Family Nucleus Research Articles

Post-traumatic stress disorder and symptoms in paediatric cancer survivors and their family nucleus: systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Various studies have highlighted the increased incidence and symptoms of depression and anxiety in paediatric cancer survivors (PCS). Yet no meta-analysis has focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in PCS and their family nucleus. To evaluate the overall risk of PTSD and severity of PTSS in PCS and their family nucleus. Secondary objectives include identifying potential risk factors of PTSD and high PTSS. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO for studies comparing the risk of PTSD and PTSS severity among PCS, their family nucleus and non-cancer controls. PRISMA reporting guidelines were followed. Random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted. From 1089 records, we included 21 studies. PCS have an increased risk of PTSD (risk ratio 2.36, 95% CI 1.37-4.06) and decreased PTSS severity (standardised mean difference -0.29, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.08). Subgroup analyses of other categorical study-level characteristics revealed that female PCS who were older at diagnosis and data collection had a significantly higher risk of PTSD. Meta-regression were insignificant. Family nucleus did not show a significantly increased risk of PTSD (risk ratio 1.13, 95% CI 0.59-5.00) and PTSS severity (standardised mean difference 0.53, 95% CI -0.00 to 1.06). Systematically reviewing studies on the family nucleus found that the majority reported a significantly increased risk of psychological trauma compared with the comparator. Lower education, income and social status were also risk factors. Timely identification and interventions are imperative for policy makers and healthcare providers to prevent trauma from worsening in this population group.

Development of cognitive and social skills in young people with Down Syndrome for entering the workforce

The present doctoral research work will consist of a conceptual analysis of what are the socio-labor skills and how they are learned in a standardized context in the educational environment. From the perspective of the paradigm of inclusivity, it is necessary to carry out a conceptual review from different fields such as education from the regulatory framework, the labor framework, and, finally, from the perspective of the transition to adult life. The objective of this research work is to determine which are the socio-labor skills that adolescents with Down Syndrome need for a correct process even in the labor field in Ecuador. This will allow the initiation of a planned path in the process of transition to adult life to achieve independence within the family nucleus and, of course, to encourage public programs that generate spaces for training and transition to adult life. To achieve this, it is necessary to carry out a bibliographic review of public policies of labor inclusiveness, inclusive education proposals for the labor environment, and the principles that support the paradigm of inclusiveness. To achieve the above, it is necessary to conduct a literature review on public policies of labor inclusiveness, inclusive education proposals for the workplace, and the principles underlying the paradigm of inclusiveness. For this, the qualitative methodology will be used, to first conduct a literature review of the international panorama on the socio-labor situation and the transition to adult life, to compare it with the national situation, and with this, to design a set of socio-labor skills that allow socio-labor inclusion and, therefore, transition to adult life for adolescents with Down syndrome.

Epidermolysis Bullosa in Spain: A Qualitative Analysis of Its Social Impact on Families With Diagnosed Minors.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) comprises a group of rare types of genodermatoses characterized by extreme mucocutaneous fragility, leading to blistering and/or erosions, even with minimal trauma. Continuous care through wound management is an integral part of daily life for the families and individuals affected. The aim of this study was to assess the social reality and impacts on families of having minor members diagnosed with EB in Spain. A qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing four focus groups entailing participation by 24 parents (19 mothers and five fathers) of minors diagnosed with EB in Spain. Negative impacts on the family nucleus were evident in four priority areas of analysis: sociorelational, economic-labour, physical and psychoemotional, with significant differences observed based on the severity of the symptoms. Impacts on the family nucleus are noticeable from birth, influencing all other daily life routines and complicating family planning and organization. There is an imperative need to enhance the availability of sociohealth resources and to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to address their biopsychosocial needs. The active participation of relatives of minors diagnosed with Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is invaluable to sociohealth professionals, legislators and researchers. A team member conducts their professional activities at DEBRA España (national patient association dedicated to enhancing the quality of life for individuals with EB and their families), actively engaging in all study phases.

ADULT ANXIETY AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL SEQUELS FROMCHILDHOOD: A dialog between cognitive therapies and neurosciences

Based on the continuous development of Cognitive Therapies, together with the contribution of Neuroscience, the aim of this research was to highlight the influence of the psychological impacts of the participants' childhoods on the development of anxious predispositions in their adult phases, as well as to identify the existence of possible psychological upheavals in relation to their caregivers or family nuclei, and possible negative experiences in school environments. The research methods were cross-sectional to obtain data, and the research was exploratory and descriptive, quantitative and qualitative, with simple random sampling of 260 participants aged between 25 and 45. By applying a thematic questionnaire about stressors experienced during childhood, as well as using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), it was possible to verify that for each degree of anxiety, i.e. normal, mild, moderate and severe, there was an increasing number of childhood stressors. Participants with higher levels of anxiety therefore experienced more stressful situations in childhood than those with lower levels of anxiety. This highlights the importance of preserving functional human interactions in families and educational institutions for healthy psycho-emotional development in children and adults.

Mediation and the feasibility of aplication in contraventional processes of violence against women and members of the family nucleus in Ecuador

The Ecuadorian State maintains a legal system with a guarantees tint, which is why it protects the constitutional rights of the legal subjects that inhabit it. However, the Ecuadorian culture itself has been responsible for establishing inequalities, putting women in a situation of vulnerability, causing gender violence that, currently in Ecuador, has increased drastically. Through this research, we seek to analyze the way in which mediation as an alternative method of conflict resolution can help women who are victims of violence without having to exhaust judicial instances, which on many occasions becomes ineffective due to the very nature of these. criminal infractions, as well as due to the procedural congestion that exists within the Judicial Units Against Violence against Women and Members of the Family Nucleus. Through a qualitative research approach, which will allow observing the object of study to determine if it is appropriate and above all the feasibility of mediation as a tool for contravention procedures of violence against women or members of the family nucleus, in order to counteract this conflict quickly and effectively.

Parents and teachers’ perspectives on a school-located influenza vaccination program: A pilot study in the Region of Murcia, Spain

ABSTRACT During the 2022–2023 season, the Region of Murcia (an autonomous community of Spain) introduced the influenza vaccination campaign in children aged 24–59 months with the live-attenuated influenza nasal spray vaccine. To expand coverage, a pilot study was conducted to include the 3- to 4-year population in 24 public schools. The aim of the study was to assess the experiences of parents and teachers involved in the project. This was a psychosocial qualitative study in which information was collected from a cohort of 23 parents and 17 teachers who attended three and two focus group sessions, respectively. A high degree of satisfaction with the school-located influenza vaccination program was consistently reported. The teachers reported creating a friendly environment and acting as companions to support children in the absence of their parents. They also considered the intranasal route, which avoids intramuscular puncture, as a facilitating element that turned the vaccination process into a kind of game. Parents emphasized the importance of vaccination to protect their children, and secondarily, to ensure protection of the family nucleus. Some parents who had their children already vaccinated in the health care center reported preference for the school setting, probably selecting this option in the future. The availability of school-based influenza vaccination promoted greater equity in accessing the vaccine and facilitated family reconciliation. To optimize coverage and minimize potential reluctance, providing the necessary information to parents both before and after vaccination was considered. School-located influenza vaccination was feasible and is a valuable strategy to be implemented in future campaigns.

Sociodemographic factors and feelings of guilt in household waste management in Peruvian households

The purpose of the study was to identify the sociodemographic factors that influence the feeling of guilt about recycling household waste in Peruvian families living in Sullana. The rapid generation of waste in urban and rural areas leads to the development of multidisciplinary research to mitigate environmental pollution, which not only affects tourism but also the quality of life of the population. The study design was non-experimental, descriptive, causal, and explanatory. The research approach was quantitative. The instrument was validated (Cronbach's alpha = 0.932), and it was observed that age, employment status, educational level, income, and professional career were significantly related (p<0.05) to the feeling of guilt for recycling. There is a high level of guilt about recycling household waste related to an attitude of success and social norms, and a mild level related to an attitude of failure. The sociodemographic profile of Peruvian families living in Sullana is characterized by an average age of 35 years, employment, secondary, technical, and higher education, as well as income between S/500 and 1500 soles and living in a family nucleus composed of 3-5 people. These findings are important for the elaboration of public policies in the environmental management of solid waste and in the academic sphere to raise awareness among the different actors to mitigate climate change and contribute to the sustainability of natural resources. It is recommended to apply compensatory incentives to families to achieve positive changes in household waste management.

Diminished Anthropometric Measures and Other Associated Variables in a Sample of Violent Offenders: A Case-Control Study.

Background Predicting criminal behavior is a complex task due to its multidimensional nature. Nevertheless, health professionals and criminologists must consider individual criminogenic risk factors to provide reliable expert opinions. Physical traits have been a subject of scrutiny since the inception of biological positivism. Aim The main objective of this study is to analyze differences in individual characteristics between violent offenders and healthy volunteers to potentially identify predictors of criminal behavior. Methods We conducted a case-control study with a sample of inmates convicted of violent offenses and compared them to healthy volunteers. Anthropometrics, sociodemographic data, drug consumption, characteristics of the family nucleus, clinical background, and basic laboratory test results were collected. Quantitative data were tested for normality and homogeneity before applying the Mann-Whitney or T-Student tests, respectively. For categorical data, Pearson's chi-square test was used for associations, and the odds ratio was determined for the associated risk in drug abuse profiles. Results Among the male participants (N = 72), the inmate group (n = 41) showed significantly lower stature (mean height [m]: 1.7454 ± 0.0694 vs 1.6643 ± 0.0659, p < 0.001), a reduced left D2:D4 finger length ratio (mean ratio [cm]: 0.9638 ± 0.0572 vs 0.9380 ± 0.068cm, p < 0.05), and smaller anthropometric measurements, including armful (mean length [m]: 1.8080 ± 0.7690 vs 1.6582 ± 0.7250, p < 0.001), wrist (mean [cm]: 17.39 ± 1.10 vs 16.57 ± 1.84, p < 0.05), mid-upper arm (mean [cm]: 31.75 ± 3.79 vs 29.97 ± 3.79, p < 0.05), and head circumferences (mean [cm]: 58.43 ± 1.92 vs 55.39 ± 1.51, p < 0.001). Additionally, the inmate group exhibited shorter lower segments (mean [cm]: 102.67 ± 4.97 vs. 97.85 ± 5.04, p < 0.001) and plantar lengths (mean [cm]: 27.45 ± 1.25 vs. 26.78 ± 1.00, p < 0.05). Furthermore, this group displayed a higher risk of alcohol (OR = 4.4, p < 0.01), cocaine (OR = 3.36, p < 0.05), and benzodiazepine consumption (OR = 3.36, p < 0.05). Parental alcohol consumption (χ² = 12.66, p < 0.01) and the practice of Protestantism (χ² = 20.087, p < 0.001) were also associated with the inmate group. Conclusion Physical traits may be considered potential criminogenic risk factors, but larger studies are necessary to validate these findings. Future research should take into account physiological and psychological correlates to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between physical traits and criminal behavior.

Relaciones afectivas y calidad de vida en el ámbito de las enfermedades raras: una revisión sistemática

Quality of life in patients and caregivers cannot be conceived without including social needs. The aim of this research is to conduct a systematic review showing empirical evidence of how affective relationships influence the quality of life of patients with rare diseases and their caregivers. A search was conducted in the Web of Science, Scopus and PsycInfo databases. A total of 4923 articles were found, which after the screening process were reduced to 12 studies. The effects of affective relationships were found both in the family nucleus and in its components independently (parents, siblings and patients). It is evident that both the family and the extra-familial environment are essential to improve quality of life. It is recommended that future research should study the interactions between the established relationships to offer a better intervention.

Enhancing agricultural value chains through technology adoption: a case study in the horticultural sector of a developing country

BackgroundThe development of agricultural value chains in developing countries has been the focus of much international interest, prompting the exploration of technology adoption strategies. These strategies hinge upon a multitude of factors like farmer characteristics, farm structure, location, organizational and institutional elements, as well as information-related factors.PurposeIn this study, we delve into the influential social and productive factors that underpin technology adoption among small horticultural producers in Chile.Design/methodology/approachData pertaining to the five primary horticultural crops in Chile—namely, corn, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, and onion—were collected, considering their respective cultivated areas. A comprehensive evaluation of 13 technologies encompassing cultural practices, crop improvement, and irrigation was conducted. The methodological approach comprised two stages. Initially, an ordered probit model was employed to analyze the adoption intensity of cultural practices, crop improvement, and irrigation. Subsequently, a Kruskal–Wallis test was utilized to compare the means across technology adoption groups.ResultsThe findings reveal a positive correlation between technology adoption intensity and the level of education, composition of the family nucleus, and investment intensity. Moreover, the production system’s location emerged as the most critical determinant for technology adoption.ConclusionsThe factors under scrutiny furnish direct and indirect evidence of their impact on the productivity and competitiveness of agricultural value chains. Thus, this paper significantly contributes to comprehending the role of technology adoption in designing and executing rural development strategies within developing countries.

Social Representations of Suicide in Patients with Suicide Attempt Hospitalized in a Mental Health Institution

BACKGROUND: The suicide rate in the last 45 years has increased considerably in the world, being the frequency of attempted suicide 20 times higher than that of completed suicide. Pereira is one of the cities with the highest rates in the country. METHODS: This qualitative research uses grounded theory as an analysis method, obtaining the data through semi-structured open-type interviews with selective purposive sampling. The analysis of the interviews was done through the grounded theory method and the results are expressed through the theory of social representations. RESULTS: The findings of this research present the discourse of hospitalized patients with suicide attempt. According to social representations, family and derivatives are vital for individual development and their relationship with the environment. Dysfunctions in the family nucleus increase the risk of developing negative thoughts, which can later turn into suicidal behavior. Associated psychiatric pathologies, low self-esteem, relationship problems, sexual abuse and feelings of rejection are risk factors, while study, life projects, and spirituality are protective factors. No relationship was found regarding the consumption of psychoactive substances. CONCLUSION: The family is fundamental in the configuration of the individual and its role as a protective or risk factor in terms of suicide attempt depends on its functionality. It is suggested that work in the families could serve as a strategy for the prevention of the non-fatal suicidal act.

La folie féminine dans l’univers capitaliste mauriacien

The French novels of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century are marked by a close relationship between writing and context, generally based on determinism and the psychology of the characters. François Mauriac is no exception to such a conception of romantic aesthetics, as evidenced by the novels, which retrace the life cycle of the heroine Therese Desqueyroux and revolve around the family nucleus, the forest economy, painting provincial customs, etc. In such a universe, the individual, in general, and the woman, in particular, unnecessarily go to war against the constraints of the environment. The dizzying decline of the rebellious character reveals all the beauty and greatness of his rejection. The objective of this article is therefore to show that the course of this character obeys certain poetics of feminine madness that can be identified with the help of criteria, in addition to those already mentioned by critics. These aspects of Mauritian writing already herald the impact of the impossible fitting of fragmentary soul shards in modern romantic aesthetics.

Abstract A096: Exploring the influence of sociodemographic factors in a Puerto Rican population with a diagnosis of cancer

Abstract Introduction: Sociodemographic data plays a vital role in understanding the diverse factors that might influence health outcomes, especially in patients with a diagnosis of cancer. Understanding elements such as age, sex, race identification, insurance status, and family support can provide guidance to better improve quality of life. For example, family support can make a significant difference when facing the emotional and physical challenges of the disease. Meanwhile, a favorable health insurance can often lessen financial burdens associated with treatment. The objective of this study is to outline the sociodemographic profile of a Puerto Rican cohort with a diagnosis of cancer and create a landscape for other minority and cancer-affected populations. Methodology: A questionnaire that inquired about sociodemographic data and past medical history was distributed at COVID-19 vaccination clinics in Puerto Rico from December 2020 to June 2021. Participants who had a confirmed history or current diagnosis of cancer were included. Bivariate analyses were conducted. This research received IRB approval. Results: The study cohort included 115 participants with a current or past diagnosis of cancer: 67 were female and 48 were male, with a mean age of 69.5±12.4 and an age range of 23-95. The most prevalent identified types of cancer diagnoses were prostate (15.7%), breast (13.9%), colon (3.5%), and skin (3.5%). When assessing race, 64.3% identified as White, 27.0% as Other Race, 7.8.% as Black or African American, and 0.9% as American Indian or Alaska Native. The majority of participants identified as Hispanic or Latino (97.4%). When considering health insurance status, out of 95 participants who answered the inquiry, 81.1% had private insurance, 12.6% had public insurance, and 6.3% were not insured. There was no statistical difference in prevalence of sex (p=0.729) or race identification (p=0.060) within private insurance status. In terms of family nucleus and household support, 26.1% mentioned living on their own, 41.7% lived with one other person, 16.5% lived with 2 additional people, and 15.7% lived with 3 or more people in their nucleus. There was a significantly higher prevalence of females living on their own than males (p=0.005). Meanwhile, males were significantly more likely to live with one other person than females (p=0.022). There was no statistical difference between sex prevalence and living with two people (p=0.118) or three or more people (p=0.191) in the family nucleus. Conclusions: This study provides a valuable snapshot of current sociodemographic data of a Puerto Rican population with a diagnosis of cancer. There was a particular prevalence of prostate and breast cancer in the cohort and most participants were privately insured. Within the context of important family support, most lived with another person as part of the nucleus; however, males were more likely to live with an additional person. Studies emphasizing the importance of sociodemographic factors in this population are vital for improving healthcare outcomes. Citation Format: Humberto R. Nieves-Jiménez, Andrea Firpo-Pabón, Jean Carlos G. Martínez-Izquierdo, Manuel A. Colón-Terrón, Javier A. Vélez-Martínez, Rafael E. Morales-Grimany, Laura I. Ortiz-López, Sergio J. Báez-Juarbe, Diego B. Buitrago-Villamizar, Juan D. Mercado-Potes, Sebastián Portela-Colón, Fernando A. Sánchez-Pérez, Eric M. González-Morales. Exploring the influence of sociodemographic factors in a Puerto Rican population with a diagnosis of cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A096.

Securitatea psihologică - abordări conceptuale

The article tries to defi ne the concept of psychological security by generalizing the concepts from the specialized literature. The analysis of the literature highlighted the psychological security as a determining factor of good performance in the daily activities of individuals, whether we mention the family nucleus or the professional, respectively educational sphere, all these stages that people go through, can cause syncope in the development of the individual’s personality. We revealed that the emotional sphere of psychological security becomes the most impacted aspect of the transition from one age stage to another, which reminds development specialists to focus their professional activity in this fi eld, poorly stored in the collective consciousness, but also in specialized studies.

Behind The Screen: Exploring The Phenomenon of Obsessive Love for Cell Phones in Family Relationships

This study investigates the phenomenon of obsessive love for cell phones in the context of family relationships. The main objective is to understand how this obsession affects the family dynamics, the interactions between parents and children and the emotional connection in the family nucleus. A multidimensional approach was translated combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through questionnaires that assessed cell phone dependency and parental perception of the quality of family interactions. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted to explore parents' experiences and perceptions of how obsessive love for cell phones affects their relationship with their children. The results revealed the possible negative effects of this obsession, such as emotional disconnection, decreased effective communication, and reduced family involvement. Consequences for children were also identified, such as a feeling of lack of attention and a lesser connection with their parents. This study highlights the importance of establishing a healthy balance between cell phone use and attention to family relationships. The findings conclude a deeper understanding of the challenges associated with an obsessive love of mobile devices and offer a foundation for developing strategies and practices that promote healthy technology use and richer, more connected family relationships.In summary, this study examines the impact of obsessive cell phone love on family relationships, highlighting the need for mindful, mindful attention to family interactions in an increasingly digital environment

The Association of Alcohol Use and Child-to-Parent Violence in Mexican Adolescents

Background: Addictions can modify the dynamics, communication, and establishment of assertive relationships in the family nucleus, situations that can cause different types of family violence. A phenomenon of special interest is child-to-parent violence or children’s violence toward their parents. This type of violence can be exercised physically (hitting, kicking, shoving), verbally (shouting, blackmailing and insulting) and economically (using a card, stealing money or belongings from the parents). Although is generally supported that child-to-parent violence may be associated with alcohol-induced aggressiveness and lack of control, there is less evidence of a possible differentiation regarding the sex of the parents. Objective: Analyze the relationship and effect of alcohol on child-to-parent violence according to the parents’ sex. Methods: This was a predictive study of 265 adolescents between 12 and 19 years of age. Data were collected from social networks using two self-applied instruments (the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Conflict Tactics Scale: Parent-Child Version) programmed with the Survey Monkey® digital platform. Results: Of the adolescents studied, 66.8% had consumed alcohol at some time in their lives; of these, 6.6% had harmful consumption. A positive relationship was found between alcohol involvement scores and economic violence toward the mother and father. The former was supported by regression models where alcohol involvement predicted child-to-parent economic violence directed toward mothers and fathers. Conclusions: It is important to develop activities to prevent alcohol consumption as a risk factor for violence and to promote family integration in adolescents and their families.

Consumo de marihuana y violencia filioparental en adolescentes

Introduction: marijuana use has repercussions among members of the family nucleus; it is related to child-to-parent violence due to the neurological and behavioral effects that it originates in the adolescent, which can trigger violent behavior of sons and daughters towards the father and mother. Objective: to analyze the relationship between marijuana consumption and child-to-parent violence in high school adolescents. Method: correlational study in 318 high school adolescents of both sexes, between 14 and 19 years old. The instruments used were a Sociodemographic File and the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2), programmed on the Microsoft Forms platform. Results: there is a positive relationship between marijuana use and verbal and economic violence towards both parents (p () .05). The Multiple Linear Regression Model, it was significant (p () .05) on the verbal and economic violence towards both parents. Discussion and conclusions: marijuana consumption in adolescence is a risk to the health of adolescents and family parents. It is proposed to design early care strategies in the family core, with emphasis on the prevention of marijuana use or misuse and the different types of child-to-parent violence.

Biomimetic Design of a Tendon-Driven Myoelectric Soft Hand Exoskeleton for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation.

Degenerative diseases and injuries that compromise hand movement reduce individual autonomy and tend to cause financial and psychological problems to their family nucleus. To mitigate these limitations, over the past decade, hand exoskeletons have been designed to rehabilitate or enhance impaired hand movements. Although promising, these devices still have limitations, such as weight and cost. Moreover, the movements performed are not kinematically compatible with the joints, thereby reducing the achievements of the rehabilitation process. This article presents the biomimetic design of a soft hand exoskeleton actuated using artificial tendons designed to achieve low weight, volume, and cost, and to improve kinematic compatibility with the joints, comfort, and the sensitivity of the hand by allowing direct contact between the hand palm and objects. We employed two twisted string actuators and Bowden cables to move the artificial tendons and perform the grasping and opening of the hand. With this configuration, the heavy part of the system was reallocated to a test bench, allowing for a lightweight set of just 232 g attached to the arm. The system was triggered by the myoelectric signals of the biceps captured from the user's skin to encourage the active participation of the user in the process. The device was evaluated by five healthy subjects who were asked to simulate a paralyzed hand, and manipulate different types of objects and perform grip strength. The results showed that the system was able to identify the intention of movement of the user with an accuracy of 90%, and the orthosis was able to enhance the ability of handling objects with gripping force up to 1.86 kgf.

The Study of Adoption in Archaeological Human Remains

This review aims to establish criteria for identifying an adoption process in an archaeological context. We define adoption as raising an individual who does not belong genetically to the family. Adoption appears in different moments of past societies, and when establishing a “family” nucleus burial place we must consider certain social behaviors, such as burials under the houses, collective burials, or laying bodies in specific positions. After observing these signs, we are carrying out a genetic analysis, in order to confirm a biologically related family nucleus. These traces have been traditionally linked to family nuclei because they have been found previously in burials where biological kinship was confirmed. However, there can be cases where, after carrying out the genetic analyses, it is confirmed that certain individuals are not genetically related. In such cases, an adoption case cannot be ruled out. These cases are not easy to identify due to the differences between societies and cultures, so more in-depth studies should be carried out on the type of funeral practice in which these human remains are found to be able to discriminate an adopted individual from one who was not adopted. Therefore, the study of adoption should be carried out based on an in-depth knowledge of the cultural background, before using a powerful tool such as ancient DNA technology.

Economic analysis of backyard agriculture and livestock farming in semi-urban areas of the central highlands of Mexico

In the backyard systems in urban and semi-urban areas of the central highlands of Mexico, agriculture and livestock activities are practiced. In order to know the behavior of the economic variables in these farms, a non-probabilistic sampling by quotas was carried out, using the snowball technique, which consisted of applying surveys to a total of 92 producers, which was designed to collect information on the general characteristics of the backyard, social, and economic system, as well as the products generated from agriculture and livestock. With the information collected, an inventory of the plant and animal species that are produced in the backyard system was made, in addition to estimating economic income, variable costs, fixed costs, total costs, profits and the benefit-cost ratio for carrying out livestock activities agriculture or both in backyard systems. It was found that farmers have an average space in the backyard of 360.5 m2 to carry out activities of agriculture, livestock or both. Farmers who carry out agriculture and livestock activities generate higher income and economic profits, compared to those who only carry out one activity, obtaining a benefit of 27.44 cents for each dollar invested, compared to 16.64 and 18.00 cents for developing the activity agriculture and livestock respectively. The agricultural and livestock activity in the backyard systems of the highlands of Mexico, represent an option to generate economic income for families, and generate food products for self-consumption and reduce expenses for food purchases in the family nucleus.