Family Health Behaviors Research Articles

The relationships between resilience and child health behaviors in a national dataset.

Resilience mechanisms at the individual, family, and environmental levels may improve health outcomes despite potentially harmful stress exposure partly through the practice of positive health behaviors. We performed a secondary analysis of 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health data to assess the relationships between three resilience domains - child, family, neighborhood - and six health behaviors using multiple regression models adjusted for the other resilience domain(s) and potential confounders. Analysis revealed significant associations between each resilience domain and multiple health behaviors in a total weighted analytic sample of 70,156,540 children. For each outcome, the odds of better health behaviors were highest with high resilience in all possible domains. For example, among children ages 0-5 years, the adjusted odds of having "good quality" vs. "poor quality" sleep for those with "high" resilience in all domains were 2.21 times higher (95% CI 1.78, 2.63) than for those with "low" resilience in all domains. This line of research may help to inform the design of resilience and health behavior promotion interventions by targeting multiple socio-ecological domains of influence to improve health and development outcomes in children exposed to experiences or sources of potential stress. This study assessed the associations between three socio-ecological resilience domains (child, family, and neighborhood) and six child and family health behaviors in a national dataset. Resilience exists within multiple socio-ecological levels and supports healthy functioning despite experiencing stress. Studies in adults and limited pediatric sub-populations show associations between resilience and health behaviors, which in turn influence numerous health outcomes. Resilience at three levels of socio-ecological levels was found to be associated with the performance of multiple child and family health behaviors in a nationally representative general pediatric population. These findings have important implications for child and family health promotion efforts.

Family Structure, Social Capital, Neighbourhoods Environment and Health Behaviors for the Rural and Urban Chinese

Objectives: Improving health behavior like mental health is much needed for healthy aging and is commonly required among all age groups and family members. Such prolific results are reasonably possible by investigating the functional and effective role of the family structure, neighboring environment, and social Capital. However, limited research studies in the Chinese regional setting on the stated domain of interest were found while completely missing the role of life satisfaction as a mediating variable between Family structure, social Capital, neighborhood health, and mental health. Methods: Addressing such literature backdrop is the key concern of the present research for which primary data was focused using different methodological approaches. Results: The outcomes demonstrate that family structure, social Capital, and two components of the neighborhood environment, like natural and social environment, positively related to the mental health of the urban and rural Chinese coming from age groups 20 to above 50 years. Conclusion: The partial mediating effect of life satisfaction is between the family structure, mental health, and the social environment and mental health.

Social determinants of health and their relation to suboptimal health status in the context of 3PM: a latent profile analysis.

Suboptimal health is identified as a reversible phase occurring before chronic diseases manifest, emphasizing the significance of early detection and intervention in predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM). While the biological and genetic factors associated with suboptimal health have received considerable attention, the influence of social determinants of health (SDH) remains relatively understudied. By comprehensively understanding the SDH influencing suboptimal health, healthcare providers can tailor interventions to address individual needs, improving health outcomes and facilitating the transition to optimal well-being. This study aimed to identify distinct profiles within SDH indicators and examine their association with suboptimal health status. This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 16 to September 23, 2023, in five regions of China. Various SDH indicators, such as family health, economic status, eHealth literacy, mental disorder, social support, health behavior, and sleep quality, were examined in this study. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify distinct profiles based on these SDH indicators. Logistic regression analysis by profile was used to investigate the association between these profiles and suboptimal health status. The analysis included 4918 individuals. Latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles (prevalence): the Adversely Burdened Vulnerability Group (37.6%), the Adversity-Driven Struggle Group (11.7%), and the Advantaged Resilience Group (50.7%). These profiles exhibited significant differences in suboptimal health status (p < 0.001). The Adversely Burdened Vulnerability Group had the highest risk of suboptimal health, followed by the Adversity-Driven Struggle Group, while the Advantaged Resilience Group had the lowest risk. Distinct profiles based on SDH indicators are associated with suboptimal health status. Healthcare providers should integrate SDH assessment into routine clinical practice to customize interventions and address specific needs. This study reveals that the group with the highest risk of suboptimal health stands out as the youngest among all the groups, underscoring the critical importance of early intervention and targeted prevention strategies within the framework of 3PM. Tailored interventions for the Adversely Burdened Vulnerability Group should focus on economic opportunities, healthcare access, healthy food options, and social support. Leveraging their higher eHealth literacy and resourcefulness, interventions empower the Adversity-Driven Struggle Group. By addressing healthcare utilization, substance use, and social support, targeted interventions effectively reduce suboptimal health risks and improve well-being in vulnerable populations. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13167-024-00365-5.

The effect of family health on suboptimal health status: The parallel mediation role of sleep quality and health behaviour.

The prevalence of suboptimal health status has been increasing worldwide, posing a significant challenge to public health. Meanwhile, family health has been recognised as an important factor influencing individual health outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which family health affects suboptimal health status remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the parallel mediation role of sleep quality and health behaviour in the relationship between family health and suboptimal health status. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey with a sample of adults >18 years old from four provinces in China. The survey questionnaires queried their demographic characteristics, family health, suboptimal health status, sleep quality, and health behaviour. We assessed family health by the Family Health Scale-Short Form and suboptimal health status using the Suboptimal Health Status Questionnaire. We employed structural equation modelling to analyse the data and test the proposed mediation model. we collected 4918 valid questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 30.1 years (standard deviation = 12.5). The correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative association between family health and suboptimal health status (r = -0.44; P < 0.001). The results of the parallel mediation analysis showed that family health had a significant indirect effect on suboptimal health status through both sleep quality (β = -0.350; P < 0.001) and health behaviour (β = -0.137; P < 0.001). The total indirect effect of family health on suboptimal health status through both sleep quality and health behaviour was also significant (β = -0.569, P < 0.001). This study highlights the significance of family health as a predictor of suboptimal health status and suggests that sleep quality and health behaviour are parallel mediators in this relationship. By understanding the role of family health, sleep quality, and health behaviour, interventions can be targeted to improve overall health outcomes.

Hypertension at the nexus of veteran status, psychiatric disorders, and traumatic brain injury: Insights from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Compare the odds of self-reported hypertension among non-combat and combat veterans with and without PD/TBI to non-veterans and each other. We used data from men from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and distinguished: non-veterans (n = 21,076); non-combat veterans with no PD/TBI (n = 3,150); combat veterans with no PD/TBI (n = 1,979); and veterans (combat and non-combat) with PD and/or TBI (n = 805). Multivariable, hierarchical logistic regression models included exogenous demographic, socioeconomic attainment and family structure, health behavior and conditions, and methodological control variables. One-third of men reported having been told at least once by a medical professional that they had high blood pressure. Bivariate analyses indicated that each veteran group had a higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension than non-veterans (design-based F = 45.2, p<0.001). In the fully adjusted model, no statistically significant differences in the odds of self-reported hypertension were observed between non-veterans and: non-combat veterans without PD/TBI (odds ratio [OR] = 0.92); combat veterans without PD/TBI (OR = 0.87); veterans with PD and/or TBI (OR = 1.35). However, veterans with PD and/or TBI had greater odds of reporting hypertension than both combat and non-combat veterans without PD/TBI (p<0.05). Military service-related experiences were differentially associated with a survey-based measure of hypertension. Specifically, veterans self-reporting PD and/or TBI had significantly higher odds of self-reporting hypertension (i.e., medical provider-identified high blood pressure).

Positive Outliers: A Mixed Methods Study of Resiliency to Childhood Obesity in High-Risk Neighborhoods

ObjectiveDespite the high prevalence of obesity and the clustering of risk by neighborhood, few studies have examined characteristics which promote healthy child weight in neighborhoods with high obesity risk. We aimed to identify protective factors for children living in neighborhoods with high obesity risk. MethodsWe identified neighborhoods with high obesity risk using geolocated electronic health record data with measured body mass index (BMI) from well-child visits (2012–2017). We then recruited caregivers with children aged 5 to 13 years who lived in census tracts with mean child BMI percentile ≥72 (February 2020–August 2021). We used sequential mixed methods (quantitative surveys, qualitative interviews) to compare individual, interpersonal, and perceived neighborhood factors among families with children at a healthy weight (positive outliers [PO]) versus families with ≥1 child with overweight or obesity (controls). Regression models and comparative qualitative analysis were used to identify protective characteristics. ResultsSeventy-three caregivers participated in the quantitative phase (41% PO; 34% preferred Spanish) and twenty in the qualitative phase (50% PO; 50% preferred Spanish). The frequency of healthy caregiver behaviors was associated with being a PO (Family Health Behavior Scale Parent Score adjusted β 3.67; 95% CI 0.52–6.81 and qualitative data). Protective factors also included caregivers’ ability to minimize the negative health influences of family members and adhere to family routines. ConclusionsThere were few differences between PO and control families. Support for caregiver healthy habits and adherence to healthy family routines emerged as opportunities for childhood obesity prevention in neighborhoods with high obesity risk.

Educational attainment and family health risk behaviors

Many studies have shown that education does play a role in personal health risk behaviors, but few studies have focused on whether education significantly affects family health risk behaviors. In this article, we aim to examine the effects of educational attainment on family health behaviors using survey data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The ordinary least squares (OLS) approach and the instrumental variable (IV) method are adopted. Regression results show that the educational attainment of respondents has a significant inhibitory effect on household smoking participation, the number of smokers, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, but has no significant effect on household drinking behavior. Results of mechanism analysis reveal that a one-stage increase in the population's education level would reduce the probability of smoking initiation by 7.89% and decrease the daily cigarettes consumption by 4.59. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that compared to women, men's increased educational attainment has a significant inhibitory effect on smoking participation not only for themselves but also for the rest of the household. From a health perspective, we suggest that the government should further promote the development of education.

MOTHERS KNOWLEDGE TOWARDS WOUND CARE IN THE GREATER BANDUNG AREA

Objective: Proper wound care is essential to prevent complications and worsening of the injured patient. Everyone in the family needs to possess wound care knowledge, especially the mother, who plays a role in making decisions about health care and family health behaviors. This study aims to evaluate mothers' knowledge towards wound care in the Greater Bandung Area.&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 participants with varied backgrounds and had met the inclusion criteria. The study was conducted using questionnaires distributed online to the mother community living in the Greater Bandung Area, West Java, then data processing and analysis were carried out.&#x0D; Results: The results showed that mothers in the Greater Bandung Area had a good level of knowledge (27%), average (52%), and less (21%). In addition, plasters with wound care solutions were still the mothers' main choice in wound care. Nevertheless, there are many choices of pharmaceutical dosage forms for wound care that have been developed today to optimize the wound healing process.&#x0D; Conclusion: Most of the mothers already have an average level of knowledge to good. However, there are still quite a lot of mothers who have a lack of knowledge related to wound care. Therefore, educational programs must be developed to raise awareness about wound care and management, as well as knowledge about pharmaceutical dosage forms for wound care.

Relationship between Family Type and Health Behaviors in Korean Adolescent: Based on the 17th Youth Health Behavior Survey

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the relationship between family type and health behaviors in Korean adolescents.Methods: The study included 41,551 students who participated in the 17th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to compare health behaviors such as smoking, drinking, sexual experience, excessive smartphone use and physical activities by family type which were classified as general and broken families.Results: In this study, 85.7% of adolescents’ families were general families and 14.3% were broken families. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for health behaviors among adolescents from broken families compared to adolescents from general families were 1.38 (1.21-1.58) for lifetime smoking, 1.53 (1.27-1.83) for current smoking, 1.46 (1.33-1.61) for lifetime drinking, 1.46 (1.29-1.66) for current drinking, sexual experience 1.65 (1.38-1.98), and excessive smartphone use on weekdays and weekends 1.39 (1.26-1.54) and 1.44 (1.30-1.58), respectively.Conclusions: Adolescents from broken families often have undesirable health behaviors, and are more likely to be exposed to high-risk groups than adolescents from general families. Depending on the type of family, the main caregiver’s active intervention through guidance and encouragement for the healthy behaviors is required, and it is necessary to prepare the direct psychological and behavioral support through the development of supporting programs in the community and continuous counseling program, which may play an alternative role of main caregiver.

Prevalence of cyberbullying victimisation and its association with family dysfunction, health behaviour and psychological distress among young adults in urban Selangor, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundCyberbullying is a growing public health concern with clear, negative impacts on the mental, physical and social health of targeted victims. Previous research on cyberbullying has largely focused on examining...

Reflecting on parental insights into healthy lifestyles: a qualitative study

BackgroundChildren living in the most deprived regions are more than twice as likely as their affluent peers to be obese. One way we can explain the social gradient of health (determined by relative position on the scale of social disadvantage or advantage) is by identifying the barriers and drivers to health that different groups of people experience. This study explored the understanding and perceptions of (and barriers and drivers to) a healthy lifestyle to investigate how commissioned services can better support residents to enable behaviour change in an area of high social deprivation. This community engagement activity was also conducted to inform commissioning decisions in children's public health services. MethodsWe used a qualitative study design with a semi-structured interview schedule. Four focus groups (5–8 participants, n=26) were conducted in an area of high deprivation in northwest England. Parents or carers were invited to attend anonymously by the Public Health Community Engagement Officer (in June 2022). The inclusion criteria were previous attendance on a weight management programme. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Engagement activities do not require ethics approval. All participants provided written informed consent to take part. No further information was collected about personal characteristics. FindingsThe study participants demonstrated an awareness and understanding of factors affecting child and family health and health behaviours: healthy eating, exercise, mental health and emotional wellbeing, family values and attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle, cooking and budgeting, wider social connections, access to open spaces, availability of local activities, costs (including hidden costs), and structural barriers. InterpretationUsing the finding that participants recognise barriers and drivers to behaviour change beyond knowledge and skills, we reflect on why there was no take up for a commissioned intervention that aimed to address childhood obesity in the Lancashire area. These reflections inform arguments for an alternative model of service commission that relies less on established randomised trial evidence base and more on participatory codesign and a place-based approach (working with populations' existing knowledge and skills) and is particularly sensitive to people's own perception of the specific drivers and barriers they experience to behaviour change. Limitations include sampling from an area with low diversity and selection of participants who have previously agreed to uptake a weight management intervention. FundingNone.

Behavioral and psychosocial factors related to mental distress among medical students.

Physicians die by suicide at rates higher than the general population, with the increased risk beginning in medical school. To better understand why, this study examined the prevalence of mental distress (e.g., depressive symptoms and suicide risk) and behavioral and psychosocial risk factors for distress, as well as the associations between mental distress and risk factors among a sample of medical students in a pre-COVID-19-era. Students enrolled in a large California medical school in 2018-2019 (N = 134; 52% female) completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic characteristics, depression and suicide family history, health behaviors, and psychosocial wellbeing. Assessment scores indexing mental distress (e.g., depressive symptoms, thoughts of suicide in the past 12 months, suicide risk, and history of suicidality) and risk factors (e.g., stress, subjective sleep quality, alcohol use, impostor feelings, and bill payment difficulty) were compared across biological sex using chi-squared tests, and associations between mental distress and risk factors were determined through logistic regression. Elevated mental distress indicators were observed relative to the general public (e.g., 16% positive depression screen, 17% thought about suicide in previous 12 months, 10% positive suicide risk screen, and 34% history of suicidality), as well as elevated risk factors [e.g., 55% moderate or high stress, 95% at least moderate impostor feelings, 59% poor sleep quality, 50% screened positive for hazardous drinking (more likely in females), and 25% difficulty paying bills]. A positive depression screen was associated with higher stress, higher impostor feelings, poorer sleep quality, and difficulty paying bills. Suicidal ideation in the previous 12 months, suicide risk, and a history of suicidality were independently associated with higher levels of impostor feelings. Higher scores on assessments of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts and behaviors were related to several individual-level and potentially modifiable risk factors (e.g., stress, impostor feelings, sleep quality, and bill payment difficulties). Future research is needed to inform customized screening and resources for the wellbeing of the medical community. However, it is likely that the modification of individual-level risk factors is limited by the larger medical culture and systems, suggesting that successful interventions mitigate suicide risk for medical providers need to address multiple socio-ecological levels.

Symptoms of depression and anxiety in young people in El Salvador: Associations with peer and family relationships, artistic activities and health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundLittle is known regarding the correlates of mental health, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in lower income countries. Using data from almost the entire population of graduating high school students in El Salvador, we examine the associations between depression and anxiety symptoms and potentially protective factors including peer and family relationships, health behaviours and artistic leisure activities. MethodsData comes from the AVANZO survey conducted in El Salvador with 42,314 graduating high school students aged 15–21 in November 2020. Participants completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale and Socioemotional Skills Scale. Using a structural equation modelling framework, we tested the associations between these variables and whether these associations varied by sex. ResultsParticipants who experienced more positive family relationships reported fewer symptoms of depression (β = −0.304, p < .001) and anxiety (β = −0.103, p < .001). Similar results were found between health behaviours and symptoms of depression (β = −0.398, p < .001), and anxiety (β = −0.312, p < .001). Peer relationships were non-significantly associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. Associations were similar for boys and girls. LimitationsStudents undertook the mental health survey as part of an academic test, which might have increased mental stress. The Socioemotional Skills Scales is newly developed, and results are cross-sectional. ConclusionsOur findings provide insight into the experiences of an understudied population during the pandemic and identify positive family relationships and health behaviours as important correlates of mental health during this time.

Relationship between Family Health Behavior with Improving Patient Functional Capacity Post Stroke in the Dwikora Area

Stroke is the biggest disease that causes paralysis of the limbs. Stroke patients require comprehensive treatment, including long-term recovery and rehabilitation efforts, even for the rest of the patient's life. The family plays an important role in this recovery phase, so from the start of treatment the family is expected to be involved in patient care. Family knowledge in the care of post-stroke patients is very important to be able accelerate the independence of post-stroke patients. This study aims to analyze the relationship between family health behavior and increasing the functional capacity of post-stroke patients in the Dwikora Area. The research was conducted in October 2021 - February 2022 the type of research is cross sectional. The study population was a family of post-stroke patients, totaling 30 people. The sampling technique used total sampling. Data collection in the study was carried out by distributing questionnaires directly to families. The statistical test used is the spearman rank. Based on the results of research conducted in the Dwikora Region, the majority of family knowledge in increasing the functional capacity of post-stroke patients was sufficient, 15 people 56.7%, both 13 people 43.3% and less than 2 people 6.7%. The attitude of the family in increasing functional capacity after stroke was a good majority of 15 people 50%, quite a number of 11 people 36.7% and less a number of 4 people 13.3%. Family action in increasing unctional capacity after stroke is sufficient for the majority of 17 people 56.7%, good for 11 people 36.7% and less for 2 people 6.7%, It is hoped that the family will carry out its role by increasing knowledge, attitudes and actions, so that the patient can independently carry out his own activities.

Family Life During and Beyond COVID-19: The Impact of Relationship Quality on Caregivers’ Management of Paid Work, Caregiving, and Self-Care

This multi-method project examined how Australian caregivers navigated family life during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and subsequent impact on family health behaviours. Participants were invited to complete all three phases. In phase 1, 115 caregivers completed an online survey, focussed on 2020 experiences of COVID-19. In phase 2, 96 of the participants completed a use-of-time recall and 80 completed a dietary recall examining participants’ health behaviours including how they spent their time, their physical activity, and diet quality. Phase 3 involved 24 of the participants completing an online story completion task, focussed on understanding participants’ sense-making of COVID-19. Through triangulating analyses of the three phases, this project identified how poor relationship quality negatively affected families’ experiences of significant disruptions and transitions. This project provides a nuanced picture of how COVID-19 in 2020 impacted family life and highlights the importance of caregiver relationship quality for family health and wellbeing.

A Dataset on the Dynamic Monitoring of Health and Family Planning of China’s Internal Migrants: A Multi-Wave Large-Scale, National Cross-Sectional Survey from 2009 to 2018

This data article presents data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), a multi-wave, large-scale national cross-sectional survey of China’s internal migrants from 2009 to 2018. The CMDS is an annual questionnaire survey conducted by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) of the People’s Republic of China. The respondents included in this survey are internal migrants over IS years old. The sample was drawn from the China Migrant Population Information System, using multi-stage stratified sampling method and the probability proportional-to-size (PPS) cluster sampling strategy. Between 2009 and 2018, there were 1,527,650 internal migrants from 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities participated in the surveys. The survey tools were a series of self-designed questionnaires with high inheritance and consistency designed and implemented by the NHFPC. The questionnaires mainly contain basic information of the respondents and their family members, migration status, healthcare or health behaviors, public health service utilization, social insurance, social integration, and family planning. The dataset is currently the most widely used survey data on China’s internal migrants, offering information on migration patterns, healthcare and health behaviors, use of public health services, access to social security, social integration, and family planning, which are valuable for health planning, health decision-making, and health equity research.

A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study on Mental Health Status Among Children and Adolescents - Jiangsu Province, China, 2022.

The prevalence of mental health disorders among children and youth in China stands at 17.5%, a figure that has been gradually escalating over recent years. This surge has led to substantial psychological distress and financial strain for both families and the wider society. This study boasts an expansive geographical scope by covering Jiangsu Province extensively and utilizing a substantial sample size. An investigation was conducted on the prevalence and risk factors, which included family type and health behaviors, of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms. The mental health status of children and adolescents should be of great concern to the government. Therefore, it is important that public health measures are implemented to mitigate the development of depressive symptoms. These measures may include regular screening procedures and the implementation of proven interventions.

Cultural Beliefs and Family Well-being: A Narrative Review

Objective: This review aims to explore the influence of cultural beliefs on family well-being, highlighting how these beliefs impact family dynamics, health behaviors, and support systems across diverse cultures. Methods and Materials: Utilizing a descriptive narrative review approach, this study systematically searches through databases like PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on literature from 2000 to 2023. The review integrates studies examining the impact of cultural beliefs on various aspects of family well-being, including mental health, relationships, and parenting practices. Findings: The synthesis reveals that cultural beliefs deeply influence family well-being, affecting areas such as family dynamics, mental health, parenting practices, and family resilience. The review highlights both the supportive and detrimental effects of these beliefs, demonstrating their critical role in shaping health behaviors and intervention outcomes. Conclusion: Recognizing and integrating cultural beliefs into healthcare and social support systems is essential for improving family well-being. Future research should aim at longitudinal and culturally specific studies to better understand these complex influences.

Relationship Between Knowledge Levels About The Impact Of Smoking On Family Health And Smoking Behavior In The Community Of Dusun E Gampong Uteunkot

Abstract: Smoking behaviour is a problem and a national priority in improving the health status of the Indonesian people because it involves various aspects of problems in life, namely economic, socio-political and especially health aspects. This can be seen in everyday life such as at home, on public transportation or in the office, almost every time people are found and found smoking. Smoking behaviour is not only found among adults but can also be found among adolescents. Although information and knowledge about the impact of smoking on the health of smokers as well as on the surrounding environment, especially families, is widely conveyed, this smoking behaviour is still carried out. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about the impact of smoking on family health and smoking behaviour in the Dusun E Gampong Uteunkot community Patients and methods: This study is an analytic observational of 235 samples aged &gt; 17 years which were taken by purposive sampling. Measurements were made using a questionnaire consisting of knowledge about the impact of smoking on the health of oneself and one's family and smoking behaviour. Results: The results of this study indicate that the majority of respondents who have a good level of knowledge about non-smoking behaviour are 36.1%. Data analysis using Chi-square. The results of statistical analysis showed p value &lt;0.05. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the level of knowledge about the impact of smoking on family health and smoking behaviour in the Dusun E Gampong Uteunkot community.

Factors Related to Family Health Behavior in Samosir District: A Mix-Methods Study

BACKGROUND: Non-communicable and communicable diseases remain a problem in Indonesia, where both are closely related to unhealthy behavior. Family health behavior affects the health status of the family and community.&#x0D; AIM: The study aims to examine the factors related to family health behavior in the Samosir district.&#x0D; METHODS: This study used a mixed-method approach with an explanatory sequential design. The respondents were 187 families who were selected through multi-stage random sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted with six informants: Samosir Health Department staff, Community Health Center staff, and religious or community leaders. The study was conducted in ten villages across three sub-districts. The instrument passed the validity and reliability tests and met triangulation. The Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia has approved ethical clearance. Univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression (CI 95%) were used for quantitative data, while content analysis was used for qualitative data.&#x0D; RESULTS: In Samosir District, family health behavior (consisting of eating vegetables and fruits, not smoking at home, washing hands with soap and water, and using clean water) was low (12.8 %). Attitudes, income, and the availability and affordability of health care facilities all have a significant correlation with family health behavior, according to multivariate analysis. In content analysis, attitudes, economy, community characteristics, infrastructure, and access were discovered to be related to family health behavior.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion strategies such as health education, community empowerment, and cross-sectoral collaboration must be thoroughly implemented to address the factors related to family health behavior because they can increase family health behavior through family empowerment.