Family History Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Research Articles

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and the Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an inflammation-related condition and a common metabolic disorder in women at fertility ages. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) is a validated nutritional tool for estimating the inflammatory potential of the diet. It is assumed that a high DII score (indicating a predominantly inflammatory diet) has an association with higher odds of PCOS. The current study aimed to investigate the association between DII and PCOS risk in women. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2019-2020 on 120 newly-diagnosed PCOS cases and 120 healthy controls aged 18-45 years in Khorramabad, Iran. DII was estimated based on a validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Results: The mean±SD of DII in PCOS patients was 0.40±2.09, while it was 0.45±1.92 in the control group (P<0.001). There was a positive association between increasing DII score and the risk of PCOS (odds ratio= 2.41; 95%CI: 1.15-5.02, P for trend =0.006) in the crude model as the fourth quartile was compared with the lowest one. This association was still significant in several models after adjusting for age and energy intake (P for trend <0.001), in the model adjusted for the physical activity level, education status, and family history of PCOS (P for trend=0.003), and also after additional adjustment for BMI (P for trend= 0.003). Conclusions: The present study revealed that consuming more pro-inflammatory diets with higher DII scores is related to an increased risk of PCOS.

Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in females of childbearing age. It causes irregular menstruation, infertility, acne vulgaris, androgenic alopecia, and hirsutism. It is associated with a higher risk of mental disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and anxietyamong females with PCOS and the factors associated with these disorders. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 15th January and 19th November 2023. We invited Saudi women to do an online survey. We sent the survey link privately, got their permission, and explained the research to ensure privacy and reliability. Females with a previous psychiatric history were excluded. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21) were used to assess depression, anxiety, and distress. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests were used to identify determinants of depression and anxiety. About 967 females participated, of whom 474(49%) were married, and 358 (37%) had a healthy weight. About 367 (37.9%)of participants were diagnosed with PCOS, and it was associated with age (26-35 years), divorce, and family history of PCOS (p < 0.05). About 112 (30.5%) of PCOS patients experienced extremely severe depression, and 144 (39.2%) had extreme anxiety. People in the age range of 15-25 years had a higher risk of depression and stress (p < 0.05). Divorced participants faced a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and stress than singles (p < 0.05). Those advised on diet and healthy lifestyles exhibited a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and stress than those who were not (p < 0.05). Additionally, being overweight was associated with a higher risk of depression (p < 0.05). The prevalence of PCOS was found to be 37.9% in our study, which may seem higher compared to the existing literature on PCOS. It is associated with being in the age group of 26-35 years, being divorced, and having a positive family history. Almost two-thirds of females with PCOS had depression, anxiety, and stress. Factors associated with the three disorders include divorce and management with diet and lifestyle modifications. Depression and stress were associated with young age. High body mass index (BMI) was associated with depression.

Prevalence, Awareness And Predisposing Factors For Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Among Young Women In Selected PHC.

Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years. It can cause irregular periods, excess androgen, and ovarian cysts. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence, awareness and predisposing factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) among young women in selected PHC. Methods: A quantitative approach and cross section study design was adopted for the study. The study included 300 young women with the age group of 18-30 years who are attending selected PHC, Salem. Convenient sampling technique was used for the study to select the samples. Data on menstrual cycle regularity, body hair growth, demographics, awareness, and predisposing factors for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome were collected using a standard questionnaire and non-invasive sonographic scanning identified polycystic ovaries. Results: The prevalence of PCOS among young women was 20.67%, 39% of young women were aware of PCOS, 61 % were not aware about the PCOS. Among young women the age groups, 61.3% of women aged between 18-25 years and 38.7% of them aged between 26-30 years. In terms of Body Mass Index (BMI), 12.9% classified as underweight, 29% with a normal BMI, and 50% was classified as overweight. Activity levels also seem to influence PCOS, with 19.4% of individuals engaging in regular physical activity and 80.6% reporting no physical activity. Moreover, family history appears to play a role, as 83.9% of individuals with a family history of PCOS and 16.1% without such a history. Conclusion: PCOS is a common problem among young women after puberty. Many young women were unaware of the disease's symptoms and management, which may have skewed the observed disease burden away from its true prevalence.

Association of depressive symptoms and quality of life in Pakistani youth (15-24 years) with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a web-based analytical cross-sectional study.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is associated with impaired quality of life (QOL) of individuals, predominantly in youth, who are most vulnerable to its impact. Psychological morbidity could be one of the factors influencing QOL. The study investigated the association between depressive symptoms and QOL in Pakistani youth (15-24 years) with PCOS and determined other factors associated with QOL. We conducted an analytical-cross-sectional survey on 213 single Pakistani females aged 15-24 years recruited via a web-based approach. Depression and QOL were assessed through Center-of-Epidemiological-Studies-Depression tool and Polycystic-ovarian-syndrome-quality-of-life-scale. Multiple-linear-regression was used to determine factors associated with QOL, and adjusted regression-coefficients along with a 95% confidence interval were reported. The mean QOL score: 2.9 ± 1.1. The domain of obesity had the lowest mean score (2.5 ± 1.6) whereas domain of hirsutism had the highest (3.2 ± 1.9). 172/213 (80%) participants were screened positive for depressive symptoms. Participants with depressive symptoms reported reduced mean QOL scores than respondents with no such symptoms (2.8 ± 1.0 vs. 3.4 ± 1.3, p < 0.001). No differences were found in overall QOL and individual domains between participants 15-19 years (n = 36, 17%) and participants >19-24 years (n = 177, 83%) (2.9 ± 1.1 vs. 2.9 ± 1.1) (p > 0.05). We found a significant interaction between depressive symptoms and PCOS duration, indicating that the estimated mean overall QOL score decreases by 25.1 (-36.6, -13.6) for every year increase in PCOS duration among participants screened positive for depressive symptoms. Furthermore, for those respondents who had family history of PCOS and were not satisfied with their healthcare provider treating PCOS, the estimated mean QOL score was 17.47 (-26.1, -8.8) lower than participants who had no family history of PCOS and were satisfied with their healthcare provider. Other factors associated with reduced quality of life included societal pressure to improve appearance affected by PCOS, parental criticism related to PCOS, education, socioeconomic status, working status and BMI. Depressive symptoms with increasing duration of PCOS were significantly associated with reduced QOL. Therefore, to improve the overall QOL of PCOS youth, screening and timely addressing of psychological morbidities should be considered.

Risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome among women of reproductive age in Egypt: A case control study.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, associated with an increased risk of multiple diseases, and its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Purpose: identify risk factors for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in reproductive-aged Egyptian women attending an outpatient gynecological clinic at a specialized hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Port Said City, Egypt. The study population included 248 women; 124 women suffered from PCOS and 124 Non-PCOS. Methods: - Case-control study was conducted among women. PCOS women were diagnosed clinically by transvaginal ultrasound and laboratory investigations. Data were collected using; I) a structured interview questionnaire, including socio-demographic status, medical and family history, menstrual and obstetrical history and lifestyle habits, and clinical examination; II) anthropometric parameters; III) perceived stress scale. The mean age of cases was 26.18±0.45 years. The most common risk factors for PCOS were urban residence, high education, working, insufficient income, history of anemia, hypertension, cancer, and family history of PCOS and infertility, increasing body mass index, fast food, and drinking of coffee. The study concluded that the significant risk factors for polycystic ovarian disease in Egypt women included socio-demographic characteristics, medical and family history, increasing body mass index, and lifestyle habits. This study recommended that Polycystic Ovary Syndrome women follow a healthy diet and exercise regularly.

Sex modifies the effect of genetic risk scores for polycystic ovary syndrome on metabolic phenotypes.

Females with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in women, have an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). While only diagnosable in females, males with a family history of PCOS can also exhibit a poor cardiometabolic profile. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the role of sex in the cardiometabolic comorbidities observed in PCOS by conducting bidirectional genetic risk score analyses in both sexes. We first conducted a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) using PCOS polygenic risk scores (PCOSPRS) to identify potential pleiotropic effects of PCOSPRS across 1,380 medical conditions recorded in the Vanderbilt University Medical Center electronic health record (EHR) database, in females and males. After adjusting for age and genetic ancestry, we found that European (EUR)-ancestry males with higher PCOSPRS were significantly more likely to develop hypertensive diseases than females at the same level of genetic risk. We performed the same analysis in an African (AFR)-ancestry population, but observed no significant associations, likely due to poor trans-ancestry performance of the PRS. Based on observed significant associations in the EUR-ancestry population, we then tested whether the PRS for comorbid conditions (e.g., T2D, body mass index (BMI), hypertension, etc.) also increased the odds of a PCOS diagnosis. Only BMIPRS and T2DPRS were significantly associated with a PCOS diagnosis in EUR-ancestry females. We then further adjusted the T2DPRS for measured BMI and BMIresidual (regressed on the BMIPRS and enriched for the environmental contribution to BMI). Results demonstrated that genetically regulated BMI primarily accounted for the relationship between T2DPRS and PCOS. Overall, our findings show that the genetic architecture of PCOS has distinct sex differences in associations with genetically correlated cardiometabolic traits. It is possible that the cardiometabolic comorbidities observed in PCOS are primarily explained by their shared genetic risk factors, which can be further influenced by biological variables including sex and BMI.

Polycystic Ovary Syndromeand Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome among Adolescent Girls in selected Colleges, Puducherry

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder affecting reproductive age group women characterized by irregular periods, acne, excess facial and body hairs, male-pattern baldness, acanthosis, mental disturbances include depression, anxiety, disturbed sleep and infertility. Many a times the PCOS was diagnosed when there is a difficulty to get pregnant. Materials and methods: Cross sectional study was conducted to assess the PCOS and its risk among adolescent girls. Results: Study results show that 167 (45.9%) of them in the age group 18 years, more or less similar percentage of them were from arts and science background, highest 208 (57.1%) of the attained menarche at the age of 12 to 13 years, 340 (93.4%) of there were Hindus, 314 (86.2%) of the were non-vegetarian, 150 (41.2%) of them had monthly family income Rs. 10000-15000, 224 (61.5%) of them were live in Urban area, 59 (16.2%) of them got previous information about PCOS. Clinical characteristics of adolescent girls depicts that 32 (8.7%) of them had personal health problems, 13(3.5%) had PCOS, 4 (1.09%) had thyroid problem, 10 (2.7%) had asthma and wheezing, 42(11.5%) had family history of PCOS and 140 (38.5%) had family history of DM. Highest 210 (57.6%) had low risk and only 2 (0.54%) had high risk for PCOS. BMI reveals that 180 (49.4%) had normal BMI, 105 (28.8%) had underweight 59 (16.2%) had overweight and 20 (5.6%) had obesity. Positive correlation found between PCOS and PCOS risk with BMI (r = 0.526 &amp; r = 0.342) at p &lt; 0.05 level. significant association found between PCOS and dietary pattern (p = 0.001) and risk of PCOS and family history of PCOS (p = 0.001) at p &lt; 0.01.

Awareness of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome among College Going Females in Gurgaon: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objectives Women not only take care of family members, they are also source of power and symbol of progress in a society. At the same time, physical and mental well-being of women relies on healthy lifestyle and adequate reproductive health knowledge. With growing incidence of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), it is crucial to increase awareness about the disease among women at an early age in life. The present survey investigates awareness level of college going females about PCOS. Materials and Methods 428 females were recruited from 3 colleges in district Gurgaon, Haryana, India, based on convenience sampling. The respondents filled a self-completion questionnaire containing sociodemographic details, menstrual cycle details, and questions related to PCOS. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics was used to calculate frequency and percentage of variables. Pearson's chi-square test of independence was used to identify factors associated with awareness of PCOS. A p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results The mean ±SD age of respondents was 19.9 ± 1.7 years (range = 18–24 years). Only 78 females (18.22%) had heard about PCOS. Being knowledgeable was significantly associated with mother's education (p = 0.001), length of menstrual cycle (p = 0.022), and family history of PCOS (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion The present study indicates awareness of PCOS among college going females was very poor. There is an urgent need of increasing awareness about PCOS among young adult college going females not only for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of the disease but also to prevent its long-term consequences.

Investigation of Prevalence and Awareness of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome among Pakistani Females

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic, endocrine disorder causing ovarian dysfunction. This syndrome encompasses a broad spectrum of phenotypic expression due to heterogeneity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and phenotypic factors contributing to the onset of PCOS in Pakistani women. Participating females (n=130) were recruited from different regions of Pakistan explicitly those who were trying to conceive for years. We designed a questionnaire having different subsections comprising questions related to psychological and environmental aspects linked with PCOS. We also analyzed the proportion of women having prior awareness about the genetic basis of the disease. The retrieved data was analyzed through SPSS V.21 by employing descriptive statistics. A Chi-square test was used to establish a correlation between PCOS and associated symptoms. Our findings suggest that factors like obesity, facial and abdomen hair growth, irregular periods, menstrual flow, cramps, and hormonal acne corresponds to PCOS in participating females with a p-value (0.000 &lt; 0.05). Around half of the participants were reported to be experiencing one or other symptom related to PCOS from which hirsutism and anxiety were the most common. Furthermore, our findings indicate that multiple psychological and environmental factors contribute to the onset of the disease with a P-Value (0.000 &lt; 0.05). However, a significantly higher p-value (0.247 &gt; 0.05) for excessive hair loss in participants were observed demonstrating that hair loss is not linked with PCOS. In this survey, 46.5 % of participants responded that they know that PCOS can be inherited. 28.5 % of women responded that they had a family history of PCOS. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and maintaining a healthy weight can minimize the severity of PCOS. This survey evaluates different hypotheses which would facilitate a better understanding of the prevalence and associated symptoms of PCOS in Pakistan thereby enabling researchers to develop better diagnostic, management, and treatment strategies for patients.

Testosterone level correlates significantly with luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone ratio among women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A cross sectional study

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrinological problem among women in the reproductive age, is characterized by chronic ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and elevated luteinizing hormone: follicle stimulating hormone (LH-FSH) ratio. The goal of this study was to examine if the blood LH-FSH ratio and total testosterone (TT) levels in Sudanese women with PCOS were linked. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 300 women with confirmed PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria. PCOS women mean (standard deviation): age 29.1(5.8) years; body mass index (BMI) 27.9±4.6 kg/m2. Each participant underwent a clinical history, physical examination, and ovaries ultrasonogram. ASYS Expert Plus Microplate was used to quantify serum LH, FSH, and TT levels in fasting blood specimen drawn during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle of women with PCOS. Results: More than two-thirds of the participants (71.0%) had an aberrant LH-FSH ratio (cut-off&gt;1.0), and 58.3% had hyperandrogenemia (TT&gt;109.5 ng/dL). Hyperandrogenemic women had significantly increased LH-FSH ratio (P= 0.000). The LH-FSH ratio and serum TT were significantly positive correlated (r= 0.329, P= 0.000). Overall, 52.0% of women with PCOS exhibited menstrual cycle irregularity, and 59.0 % had a positive family history of PCOS. On logistic regression analysis, the LH-FSH ratio (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 2.308 (1.698- 3.139, P= 0.000) was found to be positively related to hyperandrogenemia independently. Furthermore, when the LH-FSH ratio is greater than one, hyperandrogenemia can be distinguished from normoandrogenemia, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.726, P= 0.000, 95% CI: (0.668-0.785) with a serum TT threshold of 109.5 ng/dL (sensitivity 70.0%, specificity 77.1%). Conclusions: In women with PCOS, the serum LH-FSH ratio and TT have a strong relationship. Furthermore, LH-FSH ratio of greater than one can be used to distinguish between hyperandrogenic and non-hyperandrogenic PCOS women.

11-Oxygenated C19 Steroids Do Not Distinguish the Hyperandrogenic Phenotype of PCOS Daughters from Girls with Obesity.

Hyperandrogenemia (HA) is a consistent reproductive phenotype in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and their relatives. Increased testosterone levels are present in premenarchal daughters of affected women (PCOS-d). Obese girls (OB-g) without a family history of PCOS also have peripubertal HA. The sources and significance of HA in these groups remains unknown. 11-oxygenated 19-carbon (C19) steroids are adrenally derived androgens that are elevated in hyperandrogenic disorders, including PCOS. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroids would differ in PCOS-d compared with OB-g suggesting distinct etiologies of HA in affected girls. We compared peripheral serum 11-oxygenated steroid levels in 21 PCOS-d, 29 OB-g, and 17 lean control girls (LC) of comparable age at an academic medical center. Body mass index (BMI) differed by design (P < 0.001). 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and 11β-hydroxytestosterone levels did not differ between the groups. Compared with LC, PCOS-d and OB-g had similar elevations in 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.03; PCOS-d vs LC, P = 0.04; OB-g vs LC, P = 0.05; PCOS-d vs OB-g, P = 0.97). In multivariate regression, 11KT levels were associated with DHEAS (P = 0.008), but not with BMI z score, breast Tanner stage, testosterone, anti-Müllerian hormone or sex hormone-binding globulin levels. Circulating 11KT levels were similarly elevated in peripubertal PCOS-d and OB-g, suggesting an adrenal component of HA in both groups. We found that 11-oxygenated 19-carbon steroid profiles did not identify subtypes of HA girls.

Frequency of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome among the Students of a Medical College in Dhaka City

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder. Only few data are available in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of PCOS among the students of a medical college in Dhaka city. Materials &amp; Methods: This cross sectional study was done among the 3rd to 5th year students of Ibrahim Medical College. We used Rotterdam criteria (Revised 2003) for diagnosis of PCOS. After taking written consent, a detailed history including menstrual history was taken. Anthropometric measurements including height in cm, weight in kg, waist circumference (WC) were measured. We assessed hyperandrogenism (H) clinically by hirsutism using a modified Ferriman-Gallway (mFG) method. The presence of acne and acanthosis nigricans was also noted. For biochemical hyperandrogenism we did total testosterone estimation. Blood samples was collected between 08.00 and 10.00 am on Days 2-7 of a spontaneous bleeding episode or randomly in the case of amenorrhea after an overnight fast. The circulating levels of total testosterone, levels were measured by Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (Advia Centaur XPTM). Transabdominal USG (Aloka F37) was done by expert radiologist of department of Radiology, BIRDEM. PCOS group was categorized in 4 different phenotypes based on the presence of oligo-anovulation (O), hyperandrogenism (H) and polycystic ovarian morphology (P) : (i) Phenotype A (O+ H+ P), (ii) Phenotype B (O+H), (iii) Phenotype C (H+P) and (iv) Phenotype D (O+P). Results: Out of 73 girls 27(37%) satisfied Rotterdam’s criteria for PCOS. Phenotype B was more common 16(59.3%) followed by A 5(18.5%) then C 3(11.1%) and D 3(11.1%). Hirsutism was found in 24 (88.8%) girls, menstrual disturbance was also present among 24 (88.8%) girls, serum testosterone was elevated in 6(22.2%) girls, 11(40.7%) had USG findings of polycystic ovaries. The mean BMI (24.70 + 3.7) was significantly high (BMI &gt; 23 kg/ m2) among those who had PCOS (59.86%). Acne &amp; acanthosis nigricans was observed 15(55.6%) &amp; 6(22.2%) girls among PCOS respectively which were not statistically significant. Hypothyroidism was observed 7(25.9%) girls with PCOS. Associated family history of DM found in 21(77.8%) girls with PCOS. Family history of PCOS was present in 7(25.9%) girls in PCOS group. The difference were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) between two groups. Conclusion: Prevalence of PCOS is 37%, which demonstrates that PCOS is an emerging disorder. This draws attention to the issue of early diagnosis, which could provide opportunity to target the group to prevent future morbidities.

Genotype-independent association between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome in Lahore, Pakistan

Both vitamin D deficiency and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been widely reported to associate with susceptibility to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A case-control study was conducted to study the influence of vitamin D status and genotpye for 24 SNPs in four genes in the vitamin D pathway (VDR, DBP, CYP27B1, CYP24A1) on PCOS. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with risk of PCOS and to test for interactions between genotype and vitamin D status. PCOS was independently associated with lower age, higher body mass index, lower waist-hip ratio, vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration <10 ng/mL), lack of outdoor exercise, increased fasting glucose and a family history of PCOS in at least one first degree relative. No statistically significant association was observed between the genotype of any SNP investigated and risk of PCOS, either as a main effect or in interaction with vitamin D status. We report a strong and independent association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of PCOS in Pakistan, that was not modified by genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway.

The Difference of Endometrial Leptin Expression in Woman with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Compared to Normal

Background: Decreased endometrial recep­ti­vity is suspected to be one of the factors causing in­fertility in women with Polycystic Ovary Syn­dro­me (PCOS). Endometrial abnormalities in PC­OS­ due to impaired balance include estrogen, pro­­­­gesterone, growth factors, cytokines and cell at­tach­­­ment modulators including leptin. This study aims to determine the expression of leptin in the endometrium which is suspected to be more common in PCOS patients and related factors. Subjects and Method: A retrospective-case control study was conducted at Dr. Moe­wardi general hospital, Surakarta. A total of 60 women were involved; 30 infertile women with PCOS based on Rotterdam criteria (if found two of the three symptoms, including hyperandrogenism, ovu­la­tion dysfunction and/or polycystic ovaries from ultrasonography) and 30 normal women as con­trol group. Demographic data such as age, family history of PCOS, menarche, BMI, occupation, and edu­cation were recorded. Leptin expression was acquired from endometrium biopsy with IHC examination on day 19-24 of the menstrual cycle; under the condition that inclusion and exclusion cri­teria are fulfilled. The statistical analysis was per­formed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Mean of leptin expression was found significantly higher in PCOS group (Mean= 59.16; SD= 49.34) compared to control group (Mean= 6.00; SD= 22.98, with p= 0.001. PCOS (b= 0.42; 95% CI= 0.10 to 0.73; p= 0.010) and obesity (b= 0.31; 95% CI= 0.41 to 0.58; p= 0.025) increased leptin expression. Conclusion: There is a difference in leptin ex­pres­­sion in the endometrium of PCOS compared to nor­mal. Leptin expression is higher in the en­do­metrium of women with PCOS and obesity compared to nor­mal. Keywords: Leptin expressions, endometrium, polycystic ovarian syndrome. Correspondence: Dwi Sakti Berlian Besar. Department of Obs­tetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sebelas Maret/ Dr. Moewardi General Hos­pital, Surakarta, Indonesia. Email: dwiesakti@student.uns.ac.id. Mobile: +628121845054 Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2020), 05(01): 38-46 https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2020.05.01.06

Can the genetic polymorphisms of the folate metabolism have an influence in the polycystic ovary syndrome?

To investigate the association of the genetic variants of the folate metabolism genes (MTHFR C677T; MTHFR A1298C; MTR A2756G; MTRR A66G and RFC-1 A80G) with the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study included 203 women (99 women with PCOS and 104 controls). The genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. Chi-squared test and multiple logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis. Haplotype analysis was conducted using the SNPstat program. The results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI-95%), with a significance level of 5% (p ≤ 0.05). The genotypic distribution of the RFC-1 A80G polymorphism showed significant difference between the two groups, showing that the heterozygous genotype (AG genotype) was most frequent in controls. The polymorphic homozygous (GG genotype) of MTRR A66G polymorphism were most frequent in controls. The T-C haplotype MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms were more frequent in the control group (OR = 0.19; CI 95% - 0.04 to 0.93 e p = 0.042). The multivariate analysis evidenced that family history of PCOS was more frequent in the PCOS group (OR = 3.29; CI 95% - 1.48 to 7.31; p = 0.003). In our casuistry, the polymorphic homozygous of MTRR A66G polymorphism gene and heterozygous of RFC-1 A80G polymorphism gene, the haplotype T-C C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of MTHFR gene, can be associated with protective factors for the disease.

Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

ABSTRACTIn women of reproductive age polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the common endocrine disorder. It is one of the common causes of infertility due to anovulation. There is no single criterion for the diagnosis of this syndrome. It is crucial to diagnose PCOS early in its course since it has lifelong implications with increased risk for metabolic syndrome, type II Diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease, endometrial hyperplasia, infertility and depression. Screening for the impaired glucose (IGT), allows for proper and timely prevention and management of complications. In this cross sectional study, we planned to detect the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with PCOS which will facilitate prevention of long term sequelae. We also studied the extent of the risk for diabetes in patients with PCOS in relation to age, socioeconomic status, rural and urban areas, BMI, waist/hip circumference ratio, family history of PCOS and diabetes mellitusHow to cite this articleSmitha CHC, Sailakshmi MOPA, Nagaratnamma R. Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. J Med Sci 2017;3(4):116-118.

Study on the proportion and determinants of polycystic ovarian syndrome among health sciences students in South India

Introduction:Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) constitutes most cases of endocrine disorder among females.Objectives:This study was done to assess the proportion of university students with PCOS and to study its risk factors.Materials and Methods:Data were collected from students of a private medical, dental, and nursing college using a self-administered questionnaire. Height and weight of all participants were recorded by standard procedures.Results:The mean age of students was 20.4 ΁ 1.5 years. Of the 480 participants, 39 (8.1%) were already diagnosed with PCOS. Out of the remaining 441 participants, 40 (9.1%) were at high risk, and 401 (90.9%) were at low risk for PCOS. Greater proportion of PCOS cases was seen in the age group 23-25 years (P = 0.026), among those with family history of PCOS (P = 0.002), among those who were permanent residents of urban areas (P = 0.048), and among those who were overweight or obese (P = 0.004). About 90% of PCOS cases and those at high risk for PCOS, each had difficulty in controlling excess weight or were experiencing difficulty in maintaining ideal weight. About 36 (92.3%) of PCOS cases and all those at high risk had emotional problems such as feeling moody or experiencing fatigability over the previous 2 weeks.Conclusion:PCOS is a common disorder among young women in this settings and this warrants periodic screening activities. A multidisciplinary approach is required to bring about lifestyle modification and help those with emotional problems due to this endocrine disorder.

Association between circulating adiponectin levels and polycystic ovarian syndrome

BackgroundLow adiponectin levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have been largely attributed to obesity which is common among these patients. In addition, evidence also suggests that low adiponectin in PCOS may be related to insulin resistance (IR) in these women. However, studies on the role of adiponectin in younger and lean patients are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the association of adiponectin levels in young and lean women with PCOS.MethodsA case–control study was conducted at the Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan. Cases were 75 patients of PCOS with Body Mass Index (BMI) &23 aged 16–35 years and 75 healthy age and BMI matched controls were selected from family and friends of the cases. Demographic details, family history and past medical history were obtained through interview by a physician. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height of the participants. Fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin, adiponectin, and androgen levels were determined. IR was calculated using homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between adiponectin and PCOS after adjusting for co-variates.ResultsOn multivariable analysis, PCOS cases were 3.2 times more likely to have low adiponectin level (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.49-6.90, p-value 0.003) compared to the controls after adjustment for age, BMI, family history, marital status, total cholesterol, HDL level and IR. Females with a family history of PCOS were significantly more likely to have lower adiponectin (OR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.27-8.67, p-value 0.014) compared to those who did not have a family history of PCOS. The associations of IR and family history with low adiponectin level also remained statistically significant after adjustments for covariates.ConclusionSerum adiponectin levels are independently associated with PCOS and are only partly explained by IR. Adiponectin level may serve as a potential independent biomarker for diagnosis of PCOS in young and lean women with fewer symptoms, or women with a family history of PCOS.

Age of Onset of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Girls May Be Earlier Than Previously Thought

Objectives To study the age at diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in a pediatric population. To compare risk factors involved in causing PCOS in preadolescent and adolescent girls. To review the current literature on the reported age of PCOS in girls. Design A retrospective chart review and systematic review of the literature. Participants Patients included 58 girls (age ≤18 yrs) with a diagnosis of PCOS based on the Rotterdam criteria. Girls were grouped as preadolescents (<13 yrs) or adolescents (13–18 yrs). Clinical and biochemical data were reviewed from the time of diagnosis. Main Outcome Measures Age at diagnosis. Differences in risk factors for PCOS (Ethnicity, obesity, family history of PCOS, birth weight, age at pubarche, thelarche and menarche, evidence of hyperandrogenism and/or insulin resistance) were compared between the two groups. Results There were 26% (15/58) preadolescent girls (9–12 yrs) vs 74% (43/58) adolescents (13–18 yrs). There was no significant difference between the two groups in ethnicity, BMI z-score, family history of maternal PCOS, birth weight, hyperandrogenism, or insulin resistance. Preadolescents with PCOS had significantly earlier onset of pubarche and thelarche than adolescents with PCOS, by 1.9 and 1.5 yrs, respectively ( P = 0.018, 0.030). In addition to earlier puberty, PCOS developed 2.1 years sooner after thelarche in preadolescents than in adolescents. ( P = 0.008) Preadolescents were significantly taller for age than adolescents (72nd % vs 43rd %) ( P = 0.005). A review of the 28 studies published in the last 3 years that included PCOS patients with age <=18 yrs described only 6.4% (27/425) of pediatric subjects with age <13 yrs. Four were primarily pediatric studies that included patients under the age of 13 yrs, with 9.4% (12/127) of the patients <13 yrs. Conclusion Increased awareness of PCOS in young females is needed. PCOS may occur at a younger age in girls who develop early pubarche and thelarche. Therefore, the diagnosis and workup should be considered in young girls with risk factors suggestive of PCOS.

Avaliação antropométrica e metabólica de parentes de primeiro grau do sexo masculino de mulheres com síndrome do ovário policístico

To evaluate clinical and laboratory characteristics of first-degree male relatives of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to compare the findings with a control group with no family history of PCOS. We randomly selected 28 male individuals aged 18 to 65 years who were first-degree relatives of women diagnosed with PCOS and 28 controls matched for age, waist and body mass index (BMI). Men with 1st degree kinship with women with PCOS had higher levels of triglycerides (189.6±103.1 versus 99.4±37.1, p<0.0001), Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA-IR) (3.5±9.1 versus 1.0±1.0, p=0.0077) and glucose (130.1±81.7 versus 89.5±7.8, p=0.005), and lower levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) (23.8±13.8 versus 31.1±9.1, p=0.003). SHBG levels correlated independently with triglyceride levels. These individuals also had more clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. Male individuals who are first-degree relatives of patients with PCOS have a higher degree of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, lower levels of SHBG, and more evident clinical signs of hyperandrogenism. These findings suggest that insulin resistance may be of hereditary origin in individuals with a family history of PCOS regardless of anthropometric parameters.