History Of Family Planning Research Articles

The Relationship of Delivery Method and Family Planning History with Via Examination Results (Visual Inspection of Acetic Acid)”

VIA (Visual Acetic Acid Inspection) is a type of examination to detect cervical cancer. There are several factors that can cause positive VIA results and every couple of childbearing age (PUS) should carry out early detection of cervical cancer once a year, one of which is through an VIA examination. However, unfortunately there are still many couples of childbearing age who have not done so and when the examination is carried out, some of the results are positive and are even in an advanced stage. The Objective of this study was to determine the relationship between delivery method and birth control history with the results of VIA examination (visual inspection of acetic acid).
 This type of observational analytic research, cross-sectional design. The research population was all couple of childbearing age (PUS) in Malang Regency. The inclusion criteria were carrying out a VIA examination at the Polowijen Malang Community Health Center and having given birth. The sample consisted of 34 respondents. The research was carried out on November 8 2023. Data was collected by conducting interviews about birth methods and family planning history as well as conducting VIA examinations. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. There is no relationship between the method of delivery and the results of the VIA examination which is statistically significant with a P value = 0.223. Vaginal delivery does not always cause cervical injury which is needed by HPV to penetrate the transformation zone which can gradually lead to precancerous lesions or positive VIA results. There is no relationship between history of family planning use and VIA examination results which is statistically significant with p value = 0.994. Women who have never used hormonal or non-hormonal contraception can also experience precancerous lesions or positive VIA examination results.

Intimate Technologies of Family Making: Birth Control Politics in Cold War Turkey.

In April 1965, the Turkish Parliament passed the law legalizing birth control, including the pills and the use of intrauterine devices. This article examines the beginnings and expansion of family planning in Turkey in the 1960s by tracing the encounters of American experts, Turkish physicians along with bureaucrats, and thousands of urban squatter dwelling and rural women and men. Different from the previous historical accounts framing family planning as an insular and state-driven modernization project, it provides a transnational history of family planning in Turkey by unearthing intimate links between the discourses of development and histories of family, sexuality, and reproduction. By using Population Council documents, Turkish official papers, Parliament minutes, visual materials, and national and feminist press accounts, this article demonstrates that family planning practices with new technologies of contraceptives constituted often-neglected but indispensable components of infrastructure in the formation of technologies of governance in Turkey in Cold War context.

Planning a Family: Birth Control, Sterilization, and the Welfare of Society in Cold War Brazil

This article explores the history of family planning during the Brazilian military dictatorship by focusing on the activity of The Society of Family Welfare (Sociedade do Bem-Estar Familiar no Brasil, BEMFAM), founded in 1965 and affiliated with the International Planned Parenthood Federation. BEMFAM’s campaigns were met with criticism from various fronts. The Catholic Church condemned the use of contraception methods. The military, which had ruled the country since taking power in 1964, opposed BEMFAM’s efforts to curtail population growth and its international partnerships. Leftist organizations attacked BEMFAM as well, denouncing its initiatives as a form of criminal Western imperialism. The denunciations ultimately led to a parliamentary inquiry into the activities of BEMFAM. Analyzing the dictatorship’s intelligence reports, state records, and BEMFAM’s publications, the article elucidates how population control models, Cold War ideologies, and gendered politics shaped health and reproduction in military Brazil.

Analisis Kejadian Hipertensi Pada Wanita Menopause di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Lok Batu

Menopausal women have a higher risk of hypertension than those who have not been menopausal. Hypertension can damage organs and cause stroke, kidney failure and heart attack. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of hypertension in menopausal women in the Working Area of the Lok Batu Health Center. This research method uses quantitative analytical surveys with a cross sectional approach. The population is all menopausal women in the Working Area of Lok Batu Health Center as many as 156 people with purposive sampling techniques as many as 61 respondents. Chi square data analysis technique. The results showed that the majority of the incidence of level 2 hypertension was 33 respondents (54.1%), hormonal birth control history was 42 respondents (68.9%), normal BMI was 33 respondents (54.1%), basic education was 57 respondents (93.4%), working as many as 40 respondents (65.6%). The results of statistical tests using chi square had no relationship between family planning history p = 0.531 (p > 0.05), body mass index p = 0.458 (p > 0.05), education p = 0.403 (p > 0.05) and work p = 0.399 (p > 0.05) with the incidence of hypertension in menopausal women in the working area of the Lok Batu Health Center.

Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kejadian Unmet Need pada Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS) di Kecamatan Pahandut Kota Palangkaraya

In Central Kalimantan Province, especially in Palangka Raya, there are still sexually active couples of childbearing age and reporting want to delay having children or do not want to have more children but have not used contraceptives which are often referred to as unmet needs, as evidenced by the unmet need tolerance target in 2020, which was set at 5.73% and could only be achieved at 11.9%, this can be seen in the Radalgram date of December 2020, the National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) of Central Kalimantan Province. Analyzing the factors that influence the incidence of unmet needs in couples of childbearing age in Pahandut District, Palangka Raya City. Correlational descriptive with Cross Sectional approach. The population of this research is couples of childbearing age who are included in the category of unmet needs in Pahandut District, Palangka Raya city, totaling 2.383. The number of samples to be taken is as many as 357. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The data was collected by a questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square (α = > 0.05). From the results of the study, it can be seen that there is a correlation between the age of the wife and the incidence of unmet need (p = <.0001), there is a correlation between access to health facilities and the incidence of unmet need (p = 0.037), there is a correlation between husband's support and the incidence of unmet need. (p=0.007), there is a relationship between myths about family planning and the incidence of unmet needs (p=0.002). The factors of education level, wife's knowledge, wife's occupation, economic status, parity, and family planning history are not related to the incidence of unmet needs.

The reproductive climate concerns of young, educated Chinese: ‘when the nest is upset, no egg is left intact’

ABSTRACT An emerging area of research concerns the phenomenon of young people factoring climate change into their reproductive plans and choices, but existing scholarship and popular discourse have focused exclusively on Western and developed countries. This paper examines whether young people in China are also connecting their reproductive plans and choices to climate change, and why. Based on the quantitative and qualitative results from an exploratory survey of 173 young, educated, climate-alarmed or climate-concerned Chinese, we found that reproductive climate concerns are reported by many young Chinese. Respondents expressed deep and multi-layered concerns about the wellbeing of their (potential) children in a climate-changed future, though they did not rank climate change highly among other factors that might influence their reproductive choices. Climate-alarmed Chinese reported lower levels of reproductive climate concerns and more positive visions of the future than a similar group of US-Americans. We attribute these findings to China’s history of family planning, state-constructed climate discourse, stage of development, and hierarchical cultural worldview. As the first study on reproductive climate concerns in Asia, this research addresses a major gap in our knowledge, with implications for the sociology of climate change, the sociology of reproduction, environmental psychology, Asian studies, and demography.

"They are Coming in So Fast That if We Had Publicity About the Clinic We Would Be Swamped": Edris Rice-Wray, the First Family Planning Clinic in Mexico (1959), and the Intervention of US-Based Private Foundations

Population growth in the so-called third world countries became a cause for international concern at the dawn of the Cold War era. In this scenario, Mexico, whose total population doubled every twenty years, became one of the main preoccupations for the emergent global population control movement. While most accounts on the history of family planning in Mexico have tended to focus on the mid-1970s, when the government abandoned its pro-natalist stance, this article demonstrates that, by that time, American and Mexican actors had already launched a systematic effort to implement family planning programs. This work explores the history of the creation of Mexico's first family planning clinic, founded in 1959 by American doctor Edris Rice-Wray, and the subsequent development of national associations and programs that, with the support of the Population Council and the Ford Foundation, provided family planning services throughout the 1960s.

Density and Danger: Social Distancing as Racialised Population Management

A ubiquitous facet of collective social life in the age of COVID-19, social distancing(that is, the set of practices that aims to reduce the number of people in public spaces and maximise the distance between them) works to suppress viral spread by de-densifying public spaces; it redistributes people who are vectors for the virusby pushing them into their own domestic spaces. While the scale of these manoeuvres is in some ways unprecedented, the toll that the virus and its primary means of mitigation—social distancing—extracts along racial lines is at once unequal and deeply familiar. In this Position Piece, I examine social distancing as de-densification within a larger history of family planning and racialised population management in the context of ongoing fieldwork on the material and affective implications of contraceptive use in the American Midwest. In probing the grammar of social distancing—its distinctions between ‘essential’ and ‘non-essential’ workers, services, and spaces and the ways in which such distinctions unequally distribute the labour of de-densification and its impacts on family planning—I elucidate how COVID-19 managements do not simply reveal existing racial disparities, but make them anew at a time when the fabrics of social reproduction are increasingly under strain. The dynamics of social distancing can thus be understood as continuous with ongoing attempts at racialised population management. Such an understanding opens a space for political action foreclosed by a narrow view of social distancing as crisis response.

Family planning in Argentinian women with multiple sclerosis: An important yet seldom approached issue.

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess family planning (FP) among women with multiple sclerosis (WwMS).MethodsWe invited 604 WwMS to answer a survey focused on FP: a) Temporal relationship between pregnancy and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis; b) History of FP; c) Childbearing desire; d) Information on family planning. Comparisons between pregnancy and not pregnancy after MS, as well as, planned and unplanned pregnancy were analyzed. Multivariate and univariate analyses were used to assess the impact of independent variables and FPResult428 (71.7%) WwMS completed the survey. A 19.1% got pregnant after MS diagnosis and we evaluated FP in the last pregnancy, 56.1% patients had a planned pregnancy. Professional addressing FP (OR = 0.27, 95%-CI 0.08-0.92, p = 0.03) and non-injection drug treatment before pregnancy (OR = 2.88, 95%-CI 1.01-8.21, p = 0.047) were independent predictors of unplanned pregnancy in our multivariate model. Among WwMS ≤ 40 years, 48.7% had future childbearing desire. Young age (p < 0.001), PDDS <3 (p = 0.018), disease duration <5 years (p = 0.02), not childbearing before MS diagnosis (p < 0.001) and neurologist addressing family planning (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with childbearing desire.ConclusionsThis research highlights that pregnancy remains an important concern among WwMS.

Determinants of short birth intervals among married women: a cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan

IntroductionBirth spacing is a critical pathway to improving reproductive health. WHO recommends a minimum of 33-month interval between two consecutive births to reduce maternal, perinatal, infant morbidity and mortality. Our...

Factors related to the incidence of unmet need in couples of reproductive age in the working area of Marawola Health Center

ObjectiveThis study aimed at determining factors associated with the incidence of unmet need for family planning among couples of reproductive age in the working area of Marawola Health Center, Sigi Regency. MethodThis research was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The variables in this study included age, education, family planning history, husband's support and unmet need. Data were in the form of primary and secondary data. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis utilizing the Chi-Square test. Population in this study were 4715 couples of reproductive age in the working area of Marawola Health Center. By using Lemeshow's calculation technique and simple random sampling, a sample of 90 people was obtained. ResultThe results demonstrated a relationship between age and the incidence of unmet need with p value=0.004 (p-value ≤0.05); education and the incidence of unmet deed with p value=0.005 (p-value ≤0.05); family planning history and the incidence of unmet need with p value=0.002 (p-value ≤0.05); as well as husband's support and the incidence of unmet need with p value=0.001 (p-value ≤0.05). ConclusionThis study concludes that there is a relationship between age, education, family planning history, and husband's support and the incidence of unmet need for family planning in the working area of Marawola Health Center, Sigi Regency. Therefore, health workers, local governments, and traditional institutions are expected to provide education about family planning to couples of reproductive age (husband and wife) as an attempt to reduce the number of unmet needs in the working area of Marawola Health Center.

Family Planning in the Republic of Tajikistan: A narrative review from Soviet times to 2017.

Introduction:Tajikistan's dramatic shift from a high to a low fertility society has taken place over a little more than two decades. While some fertility beliefs remained the same throughout the rapid economic and political transitions of Tajikistan, other beliefs may have changed to respond to the financial realities of the newly independent and Central Asian republic, such as having fewer children. The objective of this review was to describe and analyze the state of family planning in the Republic of Tajikistan from Soviet period (1929-1991) until 2017.Methods:The review is based on materials obtained from various sources including Google Scholar and PubMed, relevant to family planning in Tajikistan, including government policies, open-access nationally representative data, journal articles, and program reports, identified through a selective search of Google Scholar and PubMed databases, and the grey literature.Conclusions:This narrative review presents the history of family planning in Tajikistan, outlines an understanding of the health system context as it relates to family planning, and analyzes the latest national family planning policy (2017). The authors suggest further research is required to (a) understand the beliefs and practices related to family planning; and (b) define strategies to address the issue of unmet need of family planning services.

Factors that Contributed Against the Incident of Unintended Pregnancy (UP) in Women Aged 15-49 Years (IDHS 2017 Data Analysis)

Unintended pregnancy (UP) could affect the health of the mother and the baby which could cause perinatal maternal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the contribution of maternal age, number of children alive, family planning history and knowledge of contraception methods to the incidence of unintended pregnancy in women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia. This study was a further analysis of the IDHS 2017 data and analyzed multivariately with multiple logistic regression using SPSS version 24. A total sample of 1930 respondents who met the inclusion requirements of women aged 15-49 years old who were still alive, had been pregnant, and had living children aged &gt;12 months by the time the survey was conducted. Based on the results of the analysis we obtained factors that contributed to the occurrence of UP were maternal age (OR: 2.079; 95%CI: 1.443-2.996; P value &lt;0.005), number of children alive (OR: 2.118; 95%CI: 1.109-4.045; P value = 0.023) and family planning history (OR: 0.473; 95%CI: 0.332-0.696; P value &lt;0.005). The number of children alive was the most dominant factor contributing to UP. Mothers who owned living children &gt;3 had a chance of 2 times experiencing UP compared to those who had &lt;3 after being controlled for maternal age and family planning history.

Serum magnesium levels in normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia with complications; a consideration for early supplementation?

This study aims to compare serum magnesium levels of normal pregnant women, severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia with complications in the third trimester of pregnancy so that they can be used as a basis for earlier consideration of supplementation in pregnancy. This study was an observational study with a comparative cross-sectional design conducted in July-September 2019 in four hospitals in Makassar, namely Dr. Wahidin Soedirohusodo General Hospital, Hasanuddin University State University Hospital, Sitti Khadijah I Hospital and Children Hospital Siti Fatimah's Mother and Child Hospital. Respondents in this study were three-trimester pregnant women who were divided into three groups, 30 mothers with normal pregnancies, 30 mothers with severe preeclampsia, and 12 women with severe preeclampsia with complications. Criteria for respondents in this study were single pregnancy and not with systemic disease. Data collected included age, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, parity, the distance of pregnancy, history of preeclampsia, family planning history, history of antenatal care examination and pregnancy planning. Serum magnesium levels were determined using a Magnesium Assay Kit with a colorimetric method that was assessed for absorption by spectrophotometrics. The mean serum magnesium levels were the lowest in the severe preeclampsia group (0.61mmol/L) compared to the severe preeclampsia group with complications (0.72mmol/L), and the normal pregnancy group (0.92mmol/L). Magnesium levels of the three groups differed significantly (p=0.008, p<0.05) CONCLUSION: Serum magnesium levels should be considered as a prognostic factor and supplementation intervention for pregnant women with preeclampsia.

The Factors of the Contraceptives Selection at the Sumbersari Public Health Center, Lumajang

Side effects of the use of contraceptives have always been a problem complained by family planning acceptors. The side effects of family planning such as irregular menstruation, weight gain, nausea, dizziness, and vaginal discharge. This research was conducted in July-August 2019 to determine the factors causing the selection of contraceptives by family planning acceptors at the Sumbersari Public Health Center in Lumajang Regency. Researchers used a cross-sectional design. The sample were 98 family planning acceptors at the Sumbersari Public Health Center, Lumajang Regency, selected using cluster random sampling technique. Researchers used statistical regression tests to data analyze process. Statistical test results of factors that had a positive influence on the selection of contraceptive devices for family planning acceptors in the working area of Sumbersari Public Health Center were the number of children, knowledge of family planning, availability of tools, attitudes and husband's support; counseling performance in the majority of acceptors was good, and the majority of acceptors had a negative family planning history. Husband support and the number of children were the strong influence on the selection of contraception.&#x0D; Keywords: family planning; acceptor; contraceptive selection; factors

Path Analysis of the Effect of Biological and Social Factors on the Case of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the number one cancer as the cause of death in women in developed and developing countries. Breast cancer has the highest case in women in 161 countries. The objective of this study is to analyze the influence of biological and social factors on breast cancer cases in the Public Hospital of Kediri, East Java. The research design was analytic with a retrospective cohort approach. The research sample of 105 respondents used simple random sampling. Data collection was with medical records in January-December, 2017. Data analysis used the path analysis test. The test results obtained breast cancer is influenced by a history of hereditary breast cancer (b=0.17, p=0.001); menopause age (b=0.17, p=0.001); family planning history (b=0.11, p=0.014); parity (b=0.08, p=0.031); age (b=0.21, p=0.001); income (b=0.21, p=0.001). Parity was influenced by income (b=0.45, p &lt;0.001). The age of menopause was influenced by a history of hereditary breast cancer (b= 0.31, p &lt;0.001); family planning history (b=0.13, p=0.13); and age (b=0.10, p=0.01). It can be concluded that the case of breast cancer was directly influenced by hereditary cancer, family history of birth control, age, parity, menopausal age, and income. Also, breast cancer was indirectly affected by income through parity; and hereditary history of breast cancer, family planning history, and age through menopause.

Correlation between Obesity and Contraceptive Method on Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–2 Expression among Breast Cancer Patients in Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta

Background: Breast cancer is the number 2 cancer in Indonesia after cervical cancer. Breast cancer increases every year. The formation of breast cancer is stimulated by various factors such as obesity and a history of family planning. In breast cancer, there are three important receptors, namely estrogen (ER) receptors, progesterone receptors (PR), and HER-2/Neu. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of obesity and history of family planning with the estrogen hormone receptor (ER), progesterone hormone receptor (PR), and HER-2/Neu expression in breast cancer patients in the dr. Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta, Central Java. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study carried out at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java. A sample of 117 pre- and post-menopausal women who performed examinations at the oncology surgical clinic at Dr. Moewardi hospital, Surakarta was selected by total sampling. The dependent variables were estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER-2/Neu expressions. The independent variables were obesity and history of contraceptive method. Data were obtained from the medical record and analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: Obesity (OR= 0.29; 95% CI= 0.13 to 0.68; p= 0.004) reduced estrogen hormone receptors and it was statistically significant. History of contraceptive method (OR= 1.18; 95% CI= 0.55 to 2.52; p= 0.680) increased estrogen hormone receptors but it was not statistically signi­ficant. Obesity (OR=0.41; 95% CI= 0.18 to 0.96; p= 0.040) and history of contraceptive method (OR= 0.41; 95% CI= 0.19 to 0.88; p= 0.022) reduced progesterone hormone receptors. Obesity and history of contraceptive method increased Her-2/Neu expression. Conclusion: Obesity reduces estrogen hormone receptors. History of the contraceptive method increases estrogen hormone receptors. Obesity and history of contraceptive method reduce pro­gesterone hormone receptors. Obesity and history of contraceptive method increase Her-2/Neu expression. Keywords: Obesity, contraceptive method, estrogen, progesterone hormones, Her-2/neu Correspondence: Silvia Ari Agustina. Study Program in Midwifery, School of Health Sciences Achmad Yani, Yogya­karta. Jl. Ringroad Barat Ambarketawang, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Phone: (0274) 4342000. Email: silvia_ari99@yahoo.com. Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2019), 4(3): 259-265 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.03.09

Unmet need to space and limit childbirth among reproductive age women in Pangkalpinang City, Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia

Background: Population growth has become one of priority problems should be solved in almost all of developing countries, including Indonesia. Backward, Indonesia had successful family planning history. However, it shows decline figures nowadays. While, unmet need of family planning in several regions found increased. In 2007, unmet need was 8.6 %, inclined to 11.4% in 2015, which is consisted of 4.5% for spacing children and 8.6% for limiting children. Social demography, economic, access to health services, family support and perception revealed have the contribution to unmet need. Aims: This study aimed to explore unmet need family planning due to birth spacing and limiting situation among reproductive age women in Pangkal Pinang City, Bangka Belitung Province.Methods: This study was an explanatory research used cross-sectional design. The population was women of childbearing age who experienced unmet need of family planning in Pangkal Pinang, 2016. 98 women were taken by proportional random sampling to participate in this study.Results: Research showed that the most of the unmet need for family planning were among 25-29 years old women. About two third (66.3%) of unmet need women occurred due to the willingness to space the childbirth and 33.7% willing to limit the childbirth. Birth spacing tended to be favored by young mothers, early marriage (1-5 years old), had low parity and had low education attainment. Whilst, limiting childbirth tended to be preferred by women with lenght marriage experience (&gt;15 years old), had high parity, older mothers, and middle education level (senior high school) attainment. Conclusion: Both of spacing and limiting have no difference according to the economic situation, all of them mostly were the household wife from low-income family. Husband support to do not use contraception were found in both birth spacing and birth limiting. The study suggest to provincial health office and national family planning coordination board that family planning program should not just involve the wife, but husband as well due to their high influence in family planning decision. Keyword: Unmet need, family planning, birth spacing and limiting

Polymerase chain reaction identification of &lt;i&gt;Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense&lt;/i&gt; in wild tsetse flies from Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve, Malawi

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense is the causative agent of acute human African trypanosomiasis. Identification of T. b. rhodesiense in tsetse populations is essential for understanding transmission dynamics, assessng human disease risk, and monitoring spatiotemporal trends and impact of control interventions. Accurate detection and characterisation of trypanosomes in vectors relies on molecular techniques. For the first time in Malawi, a molecular technique has been used to detect trypanosomes in tsetse flies in Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used to identify the serum resistance associated (SRA) gene of T. b. rhodesiense in tsetse flies. Of 257 tsetse flies that were randomly caught, 42 flies were dissected for microscopic examination. The midguts of 206 flies were positive and were individually put in eppendorf tubes containing phosphate-buffered saline (PBS buffer) for DNA extraction. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR was first used to isolate all trypanosome species from the flies. TBR PCR was then used to isolate the Trypanozoon group. T. brucei-positive samples were further evaluated by SRA PCR for the presence of the SRA gene. Of 257 flies caught, 185 (72%) were Glossina morsitans morsitans and 72 (28%) were Glossina pallidipes. Three were tenerals and 242 were mature live flies. Of the 242 flies dissected, 206 were positive, representing an 85.1% infection rate. From 206 infected flies, 106 (51.5%) were positive using ITS-PCR, 68 (33.0%) being mixed infections, 18 (8.7%) T. brucei, 9 (4.4%) Trypanosoma vivax, 4 (1.9%) Trypanosoma godfrey, 3 (1.5%) Trypanosoma congolense savanna, 3 (1.5%) Trypanosoma simae, and 1 (0.4%) Trypanosoma simaetsavo. When subjected to TBR PCR, 107(51.9%) were positive for T. brucei. Of the 107 T. brucei-positive samples, 5 (4.7%) were found to have the SRA gene. These results suggest that wild tsetse flies in Malawi are infected with human-infective trypanosomes that put communities around wildlife reserves at risk of human African trypanosomiasis outbreaks. Further studies need to be done to identify sources of blood meals for the flies and for surveillance of communities around wildlife reserves.

Effects of Combined Oral Contraceptive on Hemodynamic Response to Endotracheal Intubation

Background: The modern day anesthesiologist should demonstrate and understand a fluctuation in a women’s perception of pain in relation to phase of menstrual cycle. Combined oral contraceptive is used to prevent pregnancy, it contains a small amount of 2 female sex hormones, drospirenone, has an effect similar to the natural corpus luteum and ethinylestradiol, a hormone with an estrogenic effect. Pain threshold during follicular phase is higher than later phases and this may affect various anesthetic techniques.Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of contraceptive pills on hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation.Methods: We enrolled, 600 female patients scheduled for elective surgery divided to (Group І; n=300) with a history of family planning by combined oral contraceptive pills contain drospirenone 3 mg and ethinylestradiol 30 μ for at least one month. (Group ІІ; n=300) with regular menstrual cycle on 8-12 days after the 1st day of the last menstrual cycle. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate was recorded for all patients, just before endotracheal intubation, 1, 2, 3 and 5 min after intubation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine as stress hormones in the blood were measured before induction of anesthesia and immediately after intubation.Results: The study as regard MABP showed that, there was significant difference between groups before intubation, in one and two min after intubation. Meanwhile, MABP measured at 3 and 5 min after intubation showed no significant difference between both groups. While HR showed significant difference between both groups only at one and two min after intubation There was insignificant increase in group I when compared with group II in level of epinephrine in the blood before induction and significant increase in group I when compared with group II in norepinephrine in the same period. While immediately after intubation there was significant increase in group I when compared with group II in level of both epinephrine and norepinephrine. Also, there was significant increase in group I and group II immediately after intubation when compared with pre-induction value.Conclusion: Pretreatment with combined oral contraceptives increases the pressor response to laryngoscopy and the intubation of the trachea.