Family Life Of Women Research Articles

Актуальные вопросы международной защиты права на неприкосновенность частной и семейной жизни женщин и детей

в статье проанализированы актуальные проблемы защиты права на неприкосновенность частной и семейной жизни женщин и детей. Женщины и дети – это уязвимые люди, защита которых заслуживает внимания. К сожалению, несмотря на существование многочисленных международных и региональных конвенций, защита частной жизни женщин и детей остается слабой, особенно в эпоху социальных сетей. Несколько стран во всем мире стремятся укрепить свое законодательство о деятельности детей в социальных сетях, и цель этой статьи заключается в том, чтобы понять, в какой степени эти законы не нарушают международные стандарты, но также, как они могут служить примером в Российской Федерации. Эта статья также предусматривает проведение специального исследования по вопросу взаимосвязь между правом на неприкосновенность частной жизни и основными правами, признанными за женщинами. the article analyzes current problems of protecting the right to privacy and family life of women and children. Women and children are vulnerable people whose protection deserves attention. Unfortunately, despite the existence of numerous international and regional conventions, protection of the privacy of women and children remains weak, especially in the age of social media. Several countries around the world are looking to strengthen their legislation on children's social media activities, and the purpose of this article is to understand the extent to which these laws do not violate international standards, but also how they can serve as an example in the Russian Federation. This article also provides for a special study on the relationship between the right to privacy and the fundamental rights recognized for women.

The lived experience of mothers living with fibromyalgia syndrome: A phenomenological inquiry.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex chronic pain condition that negatively impacts women's daily lives, particularly their roles as mothers and wives. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to explore the lived experiences of motherhood and daily life among women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. A sample of 10 women affected by FMS was recruited between January and February 2020. Participants were interviewed in a face-to-face, in-depth interview using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were collected until saturation, and Colaizzi's method was used to analyse data. This qualitative analysis identified five themes: A trauma preceding diagnosis, Pervasive feelings of misunderstanding, A struggle to maintain strength among limitations, Challenges in fulfilling maternal roles, and Persistent sexual discomfort. The latter two themes emerged as the most prominent. These findings highlight the significant impact of fibromyalgia on women's family lives and suggest the need for a more comprehensive care programme.

Off-ramps and on-ramps: Career continuity and discontinuity in professional accountancy

The gender and accounting literature is replete with evidence highlighting the existence of gender regimes in professional accounting firms which increase the potential for conflict arising from the management of work and family life for women with caring responsibilities. Nonlinear career paths have been shown to be more applicable to the careers of professional women in accountancy, who, presented with these conflicting demands resort to career interruptions (off-ramp) and only later return to work (on-ramp) as family commitments recede. Whilst the former may be facilitated with relative ease, opportunities for the latter are few and are fraught with difficulties. This study examines the experiences of professional women in accounting firms who have interrupted their careers for family-related reasons and subsequently returned to work through participation in a government-driven programme, which sought to connect skilled professional women with potential employers. The study is set in Malaysia, where flexible work arrangements are not commonplace and where the Government has sought to assist on-ramping in order to meet stated national economic and development targets. Adopting a feminist methodology, the study draws on documentary sources, semi-structured interviews and participatory observation.

Entrepreneurial mothers' behaviours on their business and family life: a case study in Sri Lanka

PurposeThis study examines women entrepreneurs' understanding of motherhood and entrepreneurial career and how they negotiate this combination with their gendered understandings and social norms in Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews from 20 entrepreneurial mothers in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. Sub-samples were taken to achieve demographic heterogeneity.FindingsThis study found that entrepreneurial mothers do not perceive their business as separate from their motherhood understanding. They believe that their profession is a part of motherhood responsibilities. This study also found that to negotiate a combination of roles, these mothers employed two coping strategies at different levels: family and business.Research limitations/implicationsAs the sample size is small, an extended research strategy would be more effective. Future research could seek to identify strategies that women entrepreneurs use to balance their business–family life.Practical implicationsThis research provides implications for balancing business and family life for women entrepreneurs.Originality/valueThe paper extends the cultural and geographical scope of the literature on women entrepreneurs' business–family life experiences.

The effect of depression and the reframing strategy on the level of satisfaction with family life in infertile and post-miscarriage couples: dyadic analyzes

Introduction: Couples struggling with infertility, as well as those after experiencing a miscarriage, deal with many types of stressors, in the face of which they react with anxiety, regret and depression, which negatively affects fertility and is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage. The use of different coping strategies seems to have different effects on the stress of infertility and miscarriage experiences. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between depression related to infertility and miscarriage and satisfaction with family life, as well as the role of using the reframing in predicting family life satisfaction in the group of depressive infertile couples and after miscarriage.
 Methods: The study involved 90 couples: 50 couples after miscarriage and 40 couples diagnosed with infertility. The participants completed a questionnaire examining the level of depressiveness (Giessen Test), coping strategies in the family (F-copes) and the family assessment scale (Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales; SOR). The actor partner interdependence model was used for data analysis.
 Results: The findings showed that the level of partner depressiveness in both infertile and post-miscarriage couples predicted lower satisfaction with family life in women and men, while husband depressiveness was significant for women's family life satisfaction, but not the other way around. The reframing strategy by partners in both studied groups significantly weakened the relationship between partners’ depressiveness and the level of satisfaction with life.
 Conclusions: Stress is one of the most important risk factors influencing the results of infertility treatment and spontaneous miscarriage, therefore it is important to identify all factors related to depression symptoms and life satisfaction of infertile and post-miscarriage couples.

Beyond Recidivism and Desistance

Reflecting on research following formerly incarcerated Massachusetts women for more than a decade, this paper questions whether conventional understandings of recidivism and desistance are meaningful frames for understanding women’s life trajectories. Drawing on our ongoing ethnographic work we argue that conventional measures of recidivism and desistance tend to (1) overstate the significance of distinctions between licit and illicit behavior—especially for women, (2) undervalue macro/structural and institutionalized barriers to stable housing and employment, (3) overly focus on individual choices and narratives in contexts where freedoms are constrained by structural and institutional policies and practices, (4) overlook the risks and erratic nature of daily and family life for women and other vulnerable, marginalized and poorly-resourced populations.

Well-being of mothers with epilepsy with school-aged children

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine different aspects of well-being in mothers with epilepsy with school-aged children. MethodsIn an observational study, mothers, identified from the European Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy database in the Netherlands, completed questions on epilepsy, the impact of epilepsy on daily functioning, quality of life, behavioral problems, and parenting stress. Descriptive analyses were performed to examine the prevalence of behavioral problems and the impact of epilepsy on different aspects of the mother's daily functioning and family life. We subsequently investigated which factors contributed most to the impact of maternal epilepsy using regression analyses. ResultsOne hundred fifty-six (46%) of the 342 invited mothers with epilepsy participated. The majority (89%) had low epilepsy severity, with well-controlled seizures. Internalizing problems within the borderline or clinical range were reported by 23% of the mothers. Behavioral problems were significantly correlated with epilepsy severity (r = 0.26, p = .002), impact of epilepsy on daily functioning (r = 0.32, p < .001), and quality of life (r = −0.52, p < 01). Quality of life was in general good (mean = 8, standard deviation [SD] = 1), with low impact of epilepsy. Epilepsy affected mostly maternal self-confidence, work, and general health. Mothers indicated to experience no to little impact of epilepsy on the relationship with their children, partner, or family. Regression analyses showed that epilepsy severity (1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4 to 1.6; p = .002) and quality of life (−1.3, CI: −2.3 to −0.4; p = .007) were significant contributors to the impact of epilepsy on daily functioning, while other factors (maternal education, family type, behavioral problems, and parenting stress) were nonsignificant. DiscussionThe current study shows that mothers with epilepsy generally fared well. Epilepsy negatively impacted the lives of some mothers, though. As maternal well-being is of importance for mother–child interaction and child development, clinicians should be aware of the impact of epilepsy on maternal psychosocial outcomes and family life of women with epilepsy.

Analýza vlivu slaďování rodinného a pracovního života žen prizmatem míry nezaměstnanosti neakcelerující inflaci v české republice

This analysis seeks to map the level of reconciliation of work and family life of women in the Czech Republic. Using a HP filter, the authors estimate and compare the development of the NAIRU on the labour market in the case of women compared with men aged 20–49. The authors also quantify the impact and character of selected government policy measures on the NAIRU of women in the 20–49 age group. An explanation is offered for negative and positive influence. While the unemployment rate measured for the age group 15–64 reached 6.9%, it was 7% for the age group 20–49 and 8.6% for women. An increase in the NAIRU of women aged between 20 and 49 given by reconciliation of work and family life was identified, e.g., for the men’s part-time job category or social care facilities category. To the contrary, a decrease in the NAIRU of women (20-49) was identified for the following categories: number of hours worked per week, number of pupils in after-lessons school clubs, women’s part-time jobs, number of children enrolled in kindergartens, and day care service spending.

Dynamique des processus de développement de carrière en contexte contre-stéréotypique : modélisation de la réussite des femmes militaires aux formations professionnelles

Careers in the French Navy are determined by successive certifications allowed military to have more and more managerial responsibilities. Women are unequally represented in the hierarchy. Military identity is deeply associated with male characteristics (Sorin, 2003). Women encounter difficulties to be perceived as military in their own right (Héritier, 2011), but also to articulate their identity as women with their professional identity, de facto in opposition (Toulgoat, 2002). On the one hand women's family life is seen as incompatible with service life (Caraire & Léger, 2000), on the other hand, within the crews of warships, their skills are underestimated (Matthews, Ender, Laurence, & Rohall, 2009). The objective of this study is to model the effects of professional identifications and self-assessment of competences on the success of military women in professional certifications. We interviewed 154 students in training to become “experienced operators” (including 73 women) with an average of 3.32 years of duty (SD=2.11) and 61 students in training to become “team leader” (including 20 women) with an average of 9.28 years of duty (SD=3.30). The questionnaire measures self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977), performance expectations compared to their colleagues (Rosenthal, Crisp, & Suen, 2007), identification to the professional group (Laplante & Tougas, 2011) and identification to the organization (Tougas, Rinfret, Beaton, & de la Sablonniere, 2005). The final score at the end of the training is considered as an indicator of success. While women are as successful as men in the certification “operator”, they are less successful in the certification “team leader”. The structural equation model (path analysis) (χ2(15, n=215)=21.32, p=.13; CFI=.982, GFI=.976, RMSEA=.044) emphasizes the centrality of professional identifications to succeed in training. Women are less identified with sailor than men and feel less able to succeed, they develop lower performance expectations and they underestimate their performance compared to their colleagues, which has a negative effect on their success in training. In parallel, changes in family life are associated with reduced professional identifications, but this effect is independent of the sex of the individuals. Women are therefore exposed to two independent sources of influence limiting their career development: gender, which leads to less professional identifications and to compare unfavorably with their colleagues, and family status. These results highlight the importance of the dynamic of self-realization processes throughout the career.

Gender, education, and family life courses in East and West Germany: Insights from new sequence analysis techniques

Abstract How do men and women's family life courses differ? Are gender differences in family life courses greater at higher or lower educational levels? And how does the intersection of gender, education and family life courses vary across different macro-structural contexts? This paper addresses these questions comparing East and West Germany during the German division (1961–1990). We thereby compare a strong male breadwinner model in a social market economy in West Germany and a universal breadwinner model in a state socialist system in the East. The analysis uses data from the German National Education Panel (NEPS) and employs two new sequence analysis tools: sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic for analyzing sequences of typical states. These tools enable us to scrutinize the degree, content, and timing of differences in family trajectories between men and women of different educational levels in the two sub-societies. In line with our expectations, family life courses were more de-standardized in the West compared to the East, and this occurred to the same extent for men and women in both contexts. While we find moderate gender differences in family life courses across all educational groups in the strong male breadwinner context in West Germany, for East Germany gender differences were significant among the medium and lower educated, but not among the highly educated. These findings underline the fact that the intersection of gender and education for family life courses is highly context-specific. They further suggest that different patterns of assortative mating play a key role for gender differences in family life courses. We demonstrate the added value of sequence discrepancy analysis and the implicative statistic to illuminate differences in longitudinal life courses between men and women or other social groups.

Cons and pros of female anesthesiologists: Academic versus nonacademic.

Background and Aims:We hypothesized that “Feminization” of medicine has an impact on the choice of anesthesiology as a specialty. However anesthesiology is still not a more popular choice among women in medicine. We aimed to evaluate the implications of anesthesiology as a profession on personal and family life of women anesthesiologists; the differences between academic and nonacademic women anesthesiologists with respect to these effects and the effect of women anesthesiologists on the profession.Materials and Methods:This study surveyed a total of 46 woman anesthesiologists; both academic and nonacademic institutions in our country between January and May 2013. A convenient sampling method was used. A constructed self-reported questionnaire was developed to explore the 29 items of woman-anesthesiology-related implications (family, personal, and job), in the form of close-ended questions.Results:Negative implications of anesthesiology on personal and family life of woman were common. With the exception of financial limitation, academic group was significantly more affected. Increased surgeons conflict (98%), poor surgeon acceptance (87%), poor patient acceptance and recurrent change of work schedule (80% each) were the most common perceived negative impacts of women in the field of anesthesiology. Some positive implications were perceived as independent, positive social interaction, empowerment, soothing work environment, emotional reaction to patient complaint, and increased perfectionism (nearly 94%, 98%, 87%, 91%, 89%, and 76%, respectively).Conclusion:Serious implications exist for the personality and family life of women who chose anesthesiology as a specialty and career, and most of these implications were significantly more prevalent among women with an academic career. Furthermore, anesthesiology as a profession was significantly affected by women joining the department.

Gender and Slavery, Birth and Death on Atlantic Plantations

A Tale of Two Plantations is many things. It is a detailed comparative history of slavery over time and space that engages most of the themes that drive studies of slave life: ethnicity; creolization; natural increase in North America; reliance on the slave trade to maintain populations in the West Indies; the relationship between cultivation and culture; the divisions between fieldwork, domestic work, and “skilled” labor; the role of Christianity; the consequences of the secondary slave trade and high mortality rates respectively on slave life in Virginia and Jamaica; and, finally, the experience of family formation. In Richard S. Dunn’s widely anticipated comparative study, he illuminates in microcosm the lived experiences of these broad themes at the core of life and death on plantations. For a scholar accustomed to reading the seventeenthand eighteenth-century histories of slavery, Dunn’s work is something of a revelation. The text (and the accompanying genealogical website) offers a layered and complicated vision of enslaved family life. Further, it illuminates in sometimes astonishing detail the lives and experiences of enslaved women. Indeed, A Tale of Two Plantations is an important, if not entirely straightforward, contribution to women’s history and to gendered studies of comparative slavery. Dunn introduces the study with an overview that details the sex ratios on the Mesopotamia plantation in Jamaica and the Mount Airy plantation in Virginia as well as the consequences of women’s higher mortality rates on Mesopotamia and of their higher vulnerability to sale at the hands of the planter at Mount Airy. Importantly, he illustrates these dangers not with generalities but with particulars, as when he concludes his discussion of John Tayloe III’s efforts to maximize profits through moving enslaved people on and off the Mount Airy estate, a practice Dunn describes as both calculated and manipulative, by centering its impact on the family of Winney Grimshaw: “Winney’s family was not broken up; it was completely wiped out” (55). Indeed, Dunn organizes the entire study around the family lives of women—both Grimshaw on Mount Airy and Sarah Affir on

International mobility of women in science and technology careers: shaping plans for personal and professional purposes

International mobility has become a key requirement in science and technology (S&T) professional career progression. On the one hand, the increasing mobility of women suggests that this may be a way for them to avoid or get away from women-unfriendly working environments. On the other hand, international mobility can present problems for women as they, particularly, have to plan their lives around their professional goals and personal lives. This article addresses the international mobility strategies of women regarding their personal and professional choices. We analyse their motivations to move, the way they manage their lives abroad and the effects of mobility on their lives. The analysis is based on 24 in-depth interviews of highly skilled women working in Spanish S&T sectors. Our main findings show that mobility is a new challenge which may improve women's family lives and professional careers. However, they have to plan carefully their lives on a long-term as well as a daily basis. In this sense, they need strong personal determination and the ability to balance their professional and personal goals. Moreover, their personal decisions depend not only on them as individuals, but also on their partners and families, on wider social values, on the institutional support they enjoy, and on the general public policies which they are affected by.

Women’s Fertility and Employment Decisions Under Two Political Systems – Comparing East and West Germany Before Reunification

Over the last decades fertility rates have decreased in most developed countries, while female labour force participation has increased strongly over the same time period. To shed light on the relationship between women’s fertility and employment decisions, we analyse their transitions to the first, second, and third child as well as their employment discontinuities following childbirth. Using new longitudinal datasets that cover the work and family life of women in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) allows for taking into account two political regimes and drawing conclusions about the relevance of institutional factors for fertility and employment decisions. Our results suggest that in both parts of Germany women’s probability of having a first child is negatively correlated with both employment and educational achievement. Regarding second and third birth risks, this negative correlation weakens. Analysing women’s time spent out of the labour market following childbirth we find that in the East almost all mothers return to work within 18 months after birth. In the West, however, this proportion is much smaller and at the age when the child starts nursery school or school, women re-enter the labour market at higher rates. These results point to a strong influence of institutional circumstances, specifically the extent of public daycare provision. A multivariate analysis reveals a strong correlation between a woman’s employment status prior to birth and her probability of re-entering the labour market afterwards.

“Am I Similar to My Mother?” How Women Make Sense of Menopause Using Family Background

ABSTRACT Feminist social scientists and some epidemiologists suggest that women's family lives may form a backdrop for menopause. Some family contexts for menopause have been ignored by researchers, however. In this article women's discussions of family background were explored in an attempt to broaden social science and epidemiological knowledge of family contexts. Data were collected in 61 in-depth interviews with menopausal women aged 38–60 in a midwest state in 2001. Unprompted by the interviewer, 42 women (69%) discussed mothers' menopause experiences when trying to describe their own; many also discussed other female relatives' experiences. Interview conversations often focused on whether daughters' menopause experiences matched their mothers'. Women's discussions of the importance of mother-daughter ties and their attentions to genetic inheritance suggest that the actual effects of family backgrounds on menopause as well as the importance women place on family background must be explored further, as women are defining and reacting toward menopause within this unexplored social context.

Introduction

In October 2004, Philadelphia was the site of the Second National Forum on Women's Issues in Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Motility disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, problems during pregnancy, and endoscopic challenges that differ in their behavior or are unique to women were explored. This supplement highlights some of the outstanding presentations, including fecal incontinence, proctocolectomy issues, irritable bowel syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, colorectal cancer screening, nonulcer dyspepsia, and fertility and urogenital disorders specific to inflammatory bowel disease. Not included in this supplement but equally interesting to symposium participants were the presentations on the last day that dealt with the personal challenges that women practicing gastroenterology and hepatology face in today's world. Women have come a long way in terms of medical education. In 1948, only 10% of medical school classes were comprised of women. By 1990, this number had risen to 33%. By the year 2001, more than 47% of medical school classes were made up of women (1). Although the percentage of women in the medical community has increased, they are less likely to pick a surgical subspecialty (5%) or medical subspecialty that involves invasive procedures (2). In fact, only 15% of cardiology and gastroenterology fellows are women (3). Women are more likely to pick a specialty based on part-time work and parental leave instead of technical challenge and earning potential (4). Women gastroenterologists are less likely to be trained in advanced endoscopy (4). Of note, in 2001 women comprised only 10.6% of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA), 9.9% of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), and 6.5% of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE). The family lives of women in gastroenterology are also affected. Women are more likely not to marry (21.1%), more likely to remain childless, and their income is more likely to be less than men in the same position (5). Women report having a harder time rising in an academic career and obtaining grant money. In fact, they are less likely to publish and more likely to contemplate leaving academic medicine (6). A study in 2002 found that only 11% of full professors are women (7). The increasing need for women's leadership in medicine has lead to specific objectives. Greater focus is being placed on gender-specific issues in medicine and effective mentorship of young women physicians is becoming increasingly available. The aim of this meeting was to discuss the diverse challenges to women, both patients and their health-care providers. Ultimately, our hope is to foster an increased awareness of gender-specific issues within gastroenterology and hepatology.

Feminists and the Ideology and Practice of Marital Equality

In her 1972 book, The Future of Marriage, and again in second edition (1982), Bernard concluded that future viability of marriage will depend upon upgrading marriage for women. After reviewing literature on marriage, she declared that two marriages exist, his and hers, and that marriage is more attractive and healthier for former than for latter. Bernard (1982) was optimistic that couples were struggling to improve marriage to make it beneficial for both spouses, although achieving an equal division of employment and family work was still more talked about than practiced (p. 300). According to more recent research, equality between marital partners continues to reflect incongruency between ideology and practice. Individual couples may experience more congruency between talk and action, but for majority of married couples, discrepancy remains. Traditional marital and family life, described as patriarchal but father-absent (Luepnitz, 1988, p. 111), is a tenacious script that some couples are attempting to rewrite with much effort and disappointment. Past research has found that when women in traditional marriages assume a feminist identity, they and their relational expectations change a great deal but their husbands have little interest in changing their beliefs and behaviors (Acker, Barry, & Esseveld, 1981). Hochschild (1989) noted incongruency between ideology and practice in marriage when she considered the second (i.e., housework, parental responsibilities, and domestic management). While 18% of men studied shared work of second shift equally with their wives, majority did not. However, even though research such as Hochschild's reports a continued incongruency for majority of couples, it also indicates that, for some couples, congruency between ideology and practice of marital equality is possible (Gilbert, 1993; Jump & Haas, 1987). Among men who subscribed to an egalitarian ideology, 70% shared equally, while only 22% of men subscribing to a traditional ideology and 3% of men subscribing to a transitional ideology shared equally. Certainly an ideology of marital equality increases possibility of sharing family work, although it is not a guarantee. FEMINISM AND MARRIAGE Feminism highlights first and foremost oppressive character of structural inequality based on gender (Osmond & Thorne, 1993). Recent theorizing on gender has examined the process of social construction of maleness and femaleness as oppositional categories with social value (Ferree, 1990, p. 868). Distinctions based on gender require ignoring and even suppression of similarities by the constant and contentious process of en-gendering behavior as separate and unequal (Ferree, 1990, p. 869). Gender becomes, along with race, sexual orientation, class, and age, an organizing category of peoples' lives. Feminist analyses have provided an excellent critique of relationships as gendered constructions. Over past two decades, feminists have demonstrated problematic nature of marital and family life for women (Glenn, 1987). Women are marital partners responsible for a family's emotional intimacy, for adapting their sexual desires to their husbands', for monitoring relationship and resolving conflict from a subordinate position, and for being as independent as possible without threatening their husbands' status (Fishman, 1983; Thompson & Walker, 1989). Feminism has provided a critique of traditional gender-structured marriage, resulting in an awareness of its overwhelming cost to women in financial, emotional, and physical dimensions. The problematic nature of marriage for women has been linked to its centrality in patriarchy, devaluation of women's work, and hierarchy of gender (Ferree, 1990; Glenn, 1987). Previously published research indicates a higher involvement of men in family life when married to women with equal or higher education, income, and status (Jump & Haas, 1987; Perry-Jenkins & Crouter, 1990). …

Mature Women Students: Separating or Connecting Family and Education

The political and the personal separating and connecting public and private worlds family and education - meanings in childhood and adulthood greedy institutions - straddling the worlds of family and education women and family life in the academic and public world power, interest and support - the effects of education on the women's family lives ways of being equality in different worlds. Appendix: the women interviewed.

Widowhood as a Life Transition: Its Impact on Kinship Ties

This paper explores the impact that marital status has upon the primary kinship ties of older women. Interview data obtained from 132 older women reveal that there is some continuity in family life for women in the later stages of the life cycle inasmuch as ties with children, which are based largely on obligation, are not much affected by widowhood. However, relationships that are based more on mutual interest in the other's well-being, such as those with siblings and extended kin, are affected by the death of one's spouse.