Graphene Family Research Articles

The Potential of Graphene Electronics in Environment

The Earth’s environment has been severely damaged, necessitating urgent protection measures. In this context, graphene, a highly popular material, shows promising potential for application in environmental protection. Drawing from previous studies, this article will provide a concise overview of graphene’s remarkable characteristics, such as its high conductivity, large surface area, and exceptional strength. It will then explore how graphene and its derivatives can be utilized in the environmental field, focusing on its structure and surface area, which are key to its effectiveness.The difference between activated carbon (AC) and graphene is also discussed to highlight graphene’s unique advantages. New technology is able to apply graphene family in cleaning up water and soil by obsorbing ions through its chemical properties. the report also addresses the current limitations and challenges associated with the widespread utilization of graphene, highlighting areas for further research and development. Building upon these insights, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of graphene’s potential in environmental remediation.

First-principles studies on the electronic and thermal transport properties of twin graphene and its analogues

The novel two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes with various carbon networks have provided an unprecedented platform to explore fascinating device applications beyond graphene. In this work, the electronic and thermal transport properties of the twin graphene and its structural analogues, i.e., γ-graphyne, twin T-graphene, and twin 4–8 graphene, have been systematically revealed through first-principles calculations. Our results confirm the energetic and dynamical stability of the twin graphene family, and the intrinsic semiconducting nature of these 2D carbon sheets superior to graphene. Based on the solution of the phonon Boltzmann transport equation, the evaluated thermal conductivity of the considered 2D carbon sheets indicates that the absence of acetylenic linkages in carbon networks leads to a relatively enhanced heat transfer capacity, i.e., a higher thermal conductivity in the twin graphene family than the γ-graphyne case. More interestingly, a way to effectively tune thermal transport properties in the twin graphene family has been proposed via the utilization of atom-embedded carbon nanocages. Our results indicate that a notable 63.8% reduction in thermal conductivity can be achieved for twin graphene through the embedding of Ti atoms into the nanocages, exhibiting great potential for robust thermal management in low-dimensional carbon networks.

Cellulose acetate-based electrospun nanocomposites improved by mussel-inspired polydopamine coatings and copper iodide-decorated graphene oxide: A self-disinfecting nanofibrous membrane with potential biomedical applications

Personal protective equipment and fabrics have proven their efficient use in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but because germs and viruses may survive on them, they can also operate as a source of disease transmission. Self-disinfecting textiles with the potential to kill different pathogens can be used as a substitute and prevent infections. In this research, copper iodide (CuI) decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite was synthesized through a green water-based procedure, and a novel nanofibrous membrane with improved antibacterial and antiviral characteristics was prepared by a mussel-inspired method, in which polydopamine (DOPA) and CuI-decorated graphene oxide (GO-CuI) nanocomposite were coated on cellulose acetate electrospun nanofibers (CA-DOPA-GOCuI). CA-DOPA-GOCuI NFM displayed extremely good antibacterial/antiviral properties with biofilm inhibition of 50 %, and very good cell viability and proliferation even though the virus was introduced to the cell culture. Furthermore, because it accelerated the healing process, this NFM showed great promise for use as a wound dressing. This may be because it inhibits infection and has an extremely high ROS scavenging capability of 80 %. Additionally, it was shown that CA-DOPA-GOCuI NFM was non-toxic to cells and blood compatible, with cell viability that was even higher than that of the control group of untreated cells. One possible explanation for this could be the inclusion of GO, a highly biocompatible member of the graphene family, which, when combined with CuI, reduced its toxicity to normal cells. Thus, the safety of CA-DOPA-GOCuI to normal cells, favorable cell proliferation and viability, and its high toxicity to bacteria and viruses indicate its great potential to be used in a wide range of biomedical applications, specifically, self-disinfecting fabrics and wound dressings.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive

Background Graphene is the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic, and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in the prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, and dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as an anti-quorum sensing agent. Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilized to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue. Materials and Method Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive. Result As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive. Conclusion Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possesses extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical properties, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.

Synergy of Silicon-Graphene Anodes and Polymer-Ceramic Hybrid Separators for High Rate-Capable Lithium-Ion Batteries

With more and more electric vehicles (EV) hitting the market, the need for better and more robust energy storage system increases, and silicon has been a promising candidate for the next generation anode material to satisfy the high energy density and high-power requirements for electric vehicles because of its extremely high theoretical capacity. This has allowed the design of thinner electrodes to reduce the diffusion time scales and deliver a fast charge. However, at high charge and discharge rates, low electrical conductivity (~1.12 eV) of silicon hampers the battery performance. As a result, a lot of research has been conducted to improve the performance of silicon anodes using nanoscale carbon to increase the electrical conductivity. Graphene has been used to synthesize Si/Gr hybrid anodes due to its high conductivity.Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) , a part of the graphene family, are one-dimensional graphene nanostructures which tune its electrical properties based on dimensional confinement. GNR has a higher conductivity than Graphene. It also has high aspect ratio and surface area to provide a strong conductive path along with mechanical strength to support the silicon anode. Due to presence of GNR, lithium-ion transport into silicon nanostructures was enhanced. As a result, 50% of graphene was replaced by 50% GNR with silicon nanoparticles to form anodes. Due to the highly conducting structure of GNR, capacity at high rates was significantly improved because of the improved silicon utilization. Since GNR’s dimensions are in nanometer range, connection with silicon nanoparticles is better. It not only improves silicon to silicon conductivity, but it also acts as a filler for better connection of graphene with silicon nanoparticles.Addition of graphene nanoribbons can improve the lithium-ion transport within the anode but to enhance the high charge transfer rate further, Si/GNR/Gr hybrid, high rate-capable anodes were paired with Polyimide (PI)/Polysilsesquioxane (PSSQ) hybrid separators which also shown to exhibit an improved charge transfer rate. At high rates such as 3C and 5C, the effect of separator on the cell performance becomes more prominent. While Celgard’s performance was very unstable at both 3C and 5C, at 3C, the cycling of hybrid separators did not get impacted, despite the relatively harsher conditions. This synergistic combination of high-rate capable silicon/graphene anode and hybrid separator outperformed the commercially used separator especially at high-rate cycling. Cells with Si/GNR/Gr anode paired with the PI/PSSQ separator delivered an impressive capacity of 1,000 mAh/g at high charge/discharge rates of 5C/5C.

Roles of Two-Dimensional Materials in Antibiofilm Applications: Recent Developments and Prospects.

Biofilm-associated infections pose a significant challenge in healthcare, constituting 80% of bacterial infections and often leading to persistent, chronic conditions. Conventional antibiotics struggle with efficacy against these infections due to the high tolerance and resistance induced by bacterial biofilm barriers. Two-dimensional nanomaterials, such as those from the graphene family, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), MXene, and black phosphorus, hold immense potential for combating biofilms. These nanomaterial-based antimicrobial strategies are novel tools that show promise in overcoming resistant bacteria and stubborn biofilms, with the ability to circumvent existing drug resistance mechanisms. This review comprehensively summarizes recent developments in two-dimensional nanomaterials, as both therapeutics and nanocarriers for precision antibiotic delivery, with a specific focus on nanoplatforms coupled with photothermal/photodynamic therapy in the elimination of bacteria and penetrating and/or ablating biofilm. This review offers important insight into recent advances and current limitations of current antibacterial nanotherapeutic approaches, together with a discussion on future developments in the field, for the overall benefit of public health.

WITHDRAWN: Prospects of graphene quantum dots preparation using lignocellulosic wastes for application in photofermentative hydrogen production

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are a novel carbon nanomaterial from the graphene family due to their unique physicochemical properties and diverse range of applications. However, in terms of the sustainable utility of GQDs, their synthesis methods are the main roadblock because of their high production costs and the release of toxic byproducts during the production processes. Thus, the search for sustainable and economical fabrication methods for preparing GQDs is one of the most essential areas of research for their practical applications. In this context, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) wastes are a prime choice for the fabrication of GQDs due to their high carbon and cellulose content, which are favorable for being employed as precursors and reducing agents Additionally, LCBs are a prime source of potential bioenergy production, which is currently a key research hotspot to combat environmental pollution, global warming, and energy crises. Therefore, the present review provides feasibility for sustainable and environmentally friendly fabrication of GQDs using LCB wastes for their possible utility in cellulosic biofuel production technology improvement. Furthermore, the prospective of using these GQDs as catalysts in bioenergy production for the development of low-cost biomass-based biofuel production technology has been discussed along with the existing limitations and their sustainable recommendation.

Magnetic materials as adsorbents for the pre-concentration and separation of active ingredients from herbal medicine.

Herbal medicine (HM) is crucial in disease management and contains complex compounds with few active pharmacological ingredients, presenting challenges in quality control of raw materials and formulations. Effective separation, identification, and analysis of active components are vital for HM efficacy. Traditional methods like liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are time-consuming and environmentally concerning, with limitations such as sorbent issues, pressure, and clogging. Magnetic solid-phase extraction uses magnetic sorbents for targeted analyte separation and enrichment, offering rapid, pressure-free separation. However, inorganic magnetic particles' aggregation and oxidation, as well as lack of selectivity, have led to the use of various coatings and modifications to enhance specificity and selectivity for complex herbal samples. This review delves into magnetic composites in HM pretreatment, specifically focusing on encapsulated or modified magnetic nanoparticles and materials like silica, ionic liquids, graphene family derivatives, carbon nanotubes, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, and molecularly imprinted polymers.

Assessing the role of the graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs: Graphene, GO, rGO) in modifying the toxicity potential and environmental risk of flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) in the marine microalgae Chlorella sp.

In recent years, a growing concern has emerged regarding the environmental implications of flame retardants (FRs) like tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs), such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), on marine biota. Despite these substances' well-established individual toxicity profiles, there is a notable gap in understanding the physicochemical interactions within the binary mixtures and consequent changes in the toxicity potential. Therefore, our research focuses on elucidating the individual and combined toxicological impacts of TBBPA and GFNs on the marine alga Chlorella sp. Employing a suite of experimental methodologies, including Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, electron microscopy, and chromatography, we examined the physicochemical interplay between the GFNs and TBBPA. The toxicity potentials of individual constituents and their binary combinations were assessed through growth inhibition assays, quantifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, photosynthetic activity analyses, and various biochemical assays. The toxicity of TBBPA and graphene-based nanomaterials (GFNs) was examined individually and in combinations. Both pristine TBBPA and GFNs showed dose-dependent toxicity. While lower TBBPA concentrations exacerbated toxicity in binary mixtures, higher TBBPA levels reduced the toxic effects compared to pristine TBBPA treatments. The principal mechanism underlying toxicity was ROS generation, resulting in membrane damage and perturbation of photosynthetic parameters. Cluster heatmap and Pearson correlation were employed to assess correlations between the biological parameters. Finally, ecological risk assessment was undertaken to evaluate environmental impacts of the individual components and the mixture in the algae.

Amino-functionalized graphene oxide affects bacteria–phage interactions in aquatic environments

The widespread use of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) in mass production has resulted in their release into the atmosphere, soil and water environment through various processes. Among these, the water environment is particularly affected by GFN pollution. Our previous study has demonstrated the impact of graphene oxide (GO) on bacteria–phage interactions in natural systems. However, the effects of amino-functionalized GO with a positive charge on bacteria–phage interactions in aquatic environments remain unclear. In the present study, we found that amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) (0.05 mg/mL) inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Y12. Furthermore, treating P. aeruginosa Y12 and phage with AGO (0.05 mg/mL) led to a reduced ratio of phage to bacteria, indicating that AGO can inhibit phage infection of bacteria. Additionally, the acidic environment exacerbated this effect by promoting electrostatic adsorption between the positively charged AGO and the negatively charged phage. Finally, a field water body intervention experiment showed that the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in six water samples changed due to AGO exposure, as revealed by Illumina analysis based on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. These findings offer valuable insights into the environmental impacts of GFNs.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive

Background Graphene is the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic, and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in the prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, and dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as an anti-quorum sensing agent. Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilized to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue. Materials and Method Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive. Result As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive. Conclusion Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possesses extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical properties, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.

Fast response 2D semiconductor gas sensor for memory-type NO2 detection: Test system construction, performance evaluation, and mechanism study

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as those in the graphene family, tin-selenide, and transition metal sulfides (TMDs), hold great promise for various applications, including gas-sensitive devices, photodetectors, and lithium batteries. In this study, we propose a fast response gas sensor for ppb-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection using two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Firstly, we have constructed a gas-sensitive test system to evaluate the performance of the device. The test results demonstrate that the constructed device responds significantly to gas concentrations as low as 40 ppb and as high as 10 ppm, with a fast response time of around 8 s. We have also analyzed and explained the relevant mechanism of the response to NO2. By providing detailed insights into the construction and performance analysis of the test system, as well as the related mechanism study, our research offers valuable information for the development of fast response memory-type gas sensors for ppb-level NO2 detection.

Computational investigation of the oxygen reduction reaction on the edges of differently-sized, shaped and terminated graphene nanoclusters

Graphene nanoclusters (GNCs), part of the graphene family of nanomaterials, are attracting interest as promising Pt free catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) at the cathode of the fuel cells. This investigation focuses on the theoretical prediction of their possible edge activity towards ORR determined by their shape, size and termination type. In this framework, using density functional theory (DFT) we examined the zigzag (zz) and armchair terminated (ac) triangular (T), rhombohedral (R) and hexagonal (H) GNCs of various sizes, ranging from C13 to C114. The theoretical onset overpotential (ηth,onset) indicate that several GNC edges could be active for ORR. The model indicates that the zigzag edges of all triangular GNCs (C13–C46) as well as of the largest investigated rhombohedral shapes (C48, C70) are active for ORR. A correlation between the band gaps, spin densities and p-band centers of the edge carbon atoms and the adsorption energies of the ORR intermediate moieties (HOO*/O*/HO*) are discussed and which are directly related to their activity. One trend is related to the decrease of the adsorption energies with the decrease of the band gap and accordingly an increase of their ORR activities. The case studies, show that the explicit water model developed by using machine learning potentials and combined with DFT, stabilizes the ORR intermediates stronger than the implicit one, thus increasing slightly the onset overpotential. Overall, this computational study enhances our fundamental understanding of the edges of GNC for their potential application in electrocatalysis without doping.

Whole‐Cell Electrochemical Aptasensors for Cancer Diagnosis: Current Advances and Prospects

AbstractCancer is one of the most life‐threatening diseases worldwide. Numerous diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, such as nanomaterials‐based cancer detection and imaging‐guided focal therapy, are successfully developed to achieve highly precise cancer theranostic strategies. However, due to unpredictive alterations occurring in cancer cell morphology, a lack of sensitivity and selectivity is a critical challenge among most biomarkers’ detection. To address this issue, instead of targeting proteins or biomarkers, the detection of cancer using whole cell‐based biosensors are ubiquitously discovered through a selective oligonucleotide, so‐called aptamer. Aptamer‐based whole‐cell detection is concurrently engaged with various nanomaterials, such as magnetic beads, gold (Au) nanoparticles, and graphene family to establish a better performance of the biosensor. In this research review, the recent strategies and prospects on whole‐cell cancer detection platform based on electrochemical aptasensors integrated with nanomaterials are thoroughly discussed and summarized. Finally, future challenges and prospects are also provided.

Carbon-based catalysts: advances in synthesizing N-heterocyclic compounds using graphene family and graphite oxide

Carbon-based catalysts: advances in synthesizing N-heterocyclic compounds using graphene family and graphite oxide

Graphene as a potential treatment for acute migraine: A computational study

Here, we study the graphene nanosheets with various functional groups including –COOH, -NH2, –COOH-NH2, -OH, and O interacting with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) in combination with receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP1). This study uses molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the interaction between CLR/RAMP1 and graphene-family planar nanosheets: Gr, Gr-COOH, Gr-NH2, Gr-OH, Gr-O, and Gr-COOH&-NH2. The Ubrogepant was used to validate the results and comparison of the Gr-family performance. The MD simulation data revealed that Gr, Gr-OH, and Gr-COOH interacted with CLR/RAMP1 more intensely, due to changes in electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, the binding affinity of the nanosheets, as well as Ubrogepant toward the protein, have been calculated using docking. Docking analysis with both CLR fragment and CLR/RAMP1revealed similar trends in the interactions where Gr-OH has the strongest affinity in binding to the neuropeptide. The DFT calculations demonstrated a discernible surface polarity hierarchy among the functionalized graphene materials, revealing Gr-O and Gr-OH with the highest surface polarity, followed by Gr-COOH and Gr-NH2, respectively, consistent with our findings. Altogether, our study shows that three candidates; Gr-OH> Gr-COOH> pristine Gr can inhibit CGRPR binding by disrupting the protein’s structure. Significantly, the Gr-family outperformed Ubrogepant as an indicator of its potential anti-migraine applications. The results of this study provide detailed and reliable theoretical guidance for using the graphene family in treating migraine and can assist in the further development of new graphene-based materials.

Role of Graphene-related 2D Nanomaterials in Antimicrobial Potentials: An Overview

Microbial infections profoundly impact various facets of everyday life, imposing significant economic strains on healthcare systems worldwide and resulting in death. Researchers have made considerable attempts to restrict microbial proliferation, but effective antimicrobial agents still need to be improved. A highly effective strategy for mitigating this challenge involves utilizing antimicrobial materials with chemically embedded or inherent antimicrobial properties. Recently, carbon-based nanomaterials have shown promising antibacterial results. In particular, graphene- and graphene-derived nanomaterials (GMs) demonstrate a broad range of antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These antibacterial activities are attributed mainly to the direct physicochemical interaction between GMs and bacteria that cause deadly cellular component degradation. GMs hold a high affinity for accumulating, leading to membrane damage; similarly, after internalization, they can interact with the bacterial genome, disrupting the replicative stage. Additionally, GMs can indirectly determine bacterial death by activating the inflammatory cascade after entering the physiological environment. This mini-review delves into the potential parameters influencing antimicrobial efficacy, encompassing the number of graphene layers, concentration, size, and structural characteristics. Additionally, it explores the antimicrobial mechanisms exhibited by the graphene family against a spectrum of pathogens. Finally, it presents various antimicrobial applications underlying GMs as promising materials applicable in different fields.

Elemental carbon - An efficient method to measure occupational exposure from materials in the graphene family

Graphene is a 2D-material with many useful properties such as flexibility, elasticity, and conductivity among others. Graphene could therefore become a material used in many occupational fields in the future, which can give rise to occupational exposure. Today, exposure is unknown, due to the lack of efficient measuring techniques for occupational exposure to graphene. Readily available screening techniques for air sampling and -analysis are either nonspecific or nonquantitative. Quantifying materials from the broad graphene family by an easy-to-use method is important for the large-scale industrial application of graphene, especially when for the safety of working environment. Graphene consists primarily of elemental carbon, and the present study evaluates the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC)-technique for exposure assessment. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the OC/EC analysis technique as an efficient and easy-to-use method for quantification of occupational exposure to graphene. Methods that can identify graphene would be preferable for screening, but they are time consuming and semi-quantitative and therefore not suited for quantitative work environment assessments. The OC/EC-technique is a thermal optical analysis (TOA), that quantitively determines the amount of and distinguishes between two different types of carbon, organic and elemental. The technique is standardised, well-established and among other things used for diesel exposure measurements (ref standard). OC/EC could therefore be a feasible measuring technique to quantitively determine occupational exposure to graphene. The present evaluation of the technique provides an analytical method that works quantitatively for graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Interestingly, the TOA technique makes it possible to distinguish between the three graphene forms used in this study. The technique was tested in an industrial setting and the outcome suggests that the technique is an efficient monitoring technique to be used in combination with characterisation techniques like for example Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

Applications of Graphene Family Nanomaterials in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) have attracted considerable attention in diverse fields from engineering and electronics to biomedical applications because of their distinctive physicochemical properties such as large specific surface area, high mechanical strength, and favorable hydrophilic nature. Moreover, GFNs have demonstrated the ability to create an anti-inflammatory environment and exhibit antibacterial effects. Consequently, these materials hold immense potential in facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, further promoting the repair and regeneration of various tissues, including bone, nerve, oral, myocardial, and vascular tissues. Note that challenges still persist in current applications, including concerns regarding biosecurity risks, inadequate adhesion performance, and unsuitable degradability as matrix materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current advancements in the utilization of GFNs in regenerative medicine, as well as their molecular mechanism and signaling targets in facilitating tissue repair and regeneration. Future research prospects for GFNs, such as potential in promoting ocular tissue regeneration, are also discussed in details. We hope to offer a valuable reference for the clinical application of GFNs in the treatment of bone defects, nerve damage, periodontitis, and atherosclerosis.

Comparative evaluation of the effect of 2% graphene oxide and 5% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in isolation and in combination on micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive

Graphene is the thinnest, strongest, and stiffest imaginable material. The biocompatible property of graphene oxide can initiate and facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of periodontal ligament, osteogenic, and oral epithelial cells. Furthermore, the antibiofilm and anti-adhesion properties of graphene oxide in the prevention of dental biofilm infections, dental caries, and dental erosion as well as for implant surface modification and as an anti-quorum sensing agent. Composites are the most often utilized materials for restoration in the field of dentistry due to adhesive resins' improved mechanical and cosmetic properties. To safeguard the dentin and prevent dental cavities, dentin adhesives are utilized to affix hydrophobic resin composites to hydrophilic dentin tissue. Dental adhesives have a harder time adhering to dentin because it contains more water and is less mineralized than enamel. This makes the method more sensitive. As a result, it was chosen to assess and contrast the impact of 5% Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and 2% Graphene oxide nanoparticles, both separately and together, on the Micro tensile bond strength of 5th generation adhesive. Graphene oxide is the most versatile form of Graphite in structural and functional configuration. Graphene oxide possesses extraordinary physical, chemical, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. Among the graphene family nanomaterials, the reduced form of Graphite adding the oxygenated functional group to the structure increases the surface area and therefore exhibits enviable excellent interaction ability with metal and ions as well as organic species. Graphene oxide in dentistry has provided outstanding results in antimicrobial action, regenerative dentistry, bone tissue engineering, drug delivery, physicochemical properties, enhancement of dental biomaterials and oral cancer treatment.