Family In Britain Research Articles

The first British Cretaceous eomeropid scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Eomeropidae)

Eomeropidae is a relict family of Mecoptera with the sole living species, Notiothauma reedi McLachlan, 1877, inhabiting western parts of southern Chilean Valdivian forests. The family was more widely distributed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, being known from 13 fossil species ranging in age from Early Jurassic to Oligocene (Soszyńska-Maj et al., 2016; Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2018; Zhao et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2022). The oldest fossil eomeropid, Jurachorista bashkuevi Soszyńska-Maj, Krzemiński, Kopeć & Coram, 2016, was described from the Lower Jurassic Charmouth Mudstone Formation of Dorset and so far is the only find of the family in Britain and in Europe. Here we report the second one, from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Barremian) upper Weald Clay Formation of Smokejacks brickworks, Surrey. The new species is most closely allied to Jurathauma Zhang, Shih, Petrulevičius & Ren, 2011 and Typhothauma Ren & Shih, 2005 from the Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of China respectively. However, the incomplete preservation hampers its generic identification, although the type locality is an active site (Jarzembowski, 2021) and additional material may be recovered in future.

The 'Bogus Child' and the 'Big Uncle': The Impossible South Asian Family in Post-Imperial Britain.

Between 1962 and 1965, a broad definition of dependence allowed for the migration of Commonwealth Citizens to join working family members in Britain. This article investigates how the Home Office targeted male dependent youth as a category that could reduce unwanted immigration from the Commonwealth, particularly South Asia. Home Office officials obscured the stories of dependent migrants, constructed the figure of the 'bogus child', and denigrated male familial connections, which resulted in the denial of family reunion. Colonial assumptions about the mendacity of South Asians and the illegibility of South Asian family forms shaped British policy. The 1965 White Paper and the 1968 Commonwealth Immigrants Act foreclosed the possibility of a broad definition of family and consolidated the legitimacy of the cisheterosexual family. Home Office discussions dovetailed with an emergent common sense circulated in newspapers and public debate about the illegitimacy of the South Asian family in Britain. This article interrogates the racist reasoning of the Home Office and this emergent common sense not only to show how immigration policy generates racialization but also to reveal the specificity of South Asian racialization in the post-imperial social formation.

‘The Little Nothings of Our Life’: Furlough, Recovery and Imperial Interlude at the Cape Colony, 1796–1850

ABSTRACT In 1849, John Colpoys Haughton embarked for a period of rest and recuperation at the Cape of Good Hope. This article uses correspondence between Haughton, an Indian army officer in South Africa, and his family in Britain to explore personal experiences of furlough and to foreground the role of the Cape Colony as a site of recovery and recuperation. Haughton’s example emphasises the importance of health and well-being in facilitating, or curtailing, the mid-nineteenth-century British Empire and those in its service. His experiences illuminate broader issues in Britain’s nineteenth-century world: the logistics and practicalities of embarking on an extended leave of absence; the representation of the Cape as a place of healthfulness; the complex relationship between ideas of home and belonging for those on furlough there; and the enduring significance of familial connections. The correspondence generated during Haughton’s sojourn at the Cape illustrates the wider mechanics of imperial careering and communication in the period, highlighting the familial and personal networks that existed in parallel with professional, economic and military connections, and demonstrating the continued importance of these social ties. Although Haughton arrived at the Cape in search of health, and his letters were ostensibly about ‘the little nothings of our life’, they tell us just as much about the mid-nineteenth-century empire. Ultimately, Haughton’s example takes us across oceans, connecting people and places on three continents, and underlining the dynamic and complex lines of communication that criss-crossed the British Empire in the middle of the nineteenth century.

Malaria and Victorian Fictions of Empire, by Jessica Howell and Malarial Subjects: Empire, Medicine and Nonhumans in British India, 1820-1909, by Rohan Deb Roy

Reviewed by: Malaria and Victorian Fictions of Empire by Jessica Howell, and: Malarial Subjects: Empire, Medicine and Nonhumans in British India, 1820–1909 by Rohan Deb Roy Pamela K. Gilbert (bio) Malaria and Victorian Fictions of Empire, by Jessica Howell; pp. x + 238. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018, £75.00, £29.99 paper, $105.00, $44.99 paper. Malarial Subjects: Empire, Medicine and Nonhumans in British India, 1820–1909, by Rohan Deb Roy; pp. xv + 332. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017, £78.99, £24.99 paper, $105.00, $32.99 paper. Malaria, a disease which remains one of the top ten killers globally, is of particular interest to scholars of nineteenth-century Britain because it was seen as a principal obstacle to imperial ambitions. As the century wore on, malaria moved from being a general category of febrile disease, often with a recurring element, to being something increasingly specific, treatable with a particular kind of plant product. Finally it came to be associated with mosquitoes and a certain disease agent, a member of a subgenus of the protozoa plasmodium. The two books discussed here focus on malaria in the British imperial context in this transformational period. Rohan Deb Roy’s Malarial Subjects: Empire, Medicine and Nonhumans in British India, 1820–1909 is a detailed, valuable reading of the history of the period and especially the cultivation of cinchona and development of quinine, brimming with footnotes to primary materials and material from Bengali vernacular texts. Jessica Howell’s Malaria and Victorian Fictions of Empire also provides historical context, but focuses primarily on reading fever in novels of the period. Howell [End Page 705] offers an intriguing understanding of authors’ use of malaria to signal a salutary openness to experience of the colonial landscape and to create opportunities for self-knowledge. Deb Roy organizes his book mostly around quinine, between its discovery and the first imperial conference on malaria in British India. His is not a triumphalist narrative about a cure, and he shows that malaria as a category is in part coproduced with the emerging narrative around quinine, especially from the 1850s on. Deb Roy traces the large-scale production of the drug by the Howard family in Britain, which began synthesizing quinine starting in the late 1850s. Later, as government-run factories began to set up in India to produce the drug more cheaply, metropolitan makers insisted on the inferior quality of the colonial product. Deb Roy details a complex set of conflicts in which the labelling of the drugs was “contingent upon the shifting configurations of authority in the overlapping worlds of pharmaceutical business, colonial government and scientific knowledge” (211). Locally made quinine became possible with the transplantation of cinchona from Peru to India in the 1850s and 1860s. Deb Roy shows that the plants quickly became valuable commodities: not only as objects of medical, chemical, and botanical knowledge but also of commercial rivalry and anxious imperial administration. Deb Roy focuses on Clements Robert Markham, who established cinchona plantations in India and hoped they would provide a lasting benefit to the people, comparing cinchona to the melons supposedly left by the Mughal Empire that survived as a part of daily life. This was envisioned in part as a reparative gesture after the mayhem of 1857, a demonstration of benevolence that, for some, helped to justify empire. It was also profitable. The apparent fragility and new world origins of cinchona gave it added mystery and value. Malaria was a diagnostic category that, by mid-century, was understood as responsive to quinine. Of course, since quinine was also given prophylactically, the claims for its impact on malaria were limitless. If you did not have malaria, quinine had prevented it; if you did, well, quinine would treat it! And if quinine did not work, it probably was not malaria. The typical association in this period of fever with particular landscapes across the globe shifted slowly to a demonization of the colonial landscape by the 1850s; malaria came to be associated not only with marshes but also rocks and soils—“marsh poison, granite poison, sandstone poison”—and Black and brown bodies (99). A brief chapter considers the...

Pierre ChappuisA Notebook of Clouds by John TaylorJohn TaylorA Notebook of Ridges

as de Sola keeps faith with many aspects of poetry’s great tradition, she’s also, in an unshowy way, an original. Daniel Brown Baldwin, New York Christy Lefteri The Beekeeper of Aleppo New York. Ballantine. 2019. 317 pages. ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED in Canada in 2016, The Beekeeper of Aleppo follows a couple fleeing the destruction of the Syrian war to Turkey and Greece as they journey toward their remaining family in Britain. Captivating from the very first page, the book couldn’t be more timely. A rich, gentle voice and beautiful imagery combine almost ironically with individual and systemic atrocities to convey the absolute devastation of war. The book has a dreamlike quality: certain sections are clear and concrete while others are more nebulous, and the plotline moves in time and space as a dream does, or as memories do for trauma victims. The symbolism of bees in the book is masterful. Bees are socially dependent creatures that often represent the life and health of their ecosystem. Small and fragile yet tenacious beyond belief, they can easily be seen as kindred souls to Nuri and Afra, the main characters in the novel. When nothing remains for them in Aleppo, Nuri longs to be reunited with his cousin and apiary partner in Britain. His wife, Afra, has sustained almost more damage than one individual can survive. It would be cliché to simply say that they need each other to survive the journey to a new life; the book goes much further, into the angst and grief that surround them as they cling, alternately at times, to the bond that has been deeply forged by shared pain. The author herself is the daughter of Cypriot refugees and brings a compassionate eye to the inter- and intrapersonal effects of loss and displacement. Lefteri has done more than tell the story of Syrian refugees; she has given flesh and blood to the many instances of political unrest that we see daily on our screens. Her studies in the field of psychotherapy and her work at a UNICEF center for refugees in Greece give her a deft hand and show a genuine heart. She has created an opportunity for readers to become more human in their understanding of current events and the acute suffering that accompanies them. Joy Walsh Butler, Pennsylvania Books in Review Pierre Chappuis A Notebook of Clouds Trans. John Taylor John Taylor A Notebook of Ridges Les Brouzils, France. The Fortnightly Review. 2019. 160 pages. A UNIQUELY VALUED genre in French letters is the cahier or carnet (notebook or journal). These collections are often like commonplace books and usually include not just pieces in verse form and prose texts but “notes, fragments , quotations, wordplay, and even meteorological facts” (to quote John Taylor) plus a host of other kinds of seemingly incidental writings including aphorisms, diary entries, and just random jottings. Taylor, the author of one of the cahiers under review and the translator of the other, is also one of our most astute critics of contemporary French letters as well as the translator of Pierre-Albert Jourdan, arguably one of the two best writers in this genre. The other, Philippe Jaccottet, succinctly identifies the premise behind this kind of writing in his axiom “Glance, do not aim.” There is an inherent paradox in the cahier genre itself, identified by Chappuis in what his editor/translator here calls “A Preliminary Sketch.” This “sketch” precedes chronologically the cahier proper entitled A Notebook of Clouds, a composition that, the sketch speculates, “would presuppose a more or less incoherent sequence, a jumble of notes, spontaneous jottings: but some pieces have taken form.” The forms taken may be verse or obviously restructured “poetic” prose. The “confrontation of the two kinds of writing [creates] . . . similarities and divergences, parallels, as they overtake each other, ‘pursue’ each other.” This tension is what both the writer and reader of the cahier genre need to embrace. Taylor’s interpretive suggestion: “The book forms a whole that must be read as such.” Perhaps. My own experience reading such “books” is that they are all entries in search of a whole, one that the reader, as often as not, needs to supply. By now...

<em>The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800</em>, edited by Lucy Delap, Ben Griffin, and Abigail Williams

Reviewed by: The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800 Tanya Evans (bio) The Politics of Domestic Authority in Britain since 1800, edited by Lucy Delap, Ben Griffin, and Abigail Williams; pp. xi + 291. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, £55.00, $90.00. This edited collection emerges from a conference organised by the book's editors and held at Kings College, Cambridge during the summer of 2006. This event showcased some of the most interesting work being researched and written by scholars, established and new, on the history of the modern household and family in Britain, and this collection is a testament to much of that innovative work. The volume is prefaced by an excellent introduction that outlines recent historiography on the domestic sphere and demands us to think about the many forms [End Page 570] of familial authority in new ways. The book's editors ask us to pay careful attention to the negotiation of power relations between members of household units (familial and not), growing state intervention into the family, and the ways in which domestic authority extended beyond the home. In so doing they aim "both to acknowledge the flourishing nature of the study of authority practices and to enable a broad historical review of the household as a site of the 'micropolitics' of the negotiation of authority—the power to speak, to spend, to consume, to name, to command, to trespass and cross boundaries. The concept of domestic authority helps us to reconceive the home as an arena of active negotiation, agency and remembering" (4). This volume shows us how far many scholars (if not students) have come from a dependence upon a simplistically utilised concept of separate spheres, incorporating the analyses and critiques provided by Leonore Davidoff, Catherine Hall, and their respondents into their research and writing. It is nevertheless clear that we need far more research on the domestic world in order to better understand the relationship between public and private and the wider history of domestic authority. The editors agree that despite powerful arguments for long-term continuities in the history of domestic authority, gender relations changed from 1780: the history of domesticity and the meaning of terms such as family, public, and private were transformed as "companionate marriages" became more common (though the editors rightly urge caution when using such a slippery concept as companionate), as contracts rather than deference came to define household power relations for servants as well as family members, and as "expertise" on the family spread among state and non-governmental authorities (13). Most of the articles collected in this volume, however, chart the history of the post-1850 period; it would have been perhaps more convincing to include further evidence from the earlier period. While alert to the impact of regional specificity on the history of the family—Sian Pooley's chapter, for instance, highlights the different impact of childrearing discourses on two separate working-class communities, Auckland and Burnley, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century—the editors argue that large-scale trends nonetheless affected all domestic units across the country. One of the most important was the evangelically defined mode of domestic authority that predominated among the culturally dominant educated classes throughout Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century. The volume shows that this model was to come under greater pressure from 1850 as family size decreased, women's employment rose, domestic service declined, knowledge of sex, the body, and the family grew, and people lived through the transformations resulting from two world wars. In a compilation of this breadth, which includes twelve separate chapters, it is inevitable that some of the essays are stronger than others (some, such as the first two, though excellent, seem very short in comparison with the rest). Though it is clear that some of the writers engage with each other's work, there is perhaps not quite as much conversation between authors as readers might wish for. The volume is split between five subjects: violence and the law, poverty and the state, domesticity, domestic service, and parenting and childhood. Most of the authors in each section explore the disjuncture between cultural representations of...

Land and Longhouse: Agrarian Transformation in the Uplands of Sarawak ‐ by R.A. Cramb

<i>Land and Longhouse: Agrarian Transformation in the Uplands of Sarawak ‐ </i>by R.A. Cramb

Susan Hill's The Woman in Black : Gothic Horror for the 1980s

Susan Hill's novel The Woman in Black (1983) is a radical example of women's Gothic horror. It is a popular ghost story that has been successfully adapted for the London stage. In addition, it offers a social critique of motherhood and contemporary rhetoric surrounding the family. Scullion interprets the novel from several critical perspectives: feminist, psychological, biographical, generic and intertextual. Principally, however, she offers a reading of the novel that engages with its immediate historical context. The contention is that Hill's novel mediates women's anxieties about motherhood and autonomy during the early 1980s when the institution of the family in Britain was an ideological battleground. Set primarily during the 1860s, The Woman in Black exposes Victorian hypocrisy towards the unmarried mother, and indirectly probes the quasi-Victorian values promulgated in the 1980s, during the first term of a Conservative right-wing government. The protagonist of the novel, the eponymous woman in black, resists the lot of the so-called fallen woman. In her physical form, she refuses to submit to Victorian patriarchal values by attempting to reclaim her illegitimate child. In spectral form, she repeatedly inflicts suffering on families by causing the death of their children. Her excessive revenge knows no compassion, and recognizes no boundaries of place and time. Her ghost is never laid to rest. Neither is order restored by the closing pages. Thus the novel, as well as being a popular ghost story, challenges assumptions about women's 'natural' acquiescence and their unconditionally generous responses to husbands, partners and children. Shaped by the social climate in which it was written, The Woman in Black suggests that mothers under extreme pressure have the potential, like any other members of the family, for cruelty to children. Through its forceful rejection of either idealized or derogatory stereotypes of women, this novel belongs to the genre of radical Gothic horror.

Review: Architecture and Design for the Family in Britain, 1900-70 * David Jeremiah: Architecture and Design for the Family in Britain, 1900-70

1London College of Fashion Architecture and Design for the Family in Britain, 1900–70 David Jeremiah Manchester Studies in Design Series. Manchester University Press 2000 Paperback0‐7190‐5889‐9

Architecture and design for the family in Britain, 1900-1970

Part 1 Health, comfort and happiness: the legacy national welfare and the home new domestic landscapes. Part 2 Reconstruction and the ideal, 1918-1930: the housing question new neighbourhoods and lifestyles home comforts. Part 3 Rationalisation and new dreams, 1931-1939: schemes, settlements and speculation efficient homes and things new services and pleasures. Part 4 Emergency, economy and modernisation, 1940-1953: planning for the future design matters. Part 5 Convenience to confrontation, 1954-1969: the post-rationed age new Britain.

Architecture, Design and the Family in Britain 1900 1970

Architecture, Design and the Family in Britain 1900 1970

The rise and decline of the 'male breadwinner family' in Britain

This paper examines changes in the historical 'compact' around the male breadwinner family (MBWF) in Britain. The rise of the MBWF produced a 'compact' covering the sexual division of labour, the economic support of family members, the distribution of time and the regulation of marriage and parenthood. Its decline has been accompanied by an erosion of each dimension of this compact, which has reduced gender inequalities but produced other problems. The author argues that a new compact is required if solutions to these problems are to be combined with an extension of gender equity. Particular attention is paid to the role of shorter working hours as a component of different social arrangements over time. Copyright 1999 by Oxford University Press.

How to secure your husband's esteem. Accounting and private patriarchy in the British middle class household during the nineteenth century

Accounting featured prominently in the everyday life and culture of the middle class family in Britain during the nineteenth century. The increasing implementation of accounting techniques in the bourgeois home is considered here in the context of the rationalisation of the household, the threat of insolvency, the prevailing ideology of domesticity, the employment of domestic labour and contemporary systems of household purchasing. It is shown that domestic accounting systems were founded on stewardship and hierarchical accountability and thereby contributed to the operation of masculine domination in the middle class family. Accounting was an instrument for restraining female consumption and containing women in domestic roles. Although women were prescribed accounting functions in the “invisible” private domain they were excluded from the “public” occupation of accountant in Victorian Britain.

A COMPARISON OF SOCIAL ISSUES AFFECTING JAPANESE AND BRITISH LONE MOTHER HOUSEHOLDS

The main aim of this article is to consider the different representations of lone‐mother families in Japan and Britain and to compare and analyse some of the issues which lone‐mother families in the two countries face in the light of three considerations: social policy, specific forms of support networks and changing family structures in the wider context. The focus on these issues is helpful in understanding a significant difference in the relative percentages of lone‐parent family in Britain and Japan. The paper focuses on lone‐mothers rather than fathers, because mothers in both countries are in general poorer and facing more hardship than lone fathers.

Family policy and family poverty

Abstract This article reviews changes in the demography of the family in Britain. It considers the decline infertility, waning marriage and remarriage, the increase in cohabitation, trends in divorce, out‐of‐wedlock births and the emergence of new family forms including lone parent families and step families. It then considers whether the UK has a family policy—concluding that we do not have the government machinery for such a policy and that governments have not sought to influence behaviour in respect of fertility, female labour supply, marriage, cohabitation and lone parenthood. In fact, despite some of their rhetoric the present Government has had a rather laissezfaire attitude to family change. The unprecedented increase in poverty among families with children is reviewed and the case for a policy to tackle at least this element of family change is made. Two policies are singled out as crucially important to families—policies for full employment and policies that enable lone mothers to work.

Policing Gender, Class And Family In Britain, 1800-1945

The Social - a class and gendered space the children in danger the dangerous child child-saving institutions and The Social class and gendered subjectivity the terrain of contestation the policing of gender, class and family.

St Joseph in Britain: Reconsidering the Legends. Part 2

THE French Arthurian romances of the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries contain a significant subset of legendary material associated with the historical figure of St. Joseph of Arimathea. The romances locate the saint or his family in Britain. The older standard criticism has routinely dismissed the legendary Joseph as a late creation produced under suspect circumstances, only marginally predating the appearance of the earlier romances themselves. There are valuable insights in this earlier criticism; however, more appropriate techniques and a broader range of available knowledge allow us new ways of thinking about these stories. The 'Joseph' legends should be considered within the milieu of Christian conversion legend, as well as their traditional Arthurian context. After the personality of Joseph had appeared in the romances, it was fitted back into a base of pre-existing British conversion stories, associated with the theme of first-century Christian contact. Strands of the legends undoubtedly lead back to oral tradition, and concepts developed in the study of oral history are equally useful in dealing with this antique weave of history and legend. The historicity of the 'Joseph' legends is a significant issue, but the historical development is also a legitimate study. Both can be productively explored in tandem. Final conclusions and ultimate solutions are not in order at this point, but the process of discovery should begin again, drawing in the related information available from other disciplines. In the older criticism, a minority opinion did exist. Alfred Nutt, whose Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail appeared in 1888, stressed the relation of the stories to conversion legend; he also argued that the genesis of the 'Joseph' legends was still unexplained. He identified two distinct forms of the early history of the grail, both naming Joseph as the initial possessor of the vessel. In the first, Joseph or his descendants are also responsible for bringing the grail to Britain, and converting the inhabitants. In the second, Brons is designated as the guardian of the grail, and Britain is converted by Brons and his son, Alain. Nutt also suggested associations between Brons and Bran the Blessed, son of Ll^r, hero of a Welsh conversion legend. He saw the 'Brons' version as the older form of the early history, 'still chiefly, if not wholly, a legend, the main purport of which is to recount the conversion of Britain.' He added the following about the 'Joseph' version: '[w]e do not know how or at what date the legend of the conversion of Britain by Joseph originated.2 Nutt's summation still holds. Despite the imaginative scenarios created over the intervening years, we still do not have an adequate explanation of the initial legends linking Joseph and the grail, and Joseph and Britain. The initial step in re-evaluation is to look at the development of the 'Joseph' stories, as it can be traced through written sources. Apparently the earliest written British version occurs in an altered copy of William of Malmesbury's De Antiquitate Glastonie Ecclesie, produced about 1247.3 It survives in the 'T' manuscript, Cambridge, Trinity College,

Phytophagous British insects and mites and their food-plant families: total numbers and polyphagy

The Phytophagous Insects Data Base (PIDB) was used to summarize information about 6933 species of British insects/mites and their food-plant families. Total species in 183 insect families on 127 vascular plant families were correlated with numbers of plant species in each family in Britain and Europe, accounting for 41.8% of the variation. Families with trees had more insects, while ferns and aquatic, uncommon and ephemeral plants, particularly orchids, had fewer. Seven individual insect families were analysed separately: Aphididae were more closely correlated with plant species numbers than were the more polyphagous Geometridae. Agromyzidae were uncommon on families with trees. Of insect species 75.8% fed on only one plant family and 10.1% were recorded on two families. Species feeding on three families or more were considered to be polyphagous. In the 30 largest insect families, eight had species feeding on only one plant family, while 12 had more than 20% of their species polyphagous. Proportions of family-restricted insects were high on Pinaceae, Gramineae and Compositae, but low on Corylaceae, Primulaceae and Tiliaceae. More pest species were polyphagous. Polyphagy was related to large larvae, larvae overwintering, wood-feeding, ephemeral food sources, poor dispersal abilities and omnivory. Some polyphagous species might be actively evolving in exploitation of vacant niches, leading to later progressive specialization to food-plants.

Phytophagous British insects and mites and their food-plant families: total numbers and polyphagy

The Phytophagous Insects Data Base (PIDB) was used to summarize information about 6933 species of British insects/mites and their food-plant families. Total species in 183 insect families on 127 vascular plant families were correlated with numbers of plant species in each family in Britain and Europe, accounting for 41.8% of the variation. Families with trees had more insects, while ferns and aquatic, uncommon and ephemeral plants, particularly orchids, had fewer. Seven individual insect families were analysed separately: Aphididae were more closely correlated with plant species numbers than were the more polyphagous Geometridae. Agromyzidae were uncommon on families with trees. Of insect species 75.8% fed on only one plant family and 10.1% were recorded on two families. Species feeding on three families or more were considered to be polyphagous. In the 30 largest insect families, eight had species feeding on only one plant family, while 12 had more than 20% of their species polyphagous. Proportions of family-restricted insects were high on Pinaceae, Gramineae and Compositae, but low on Corylaceae, Primulaceae and Tiliaceae. More pest species were polyphagous. Polyphagy was related to large larvae, larvae overwintering, wood-feeding, ephemeral food sources, poor dispersal abilities and omnivory. Some polyphagous species might be actively evolving in exploitation of vacant niches, leading to later progressive specialization to food-plants.

The Rich family in Britain: an appendix to Hispano-American biography

The Rich family in Britain: an appendix to Hispano-American biography