Failure to diagnose nutritional disorders associated with poor feeds and diets can create doubts in the rapidly growing aquaculture industry. Therefore, this review aims to explore the nutritional requirements of farmed fish species, the impact of nutritional deficiencies on human and public health, the causes of nutritional disorders, and viable therapies for managing these diseases in farmed fish. The data for this review article were collected from various secondary sources, including internationally reputable peer-reviewed articles, conference proceedings reports, internet searches, and more. The findings highlight the importance of providing aquaculture farmers with essential information on fish nutrition-related disease control, as nutritional diseases have been found to be detrimental to fish health and public health. Moreover, many farmed fish affected by nutritional disorders have entered the global fish market, raising questions about their impact on human health. Therefore, it is crucial for fish farmers to prioritize early diagnosis of nutritional fish diseases to ensure the safety of farmed fish in the market and maintain consumer confidence in farmed fish globally. The study recommends further research into the potentially lethal effects of different nutritional fish diseases, particularly when consumed in large quantities and to the environment especially when dead fish is discarded in the backwaters of an aquatic ecosystem.

Quality of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Reared in Recirculating Aquaculture System and during Depuration Based on Chemical and Sensory Analysis

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off-flavors can accumulate in fish muscle tissue. They are problematic for consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Although off-flavors are not toxic at low concentrations, they often give fish muscle earthy, muddy, or other unwanted flavors. Traditionally, the study of off-flavors in fish focused on muddy and earthy off-flavors caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), but other unwanted flavors and compounds have also been identified. In this study, the selected off-flavors were chemically quantified in fish from a RAS-rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and in different stages of depuration. A group of trained panelists with experience in sensory evaluation was specifically trained in analyzing rainbow trout samples. The panelists evaluated the fish with a sensory profile of 29 sensory attributes (12 odor, 5 taste, and 12 flavor properties). Overall, the concentrations of all the studied off-flavor compounds decreased, some to below the limit of detection and others (e.g., octanal, octanoic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, and acetoin) to a certain low level. Moldy, earthy, and musty odors and flavors especially decreased during depuration compared to fish in RAS. This study shows the consistency of the chemical analysis and sensory profiling. It also provides important information about the effects of the depuration period in RAS and on the chemical and sensorial quality of rainbow trout.

Quality and Safety Concerns of Farmed Tilapia Fish during Freezing and Frozen Storage: Review

This study addresses the growing concern over the quality and shelf life of farmed fish products in the market due to the increasing demand in the international market. Various preservation methods are necessary to ensure food safety and extend the shelf life of fish products. Freezing and chilling are still considered the most reliable methods for preserving farmed fish. The study reviews techniques for extending the shelf life of frozen farmed fish, with a focus on the most common species in the international market. Results suggest that good frozen storage conditions and the method of preservation are critical factors in reducing post-harvest losses and extending the shelf-life of farmed fish in the market. The study recommends adopting freezing and frozen storage principles for farmed fish species, prioritizing quality concerns post-harvest, and paying close attention to optimal frozen storage conditions. The study also recommends adopting freezing and frozen storage principles to preserve and maintain the quality of farmed fish species, such as Nile Tilapia, carp, trout, and catfish. Fish farmers should prioritize quality concerns post-harvest to ensure safety and conforming products, reduce losses and extend shelf-life. Optimal frozen storage conditions must be maintained for high-quality and safe products. Further research is required to compare the effect of prolonged freezing and frozen storage on farmed and captured fishes and factors related to fish species, habitat, and food should be considered when optimizing storage conditions.

Offshore Fish Farms: A Review of Standards and Guidelines for Design and Analysis

While moving fish farms to offshore sites can be a more sustainable way to expand farmed fish production, the fish pens have to contend with a harsher environment. Thus, it is necessary to draw on offshore engineering competences for designing and analysing the offshore fish farming infrastructure. This paper reviews existing design and analysis guidance from maritime classification and national/international authorities that can be applicable for offshore fish farms. Based on the existing design guidelines, a review of design criteria for offshore fish farms under the following subtopics is provided: design life, design environmental loads, combining environmental loads, and miscellaneous load conditions. This review on the global performance analysis procedures and methods is presented based on practices used for neighbouring industries, such as offshore oil and gas and wind energy production, under the following subtopics: hydrostatic analysis, hydrodynamic analysis, and mooring system analysis with introducing theoretical background and modelling techniques. This paper also highlights limitations and cautions when using these design and analysis methods. Providing this comprehensive information, as well as commentary on their applications, will help engineers and designers to develop offshore fish farming infrastructure with confidence.

Analisis Kendala Budidaya Ikan Nila Dengan Metode Bioflok Di desa Karawana Kec. Dolo Kab. Sigi

Efforts to increase income, provide employment, contribute to the availability of animal protein and increase production activities are part of food security in the aquaculture sector. Based on data reported from the DGT KKP Statistics, (2021) aquaculture can increase production activities, where in 2020 the third quarter of fish farming production reached 11.5 million tons and increased to 12.25 million tons in 2021 in the third quarter. Alternative techniques that can be done as an effort to increase fish farming production results are optimizing the use of biofloc system technology (Pramono et al., 2018; Faridah et al., 2019 and Permana et al., 2021). This biofloc system is a union of living organic substances into the form of blobs, where this biofloc is composed of the word bio which means life while floc means blob. For example, in tilapia farming, to increase production results so that they can ... Meeting market demand can implement a biofloc system. Tilapia is classified as a type of freshwater fish that is in great demand in the market. The advantages of implementing a biofloc system in tilapia farming are environmentally friendly so that it is easy to carry out advanced cultivation, there is efficiency in water utilization, short maintenance period, and maximizing stocking density. In addition to the advantages, there are also obstacles faced, fish farming with a biofloc system such as lack of understanding of fish farming with the biofloc method, directly providing feed without paying attention and lack of water quality control. Furthermore, the research conducted implemented the observational descriptive method.

PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL FISH FARMING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Ability to meet the demands of the population in fish and fish products and its food security is one of the most acute problems in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
 Objective – the current state of the fisheries of the Republic of Kazakhstan was studied and proposals for the development of the fisheries in the West Kazakhstan region were made.
 Methods – statistical methods of data analysis were used to study the state of the fisheries of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and exclusively the catch of fish and other aquatic animals, as well as the dependency of the physical volume of fish farming production from the total amount of products made. 
 Results - the study discusses topical issues of the production capacity of fisheries and fish canneries, by types and volumes of output products, economic indicators, as well as by enterprises engaged in the purchase and sale of fish products, wholesale and retail trade, problems of marketing research in the field of fish products production and safety.
 Conclusions - creation of the laboratories and fish breeding in autonomous facilities will allow development of the innovative technologies for rearing, preservation, and replenishment of fish resources in water bodies of the region, will provide a training base for the future specialists training, will create prerequisites for preservation and multiplication of fish resources in Kazakhstan, will improve the food security of the country, and will resolve the key problems of the fish industry development.
 Artificial fish farming involves interfering with the development of organisms to increase their production, such as regular restocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc.