Family History Of Dysmenorrhea Research Articles

A comprehensive investigation of biopsychosocial determinants influencing primary dysmenorrhea among university students

ABSTRACT Dysmenorrhea, characterized by pain and related symptoms, significantly impacts women’s quality of life in work and education, prompting a comprehensive evaluation of associated factors. The objective of this study was to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze and assess the biopsychosocial factors influencing dysmenorrhea among university students. Three hundred and thirty-nine university students were included in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected using the Participant Information Form, the Beck Anxiety Scale (BAS), the Beck Depression Scale (BDS), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale (ACES), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). It was determined that the variables of pain onset (t = 3.24, p < .05) and age at menarche (t = -2.16, p < .05) showed a significant relationship with the model. The variables of the PCS (t = 16.87, p < .001), BDS (t = 3.06, p < .05), and BAS (t = 5.13, p < .001) showed a significant relationship with the model. Social factors in the model were examined, and a family history of dysmenorrhea and the ACES variables did not contribute significantly to the model (p > .05). The study indicates primary dysmenorrhea influenced by biological and psychological factors. Nurses should conduct holistic assessments and provide comprehensive care for affected women.

Examination of the effects of primary dysmenorrhea on daily life of young women and treatment approaches

&lt;b&gt;Aim: &lt;/b&gt;Dysmenorrhea is a condition characterized by pain during or before menstruation. This study aims to investigate how dysmenorrhea affects the quality of life of young women and explore effective treatment approaches.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods: &lt;/b&gt;The research data in descriptive and cross-sectional types were collected using a personal information form containing students' socio-demographic characteristics and a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). A total of 336 students diagnosed with dysmenorrhea and willing to participate in the study were included.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results: &lt;/b&gt;The mean VAS scale score used to determine the severity of dysmenorrhea in the participants was 6.51±2.10. Among the participants who chose Complementary and Alternative Treatment (CAT), 81.8% preferred lying down for rest, and 72.9% opted for applying heat to the abdomen. A statistically significant difference was found in the use of analgesics and CAT methods for dysmenorrhea control based on a family history of dysmenorrhea and the impact of dysmenorrhea on daily life (p&amp;lt;0.05).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/b&gt;This study demonstrates that dysmenorrhea can impact the daily lives of young women and highlights the utilization of various treatment methods. Analgesic medication and TAT methods are commonly preferred for managing this condition. Future research could provide further insights into dysmenorrhea management and aid in developing more effective strategies to improve the quality of life for young women.

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors and its effect on daily academic activities among female undergraduate students of Hawassa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa, Ethiopia.

Dysmenorrhea is pain during menstrual flow and is the most common gynecologic complaint in reproductive-age girls. The severity of dysmenorrhea ranges from mild to severe pain during menstruation, which affects their academic activities. To assess the prevalence and associated risk factors of dysmenorrhea and its effects on academic activities among Hawassa University students from April 1-30/2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select 348 study participants. Standardized self-administered questionnaires were used to obtain relevant data. The severity of pain was assessed using a verbal multidimensional scoring system and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) methods. The collected data was entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis and then descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 80% (277). Of those affected by dysmenorrhea, using the verbal multidimensional scoring system, 47.6% (132) were found to have mild pain, 39.7% (110) had moderate pain, and 12.6% (35) had severe pain. However, using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), 21.7% (60) were found to have mild pain, 33.2% (92) had moderate pain, 37.5% (104) had severe pain, and 7.6% (21) had very severe pain. It was found to have a negative effect on academic activity, such as loss of concentration in class (p = 0.00), disruption of study time (p = 0.00), sleep disturbances (p = 0.00), issues in personal relationships (p = 0.00), and absenteeism (p = 0.00). Associated factors included being sexually active, having a family history of dysmenorrhea, and the presence of depression. Dysmenorrhea is prevalent in this study and has a significant impact on academic activities. Family history of dysmenorrhea, being sexually active, and the presence of depression are associated factors.

RIWAYAT KELUARGA BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN DISMENORE PRIMER PADA MAHASISWI S1 REGULER FKM UI TAHUN 2022

Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual disorder experienced by young adult women with poor level of diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion of primary dysmenorrhea and the relationship between risk factors and the primary dysmenorrhea among Undergraduate students of Public Health Faculty, University of Indonesia (PHF UI) in 2022. The dependent variable in this study is primary dysmenorrhea. The independent variable in this study includes intake of calcium, magnesium, zinc, vitamin E, breakfast habits, physical activity, stress level, age at menarche, menstrual duration, menstrual cycle, and family history of dysmenorrhea. The research method used is quantitative with cross-sectional design. Respondents in this study are 135 undergraduate students of PHF UI class of 2018-2021 that were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data was obtained through filling out online questionnaires via google-form. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square test). The results showed that the proportion of primary dysmenorrhea was 86.7%. Family history of primary dysmenorrhea was significantly related to the primary dysmenorrhea, p-value = 0,038; OR = 3,318, 95%CI = (1,162-9,472). Therefore, it is important to educate on the management and prevention of primary dysmenorrhea, especially for students who have a family history of dysmenorrhea.

Assessment of prevalence, knowledge and health-related practices of dysmenorrhea among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur: a cross-sectional survey

Background Menstruation is a natural phenomenon considered an important indicator of women’s health, reflecting their endocrine function. Women in low middle income countries face substantial menstrual hygiene management challenges. Data on the knowledge of dysmenorrhea and health-related practices among Malaysian women are scarce. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur and its association with socio-demographic factors, knowledge level, and general practices. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out among Malaysian women in Kuala Lumpur. A total of 362 unmarried women, nulliparous and aged between 18 and 25 years old, were included in this study. Participants were conveniently recruited through online platforms as well as face to face using a self-administered questionnaire with five sections consisting of demographics, menstrual characteristics, Working ability, Location, Intensity, Days of pain, Dysmenorrhea (WaLIDD) score for diagnosing and assessing the severity of dysmenorrhea as well as an evaluation of respondents’ general knowledge and practices towards dysmenorrhea. The collected data were analysed using the SPSS tool, a descriptive statistic was used to report demographic characteristics. Inferential statistics was used to report the differentiation, association, and correlations of the variables. Results The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 73.2%. It was found that the majority of the respondents had poor knowledge (60%) and poor practices (61.88%) of dysmenorrhea. The most common preventive practices among the respondents were using dietary supplements, and herbs, taking a rest and exercising. The findings also indicated that dysmenorrhea among the respondents was significantly associated with family history of dysmenorrhea (p = 0.002), monthly income (p = 0.001), and knowledge level (p = 0.001). Conclusion Dysmenorrhea has a high prevalence among women in Malaysia in Kula Lumpur driven by low knowledge and lack of evidence-based practices among these women. Thus, it is critical for Government and healthcare authorities to promote education related to women health among Malaysian women.

Peningkatan Pengetahuan Remaja Putri tentang Hipnoterapi dengan Musik Instrumentalia Melayu Jambi dalam Mengatasi Dismenore

Dysmenorrhea or menstrual pain is a stabbing pain that is felt in the lower abdomen and thighs, this occurs due to an imbalance of the hormone progesterone in the blood, resulting in pain arising. Almost all women have felt interference during menstruation in the form of menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea) with various levels, ranging from just aches in the pelvis from the inside to extreme pain. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls is 74.42%. The highest proportion of dysmenorrhea was found in adolescents aged 14 and 16 years, had no family history of dysmenorrhea, menarche age 11-12 years, menstruation for 7 days or more, normal nutritional status, and adolescent girls who rarely exercised. The most complained and felt impact due to dysmenorrhea is limited physical activity, poor concentration and absence in the teaching and learning process. Non-pharmacologically, pain can be treated, one of which is with distraction techniques. The technique of distraction or distracting someone is the most effective to reduce pain by listening to classical music (mozart) and also back exercises. The purpose of this community service is to increase the knowledge of young women about hypnotherapy with Jambi Malay instrumental music in overcoming dysmenorrhea. The method / approach taken is to assess the knowledge of young women before and after education about hypnotherapy with Jambi Malay instrumental music in overcoming dysmenorrhea. After participating in a series of activities in accordance with the implementation plan, the results were obtained before good knowledge education was carried out 5 (23.8%) young women and less good 16 (76.6%) young women, after good knowledge education 21 (100%).

A study of prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea in relation to reproductive characteristics of IX to X grade school girls

Primary dysmenorrhea is pain and discomfort during menstrual period in reproductive years of women without any pelvic pathology. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its reproductive risk factors among 9th to 10th grade school girls.This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted among 931 school girls having age limit 14-16 years. Only unmarried adolescent females were included in the study however, females with gynecological, psychological or other medical problems were excluded from the study. It used validated and reliable questionnaire such as VAS for pain rating scale. The descriptive data analysis were used to explore the relationship between reproductive factors and dysmenorrhea. P&lt;0.05 was considered as significant. 36.6% females coming from a family having previous history of dysmenorrhea.85.28% study population were dysmenorrheic. Risk of dysmenorrhea was more among adolescent with early menarche (below 11 years), frequent menstrual cycle (below 28 days), menstrual bleeding duration above 5 days, irregular menstrual pattern and release of clot blood in menstrual flaw. Participants whose family members had a history of dysmenorrhea had 1.67 times greater chance of having same problem in compared to participants without family history of dysmenorrhea.Thus, earlier age at menarche, family history of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, and presence of clot blood in menstrual flow, longer bleeding duration and frequent menstrual cycle were risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea among secondary female students.

Recognizing the usage of analgesics among Saudi women with primary dysmenorrhea

Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is defined as the pain that occurs during the menstrual cycle (MC) in the absence of a distinguishable reason. The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of analgesics during dysmenorrhea among Saudi women. This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out by distributing an electronic questionnaire to selected subjects between June 2022 and January 2023. The questionnaire consisted of three sections including 25 questions relating to subject demographics, the characteristics of dysmenorrhea, and the use of analgesics. In total, 1011 females were involved in this study, with a mean age of 23.5 ± 12.8 years. We found that a family history of dysmenorrhea was not associated with PD. In total, 37.9% of subjects reported that the pain began before MC while 58.1% of subjects reported that pain began during their cycle. In addition, 68.5% of females stated that the pain associated with dysmenorrhea affected their daily activities. Analysis showed that 76.2% of females used analgesics for dysmenorrhea while 23.8% did not use any analgesics. The majority of users reported taking Paracetamol, followed by Ibuprofen, and Diclofenac, while 9% used other drugs or herbs. With regards to the timing of analgesic administration, 89.7% of subjects stated that they used analgesics as needed, whereas 10.3% reported using analgesics before the pain began. Furthermore, 66.9% of subjects reported using analgesics after meals whereas 22.5% reported using analgesics before meals. However, 20% of subjects used analgesics after consulting healthcare personnel, including doctor/pharmacists. Our anlaysis revealed that females exhibited reluctance in pursuing medical assistance and preferred to consult family members, friends and internet resources, thus resulting in a lower efficacy of the analgesic drugs taken.

Prevalence of Primary Dysmenorrhea, Its Intensity and Associated Factors Among Female Students at High Schools of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: Cross-Sectional Study Design

Primary dysmenorrhea is a highly prevalent gynecological problem and one of the most common causes of school absenteeism among school adolescents. Nearly, half of females with primary dysmenorrhea missed school or work at least once per cycle. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its associated factors among female students in Wolaita soddo town high schools. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among female students at Wolaita soddo town high schools from October 1-30/2021. A total of 733 students were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data were entered using Epi data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used. Variables with a p-value of <0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis model were considered statistically significant. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 70% (95% CI (66.6%, 73.4%)). Factors such as age <18 years (AOR 2.55; 95% CI (1.77, 3.68)), long duration of menstrual flow (AOR 2.72; 95% CI (1.42, 5.17)), irregular menstrual cycle (AOR 2.39; 95% CI (1.68, 3.41)), family history of dysmenorrhea (AOR 2.46; 95% CI (1.67, 3.64)) and skipping breakfast (AOR 1.62; 95% CI (1.13, 2.33)) were associated with primary dysmenorrhea. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was high among high school students in the study area. Being younger age, long menstrual flow duration, irregular monthly menstrual cycle, family history of dysmenorrhea, and skipping breakfast were determinants of primary dysmenorrhea.

Primary Dysmenorrhea Associated with Psychological Distress in Medical Sciences Students in The North of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Primary dysmenorrhea is the usual medical status in medical students that are defined as pain<br />during the menstrual period. This study was done to evaluate the psychological problems associated with dysmenorrhea.<br />Materials and Methods: Three hundred forty students aged 18 to 20 years participated in this cross‑sectional<br />study (194 with dysmenorrhea and 150 without dysmenorrhea). In this cross‑sectional study, data were collected<br />through the sociodemographic checklist, the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS), and the revised<br />version of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R) questionnaire using the convenience sampling method. This<br />questionnaire includes 9 Subscale and a GSI index. We considered psychological distress to be equivalent to<br />the Global Severity İndex (GSI), which is obtained by dividing 90 questions by 90. The significance level of the<br />tests was considered 0.05.<br />Results: The GSI of the SCL-90 score in the 194 students with dysmenorrhea and 150 students without dysmenorrhea<br />was 1.02 ± 0.42 and 0.34 ± 0.15 respectively (P<0.001). In the group with dysmenorrhea, the severity<br />of dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with a family history of dysmenorrhea and mother's education<br />(P=0.012 and P=0.037, respectively). The strongest predictors of GSI>1 were a family history of dysmenorrhea<br />and mother's education [odds ratio (OR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-4.15 and OR=0.45, 95% CI,<br />0.24-0.87, respectively].<br />Conclusion: According to the result, dysmenorrhea is associated with psychological distress. Psychological interventions<br />and counseling in addition to drug treatment are suggested for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.<br />Therefore, it is necessary to formulate strategies and health policies to recover psychological issues of menstrual<br />health.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Primary Dysmenorrhea in Students: A Meta-Analysis

ObjectivesPrimary dysmenorrhea (PD), as the most common complaint among students, is also one of the public problems worldwide. Prevalence and risk factors of PD were variant between studies; as the main population, no meta-analysis for PD has hitherto been conducted in students. MethodsWe searched the published literature in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, National Knowledge Infrastructure, WANFANG, and VIP database. After screening and assessing the quality of studies, data from eligible studies were extracted for meta-analysis via the R language. ResultsA total of 96 studies published from 1991 to 2021 with 78 068 students were included, the mean age of participants was 19.4, and 79.9% were university students. The pooled overall prevalence of PD was 66.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63.4-68.9), and 31.1% (CI 28.1-34.3), 25.7% (CI 23.4-28.0), and 8.3% of students (CI 7.4-9.3) reported mild, moderate, and severe PD, respectively. Besides, the prevalence of PD was estimated at 58.8% (CI 54.3-63.7) before 2010, but ascended to 68.5% (CI 65.5-71.6) after 2010 and rose to 71.5% (CI 65.8-76.6) in 2015 to 2021. About risk factors for PD, underweight, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, staying up late, lack of physical exercise, exposure to cold and eating cold or spicy foods during menstruation, dietary bias, prefer snacks, family history of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstrual cycle, heavy stress, negative emotion during menstruation, and anxiety were significantly related to PD. ConclusionsThe overall prevalence of PD among students was 66.1% and had a rising tendency in the last 10 years. Our findings helped understand the current prevalence and improve the administration of PD among students.

Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among students in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological complaints among adolescent women. It has been associated with short-term absenteeism in school and has a negative impact on academic and daily activities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to show the evidence on the magnitude and correlates of dysmenorrhea in Ethiopia.Method:In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the literature from different databases such as PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, PsycINFO, and Cochrane library. We also used unpublished literature from Google, Google Scholar. The quality of the included articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were extracted using a Microsoft Excel data extraction format. STATA version 14 statistical software was used for data analysis. To assess the heterogeneity of the primary articles, the Cochrane Q test statistics and the I2 test were carried out. Publication bias was inspected by funnel plot, and Egger’s test was performed to confirm the presence of publication bias. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its associated factors.Result:A total of 12 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate of dysmenorrhea among female students in Ethiopia is 71.69% (66.82%–76.56%). In our systematic review, among factors associated with dysmenorrhea, the family history of dysmenorrhea was frequently reported in included studies. Therefore, dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with a family history of dysmenorrhea (adjusted odds ratio = 4.69 (95% confidence interval: 2.80–7.85)).Conclusion:The pooled prevalence estimate of dysmenorrhea among students was much higher in Ethiopia. Health professionals and teachers should educate and support students to follow their menstrual cycle regularly in the event of irregular periods. There should be an awareness of the negative consequences of dysmenorrhea to reduce the physical and psychological stresses that affect women and their families.

Primary Dysmenorrhea Associated with Psychological Distress in Medical Sciences Students in The North of Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background:Primary dysmenorrhea is the usual medical status in medical students that are defined as pain during the menstrual period. This study was done to evaluate the psychological problems associated with dysmenorrhea.Materials and Methods:Three hundred forty students aged 18 to 20 years participated in this cross‑sectional study (194 with dysmenorrhea and 150 without dysmenorrhea). In this cross‑sectional study, data were collected through the sociodemographic checklist, the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS), and the revised version of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R) questionnaire using the convenience sampling method. This questionnaire includes 9 Subscale and a GSI index. We considered psychological distress to be equivalent to the Global Severity İndex (GSI), which is obtained by dividing 90 questions by 90. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05.Results:The GSI of the SCL-90 score in the 194 students with dysmenorrhea and 150 students without dysmenorrhea was 1.02 ± 0.42 and 0.34 ± 0.15 respectively (P<0.001). In the group with dysmenorrhea, the severity of dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with a family history of dysmenorrhea and mother's education (P=0.012 and P=0.037, respectively). The strongest predictors of GSI>1 were a family history of dysmenorrhea and mother’s education [odds ratio (OR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-4.15 and OR=0.45, 95% CI, 0.24-0.87, respectively].Conclusion:According to the result, dysmenorrhea is associated with psychological distress. Psychological interventions and counseling in addition to drug treatment are suggested for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate strategies and health policies to recover psychological issues of menstrual health.

Experiences of undergraduates with dysmenorrhea: understanding the limitations of pharmacological management.

IntroductionIt has become imperative to revisit facilitating factors of dysmenorrheal painful menstruation in order to further understand contributory habits common in the affected population. Hence, the present study aimed to explore lifestyles common among female students experiencing dysmenorrhea.Material and methodsThe survey was carried out among 358 female students. Data were obtained using a researcher-administered questionnaire from a sample size of 208 that was derived using the multistage sampling method. The descriptive method of analysis was used to analyze responses from respondents.ResultsIt was revealed that 175 (89.7%) experience dysmenorrhea, which is higher than the number of respondents (42.6%) with a family history of dysmenorrhea, and dysmenorrheal symptoms of 106 (60.6%) of respondents are aggravated by excessive intake of sweet drinks/snacks. On a 5-point Likert scale with criterion mean 3, management of dysmenorrhea among respondents shows that they likely needed medication (3.93 ±0.72), used prescribed medications from varying sources (3.31 ±1.47), with an increased likelihood to use any home remedies or self-care such as herbal mixtures and assuming a comfortable body position (3.42 ±1.35) to ease period pain.ConclusionsCritical empirical consideration is needed to review non-pharmacological interventions to relieve painful menstruation following a rise in the incidence of dysmenorrhea.

Aktifitas Fisik, Riwayat Dismenore Keluarga dan Kecemasan dengan Dismenore pada Remaja

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Introduction: Menstrual pain problems are problems that are often complained of by women, especially during their teens. This condition can get worse if accompanied by unstable psychological conditions, such as stress, depression, excessive anxiety, and excessive sadness or happiness.&#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of physical activity, family history of dysmenorrhea and anxiety with dysmenorrhea in adolescents at SMK Wijaya Kusuma, South Jakarta in 2020.&#x0D; Method: The design of this study used analytical methods with cross sectional research designs. The population of this research is the Young Women at Smk Wijaya Kusuma. So the sample needed is 86 respondents.&#x0D; Result: Chi square hypothesis test results obtained p-value of 0.035, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between physical activity and dysmenorrhea in adolescents at SMK Wijaya Kusuma, South Jakarta in 2020. In addition, an Odds Ratio (OR) score of 3.874 means that respondents routinely perform physical activity had 3,874 times the chance to experience mild dysmenorrhea compared with respondents who did not routinely engage in physical activity. There is a relationship of anxiety towards dysmenorrhea in adolescents in Smk Wijaya Kusuma, South Jakarta in 2020 with a p-value of 0.012 and an Odds Ratio (OR) of 3.539.&#x0D; Conclution: The conclusion is that there is a relationship between physical activity, family history of dysmenorrhea and anxiety with dysmenorrhea in adolescents at SMK Wijaya Kusuma, South Jakarta in 2020. Suggestions for adolescents to be able to routinely carry out daily physical activities such as exercising and doing homework in order to reduce dysmenorrhea.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Menstrual Cycle Pain Is Independent of Ovulation in Adolescents With Primary Dysmenorrhea.

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of anovulation in adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea (PD). Prospective cohort study. Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Adolescent Medicine outpatient clinic between September 2018 and September 2019. Healthy female adolescents (between 11 and 18 years of age), with regular menstruation with a score of 1-3 according to the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and grade 0 (no limitation for daily activities, no analgesic need and systemic symptoms) according to the Verbal Multidimensional Scoring System (VBSS) were recruited as a control group. The participants who met the diagnostic criteria for PD with an NRS score ≥4, had analgesic need in at least the last 3 menstrual cycles, had defined moderate-to-severe PD according to VMSS (Grade 2-3), and had analgesic need every time were accepted as the PD group. For the determination of ovulation, suprapubic pelvic ultrasound and luteal SP levels were used. The first day of menstruation (DOM) was accepted as the first day of the menstrual cycle. The participants were called to the outpatient clinic for a total of 3 visits during 1 cycle; the first visit was for the suprapubic pelvic ultrasound imaging on the 12th-18th DOM, the second visit was for the first SP level measurement on the 21st-24th DOM, and the third visit was for the second SP level measurement on the 28th-31st DOM, if the next expected menstruation has not started yet. Participants' anthropometric measurements, menstrual history, family history of dysmenorrhea, and additional symptoms accompanying pain were recorded. Anovulatory cycle rates according to 2 different references for SP threshold values (3 and 5 ng/mL) were 31.7% and 36.6% in the PD group, and 44.4% and 55.6% in the control group, respectively (P = .250, P = .095). In the PD group, NRS scores were similar for the ovulatory and anovulatory cycles for both SP threshold values (P = .320, P = .205). When the reference value for SP threshold was accepted as ≥5 ng/mL, the NRS score was significantly higher in the ovulatory group (P = .0017). When the distribution percentages of SP levels were evaluated among all participants, the median value was 5.5 ng/mL. Contrary to classical information, anovulatory cycles are not rare in PD patients, and pain severity is at the same level in these cycles. The pathogenesis of PD in adolescents requires further study.

PREVALENCE OF DYSMENORRHEA AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS ATTENDING SALAAM UNIVERSITY IN MOGADISHU, SOMALIA AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH IT

Dysmenorrhea is pain associated with menstruation. It’s often an issue discussed in privacy yet continues to affect girls and women with grave impact on their education, social activities and work. Objective: To assess the factors that influence prevalence of dysmenorrhea among university students and factors associated with it in Salaam University in Mogadishu Capital city of Somalia. The study area was Salaam University. A cross sectional study was used to collect data on prevalence of dysmenorrhea among university students and factors associated with it. A self-administered questionnaire non-probability sampling, especially, the purposive sampling method was utilized to for semi-structured questionnaire and interview (N=190). SPSS V.16 was used for data analysis. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 72.0%. Conclusion: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was high which was influenced mainly by the number of children, no family history of dysmenorrhea and daily consumption of sugary foods. The high prevalence of dysmenorrhea among students requires health education about it, its causes, management, schools to stock analgesics in the school clinics and further research on its effect on academic life of the students.

Relationship Between General Health and Dysmenorrhea in Students at Shahrekord University in 2018

Background and aims: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems that women experience. Dysmenorrhea brings about psychological problems for women and adversely affects their performance. Therefore, providing, maintaining, and promoting the health of women is an important goal. The present study was conducted to determine the relationship between general health and Dysmenorrhea in students of Shahrekord University in 2018. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 245 female students were selected by random cluster sampling method from Shahrekord University in 2018. Data were collected using the GHQ28, visual analogue scale (VAS), and a reliable and valid questionnaire designed by the researchers to determine menstrual pattern. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent samples t test. Results: The mean age at menarche was 13.5 years. Dysmenorrhea was observed in 82.8% of students. The severity of pain was measured by the VAS scale, indicating that 22.3% of the participants had severe menstrual pain. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in participants with a family history of Dysmenorrhea was greater and statistically significant. The result of the t-test showed that there is a relationship between dysmenorrhea and the general health of the participants (P=0.036). There was also a significant relationship between menstrual cycle regularity and physical characteristics of the participants (P=0.019). Significant relationships were also found regarding the interval between menstrual cycles and physical symptoms (P=0.026), and depression and general health (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Due to the importance of dysmenorrhea and its high prevalence among female students, it is important to provide education and control on this disorder to improve the quality of life of women. It is also beneficial to create counseling centers to raise awareness of the psychological health of female students suffering from dysmenorrhea.

THE RISK FACTORS OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA AMONG FEMALE MEDICAL STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN DUTA WACANA, YOGYAKARTA

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain which occurs without any underlying pelvic organ diseases. There are several risk factors of dysmenorrhea, which are BMI, age at menarche, smoking habit, and family history. Female medical students are one population with a high risk of having dysmenorrhea with debilitating effect.&#x0D; Objective: To test the association between several risk factors with primary dysmenorrhea in female medical students in Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana (UKDW).&#x0D; Method: This is a cross-sectional study, gathering data from 207 female medical students enrolled in UKDW between September 2018 and January 2019. Further bivariate analyses were performed to test the association between dysmenorrhea prevalence and some risk factors using Chi-square test or Fischer exact test.&#x0D; Results: Out of 207 participants, 158 (76.33%) are diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. 31.88 % of the samples are categorised into the underweight, overweight and obese group. The prevalence ratio of underweight and overweight group compared to the normal group resembles U-shape relationship, but not statistically significant (PR = 1.095; p = -.486, and PR 1.055; p = 0.826, respectively). Younger age at menarche (PR = 1.251, p = 0.014) and family history if dysmenorrhea (PR = 1.317; p = 0.002) show a higher prevalence rate compared to normal age group and no family history of dysmenorrhea. &#x0D; Conclusion: Younger age at menarche and family history of dysmenorrhea should be considered as important risk factors, although they are not modifiable. The relationship between body mass index and dysmenorrhea need further investigation with a prospective approach.

Dysmenorrhea and Associated Factors among Polish Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose The aim of the research was to conduct an assessment of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea and associated factors among Polish women. Patients and Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Polish women using an online questionnaire. The mean age of the participants was 23 ± 4 years. Out of the total of 1,317 women who took part in the study, 1,127 were included in the analysis, and 190 were excluded due to incomplete answers. The questionnaire consisted of 19 questions that were grouped into three parts. The first concerned sociodemographic data such as age, weight, education, and residence (urban or rural). The second part of the questionnaire pertained to the factors of dysmenorrhea (premenstrual syndrome, age of menarche, and family history of dysmenorrhea.). In the third part, the women were asked about their diet, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and physical activity. Results Dysmenorrhea affected 94% of the interviewed women. Dysmenorrhea was most likely to occur among respondents whose mothers had a history of dysmenorrhea (p < 0.005). Significant relationship between the occurrence of dysmenorrhea among respondents and their sisters was also observed (p < 0.005). The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was significantly higher in women reporting dysmenorrhea (p < 0.005). Other significant factors associated with dysmenorrhea were age of menarche (p < 0.005), stress frequency (p=0.005), lack of physical activity (p=0.037), and self-esteem (p=0.042). However, in the respondents, no significant relationship was observed between dysmenorrhea and diet, smoking, body mass index, and alcohol intake. Conclusion The study points to the fact that the problem of dysmenorrhea affects many Polish women. Women with dysmenorrhea were characterized with a family history of dysmenorrhea, occurrence of PMS, early age of menarche, stressful lifestyle, lack of physical activity, and low self-esteem. We suggest that further assessment of factors contributing for dysmenorrhea among women is necessary.