Family Expenditure Research Articles

가계동향조사를 이용한 주택가격과 가계소비의 관계 분석

가계동향조사를 이용한 주택가격과 가계소비의 관계 분석

Identification of Socioeconomic Variables Responsible for Obesity Kidney Disease among Bangladeshi Adults

The information presented here were the analytical results observed from data collected in investigating 995 Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. The objective of the investigation was to identify socioeconomic variables which enhance the health hazard obesity kidney disease. The analysis indicated that this health problem was noted among 6.2% respondents and it was predominant among males, non-Muslims, elderly people, lower level educated adults, people belonged to families of medium economy, smokers, adults involved in sedentary activities, diabetic and hypertensive respondents. The prevalence rates among these respondents were 0.074, 0.088, 0.188, 0.099, 0.098, 0.088, 0.075, 0.075 and 0.186, respectively. However, all these socioeconomic variables were not similarly responsible for obesity kidney disease among the adults. The most responsible variable was family expenditure followed by family income, physical labour, age, process food consumption, hypertension and duration of diabetes. These variables were identified by factor analysis.

Distributional impacts of the rice tariffication policy in the Philippines

In March 2019, the government of the Philippines promulgated a bill called the Rice Tariffication Law (RTL). It has dramatically changed the policy landscape in the rice sector and generated heated debates on how it would affect food security and poverty. This study explores the welfare effects of this reform across different types of households. We rely on the IRRI Global Rice Model to simulate the domestic price effects of the reform (Balié and Valera, 2020) and the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to study the welfare impact of these price changes. Our results show that the RTL reduces consumer and producer rice prices, which affects households on the production and the consumption sides. Because a large majority of households are net buyers of rice and the policy reform reduces rice prices, most households benefit from the reform. Overall, the effects of the reform on poverty are beneficial. The poorest quintiles are positively affected, while the richest quintiles are unaffected or slightly worse-off. Spatially, the poorest regions also benefit the most. However, the rice growers who are net sellers are negatively impacted. The government should seek to mitigate the negative effects on non-competitive rice growers. Investments in public goods and services are a promising option to ease the emergence of on-farm and off-farm businesses as more profitable alternatives to rice production.

Ailelerin Erken Çocukluk Bakımı ve Eğitimi Dönemi Eğitim Harcamaları

Araştırmada, ailelerin erken çocukluk bakım ve eğitimi (EÇBE) döneminde yapmış oldukları eğitim harcamalarının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunda Kastamonu il merkezinde 2017-2018 öğretim yılında çocuklarını kamu ve özel EÇBE okullarına gönderen 192 aile yer almaktadır. Araştırma tarama modelinde açıklayıcı bir araştırmadır. Araştırmanın verileri anket yolu ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde betimsel istatiklerin yanı sıra, nonparametrik testlerden Kruskal Wallis H testine başvurulmuştur. Araştırmada, çocuklarını kamu EÇBE okullarına gönderen ailelerin ortalama 3.411,1 TL, çocuklarını özel EÇBE okullarına gönderen ailelerin de ortalama 6.222,4 TL harcama yapmış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ailelerin EÇBE eğitim harcamaları üzerinde çocuğun cinsiyeti, çocuğun kiminle yaşadığı, baba eğitim, baba meslek, baba çalışma durumunun belirleyici olmadığı ancak, çocuğun devam ettiği okulun mülkiyeti, okula ulaşım türü, anne eğitim düzeyi, anne meslek, anne çalışma durumu, aile geliri ve hanedeki kişi sayısının belirleyici olduğu gözlenmiştir. Farklı aile yapılarında, EÇBE eğitim harcamaları üzerinde neden anne ile ilgili değişkenlerin daha belirleyici olduğu veya olmadığının sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel boyutlarda sorgulayan bir araştırma yapılması önerilmektedir.

Prevalence, expenditures, and associated factors of purchasing non-prescribed Chinese herbal medicine in Taiwan.

Background and aimsPurchasing Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) without a physician’s prescription may have adverse effects on health. However, the recent status of purchasing non-prescribed CHM and the associated factors are not completely understood. We aimed to report the prevalence of purchasing CHM and associated factors.MethodsUsing data from the 2017 Taiwan Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, we identified 16,528 individuals (householders) aged 18 years and older. Sociodemographic factors, expenditures on medical services and health behaviours were compared between people with and without a history of purchasing non-prescribed CHM by calculating adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe one-year prevalence of purchasing non-prescribed CHM was 74.8% in Taiwan. In addition to sociodemographics, marital status (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.88–2.44), the use of traditional Chinese medicine (OR 3.62, 95% CI 3.30–3.97), the purchasing of non-prescribed biochemical medications (OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.75–3.48), the purchasing of health foods (OR 2.59, 95% CI 2.33–2.86), the use of folk therapy (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.95–2.64), and a high level of expenditure on alcohol (OR 3.79, 95% CI 3.29–4.36) were strongly correlated with purchasing non-prescribed CHM.ConclusionThe one-year prevalence of purchasing non-prescribed CHM is very high in Taiwan and is correlated with sociodemographics, health behaviours, and the utilization of medical care. The interaction of non-prescribed CHM with physician-prescribed herbal medicine and biomedical medications requires more attention.

Unveiling various spatial patterns of determinants of hukou transfer intentions in China: A multi‐scale geographically weighted regression approach

AbstractAs the floating population has become a vital issue influencing China's economic and social development and aroused broad concern, many scholars have paid attention to the factors that influence settlement intentions of the floating population, while their spatial differences are usually neglected in extant studies. To rectify this situation, this study employs a multi‐scale geographically weighted regression model to investigate the spatial pattern of determinants on hukou transfer intentions of the floating population, based on the data of the China Migrants Dynamic Survey in 2016. The results demonstrate that the effects of various determinants present different spatial patterns: part of significance pattern (the average residence time in destination cities, the ratio of rural hukou holders, the number of flows, the ratio of family income to family expenditure, the geographical location), the “East‐West” pattern (the ratio of self‐employed migrants, the average wage of employed workers), the “Southwest‐Northeast” pattern (the ratio of migrants in the secondary industry, the ratio of sharing town employees' social insurance, the ratio of floating population accompanied by children in destination cities, and the population density of municipal districts). Cities of different conditions should formulate different policies that are sensitive to their contexts.

Factors Responsible for Prevalence of Diabetes Hypertension Among Bangladeshi Adults

The objective of the study was to identify some responsible variables for prevalence of diabetes hypertension among Bangladeshi adults of ages 18 years and above. For this purpose, 960 respondents were investigated from both urban and rural localities. Out of 960 adults, 145 were suffering simultaneously from diabetes and hypertension. Factors responsible for these diseases were identified by factor analysis. The same analysis was also done to identify some variables which were responsible for non-prevalence of diabetes hypertension among the remaining 845 respondents. Using the results of risk ratios and factor loadings the responsible factors were identified. It was evident that illiteracy, over age, marital status, lack of physical activity, sedentary activity and obesity were the responsible factors for the prevalence of diabetic hypertension. Smoking habit and habit of taking can food and restaurant food were enhancing the risk of the diseases. But factor analysis identified use of can food as the most responsible variable followed by family expenditure, family income and being male. The responsible variable for non-prevalence of the diseases were proper utilization of time, unmarried and lower age.

Changes in Family Life and Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Associations with Perceived Stress

This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed family life and relationships as well as how these changes affect perceived stress among married men and women. This study investigated changes in family time use, household work, child care, leisure activities, income and expenditures along with relationships between spouses and children using a sample of 627 married persons surveyed online from May 19 to 25, 2020. The results showed that the amount of time spent on household work, child care, and family leisure have increased and that the perceived burden of household work and child care has also increased. Gender differences were found in time use, household work, and child care. Leisure activities have changed toward more time watching TV or online media and playing online games and less time on outdoor activities, shopping, and meeting friends. About 38% of respondents reported a reduction in household income and 22% reported an increase in household debt. The majority experienced no change in the quality of relationships with spouses and children, approximately 20% of the sample reported a positive change in relationships with spouses and children. The findings of multivariate regression indicated that change in work time, negative change in household economy, negative change in household work and negative change in relationships with spouses were associated with marital stress. However, this study found that negative changes in child care and in relationships with children did not affect stress among married parents with children in elementary or secondary school.

Family Characteristics as Predictors of Youth Livelihood Outcomes in Kenya

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of family characteristics on youth livelihood outcomes (YLO) in Kenya. A survey was conducted on a random sample of 201 respondents aged between 18 to 35 years who were selected from a list of members of registered self-help youth groups. Data was gathered through a questionnaire and analysed by the se of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Youth livelihood outcomes occurred along a continuum of three levels, namely: survival, security and growth livelihood levels. Results revealed that 52% of the respondents attained survival livelihood level, 18% attained the security level, and 30% attained the growth level of youth livelihood outcomes. Research findings indicated that family characteristics improved prediction power of youth livelihoods outcomes by 72.1% (R2 = 0.721; Log-Likelihood Ratio (χ2 = 203.18; d.f = 12; p = 0.000). The significant predictors of youth livelihood outcomes were the aggregate family income (β=1.00, p=0.000), paternal education (β = 1.60, p = 0.016), parental support (β = 1.93, p = 0.047), number of dependents (β = 0.02, p = 0.001), and aggregate family assets (β = 1.00, p = 0.019). However, family expenditure (χ2 = 2.37; d.f. = 2; p > 0.05) and maternal education (χ2 = 9.72; d.f. = 3; p > 0.05) had no statistically significant relationship with youth livelihood outcomes. These results implied that that youth from middle-income families, whose fathers had acquired higher levels of education, and whose families had fewer dependents, had accumulated family assets and whose parents supported their livelihood strategies attained higher levels of youth livelihood outcomes compared to their counterparts who were less privileged on similar family characteristics. The outcomes of this study may be used to develop appropriate family and youth-focused interventions to enhance youth livelihood outcomes.

SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN THE PHILIPPINES: A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS ON ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL METRICS

The Philippines’ waste generation continues to rise from 37∙10³ kg∙aˉ¹ in 2012 to 40·10³ kg∙aˉ¹ in 2016, with a daily waste generation per capita oscillating from 300 to 700 grams for rural and urban areas. The study depicted a five-year correlational analysis on waste generation per capita as against Philippine Economic and Social Metrics for: (1) Average Family Income (2) Average Family Expenditure (3) Population Density and (4) Human Development Index. Both national and regional secondary panel data were analyzed that lead to identifying Average Family Expenditure as an Ecological Footprint (EFA) Indicator with highest correlation on waste generation per capita (WgC). Based on the five-year National Level Analysis, all independent variables exhibited a probability value lower than the significant threshold error value of 0.05. Hence, changes in waste generation per capita for the five year sample size is also recurring prior and beyond the sampling period of 2012 to 2016. Using Regional Level Analysis, an Equation Model was generated in order to predict the degree of changes per unit, stated in gram (with coefficient = 0.319) pertinent to the three remaining EFA Indicators. As depicted in the Equation, for every person increase in population density expressed in per km2, it will generate a positive increases on WgC by 0.0000714; while for every peso (Philippine monetary denomination) increases in family expenditure, has a decreasing effect on WgC by 0.0000009479; and that for every one peso increases in family income, WgC will generate an increase by 0.0000008573

Researching the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Student Life in Greece

The present work explores the views of students in Greek Universities who have been impacted by the economic crisis in Greece since 2009. In the theoretical part, the economic crisis is considered a violent change that tends to be incorporated permanently into socio-economic life, affecting public expenditure in tertiary education as well as family income and expenditure. These developments harm university studies, student life, and expectations of graduates for their future. The theoretical part ends with the formulation of three research axes about the extent to which the economic crisis affects (a) the socio-economic environment and family spending, (b) students’ life at the university, and (c) students’ perception of their future. In the empirical part, a series of questions along these axes are investigated quantitatively, through descriptive statistics using a questionnaire specially constructed for this research, which addressed to students. The sample comprised 300 university students. Their views seem to primarily support the hypothesis of the negative impacts of the economic crisis on families, studies, and expectations. The study ends with suggestions for further research. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.7.8

LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY REARING BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN HAOR AREAS IN BANGLADESH: IMPACT ON FOOD SECURITY AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION:

This study aims at assessing the potentiality of increasing livestock and poultry rearing by smallholder farmers in haor areas to improve food security condition and poverty alleviation of people. This study was carried out in 200 smallholder farmers rearing livestock in two upazilas (sub-district), namely Juri of Moulvibazar and Madan of Netrokona district. Both descriptive and functional analysis have been carried out. Result reveals that the average annual family income was BDT 254323 where average annual family expenditure was BDT 235775. Average daily per capita consumption of rice and all food items respectively are 397g and 1149g. Daily per capita calorie and protein intakes are respectively 2445 Kcal and 82g respectively of the haor people. People consume almost all 12 categories of food items and average household dietary diversity score is 11.85. Multinomial logistic regression suggests that increase of family size results in the corresponding decrease of food security condition and increase in expenditure on food items increases food security condition.

Características sociodemográficas de productores rurales del municipio de Mexicali, Baja California: una aproximación comparada

The objective of this work is to prepare a comparative descriptive analysis of socio-demographic characteristics of rural producers in the municipality of Mexicali, Baja California, using two sources with temporal proximity: the Survey of Rural Producers of the Municipalities of Baja California and the last Agricultural Census. The thematic and territorial disaggregation that is carried out is of importance due to the notable shortage and need, in northern Mexico, of regional and local knowledge to plan regional and rural agricultural development. The variables considered are: producer and family size, expenditure, productive problems, age and gender, schooling, professionalization and technical training, complementary producer and family occupations. It was found that the vast majority of producers are still smallproducers, their household expenditure is clearly low, their main problems lie in the cost of inputs and there is a delicate warning due to advanced age, low schooling and training that adds up to a low proportion of possible replacement as producers in the subsequent generation which has a preference for a way of life other than agricultural activity

Meanings and attitudes regarding education and household spending priorities of the new middle-class families in Brazil

This study investigates how meanings ascribed to education influence lower-income parents on investing (or not) in their children’s education, and how this in turn influences family expenditures and consumption priorities. Based on 62 ethnographic interviews with individuals who had ascended from poverty to the lower fractions of the Brazilian urban middle-class, we examine differences within a relatively homogeneous fraction in terms of social status and income. Three distinct groups emerged: (1) parents who live in the favelas (slums) and see school as an agent to keep children away from deviant behaviours, (2) parents who live in the favelas and invest in education as an enabler of upwards social mobility, and (3) parents from less affluent suburbs who pay for private education to keep their children from interacting with bad influences outside the territory. Even in socially segregated territories, meanings were shaped less by parents’ amount and composition of cultural and economic capitals, and more by their own experiences with the educational system and access to positive role models (or lack thereof). It appears that the meanings attached to education end up defining family expenditures, family budget and important consumption trade-offs. In addition, our findings reveal a subtle, fine-grained mechanism of distinction based on school choice among the class fraction’s members. We draw on Wilson’s social isolation theory to show how parents of similar economic and cultural capital, and who were socialized in a similar cultural milieu, ascribe different meanings to education, and the resulting differences in household consumption patterns. We thus offer insights on the different reproduction mechanisms at play within an economically disadvantaged social fraction that had moved from poverty to the lower urban middle-class in Brazil.

Factors Associated with Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly Peoples of Chitmahal Areas in Bangladesh

The present study applied different statistical tools to determine abused and neglected status among elderly people of the Chitmahal areas of Bangladesh. Also investigated the factors that associated with abuse and neglected status. The present study is conducted at the former Chitmahal areas which are situated at four districts namely Lalmonirhat, Nilphamari, Kurigram and Panchagar in Northern Bangladesh. Among the total 141 Chitmahal areas, 36 Chitmahal areas are randomly selected for the study area and finally 270 elder families are included for this research purpose. Information about socio-demographic, economic, health status, abuse and neglected related characteristics of the respondents and their family members was collected by using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Elder abuse and neglect is the widespread issue in the world. This study found that most of the elder people (71.5%) of Chitmahal areas were neglected and abused in any form. Separately they were abused by psychologically (50.4%), financially (60.4), treatment related neglect (40%) and physically (1.5%). Most of them were neglected by their family members which mostly happened in the families with low monthly income and expenditure. The factors like age of elder people, educational level, previous and present occupation of respondents, ownership of house, monthly family income and expenditure, people’s participation in social occasion are the common significant factors for different types of abuse and neglected status of the aging peoples of Chitmahal areas in Bangladesh. The overall findings found a close relationship of abused and neglected status of the elderly peoples with their socio-economic, educational background and family economic condition. This information needs to be properly utilized in developing suitable social and motivational programs for elder families in the Chitmahal areas and countrywide by NGO’s and Government initiatives.

Rethinking Rice Policy: Philippine Rice Tariffication as a Win-Win-Win Policy for the Poor, Consumers and Farmers

No other food is more central to Filipinos’ diets than rice, yet no food poses a greater burden on poor and near-poor Filipinos’ budgets. According to the 2015 Family Income and Expenditure Survey, the poorest 20% of households’ rice expenditures alone accounted for more than 19% of their total budgets, whereas it was only 5% of expenditures for the richest 20% of Filipino households. The Duterte administration has a window of opportunity to address this situation by shifting away from a rice importation regime based on quantitative restrictions (i.e. import quotas) to one based on moderate rice tariffs. In this policy brief, we summarize evidence which on balance indicates that approving this rice tariffication reform is likely to be a win-win-win measure for Filipinos and the Philippine economy at large. Specifically, adopting moderate tariffs on rice imports, we find, would benefit poor and near-poor consumers, workers, industry, and even rice farmers themselves, should revenues from the tariffs be earmarked for spending on safety nets and social protection measures, as well as a productivity enhancement fund dedicated to rice farmers, to be managed on a participatory basis.

A study of the family service expenditures and the socio-demographic characteristics via fixed marginals correspondence analysis

Our study focuses on two data set, the former provides the expenditures for several services for each family and the latter contains socio-demographic variables for the same statistical units. The main aim is to analyze, in a Correspondence Analysis context, the service expenditure of families based on the whole given data-set under two types of constraints: the global relative expenses for a given service and the global relative expenses for a given socio-demographic category. The purpose of measuring the relationship between expenditure on social services and the socio-demographic characteristics of families is conducted in an exploratory and predictive perspective. A new approach is then introduced which ensures compliance with the required constraints. Moreover, through a procedure, we have obtained a table of regression coefficients. This table shows interesting properties and it is easy to interpret. Finally, the performance of the results has been evaluated using computer-based resampling techniques.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India: The Engine of Growth

With rising cost of crop cultivation, narrowing margin, fast increasing family expenditure and rising unemployment, agriculture may not succeed in offering meaningful living to millions of farmers in rural India. Seeing the growing contribution of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in increasing employment and income of the people, it is felt that MSME sector may supplement farmers’ income and help rural India to achieve equity and promote a balanced economic development. The MSMEs also support in industrializing rural areas. Growth of the sector in the last few decades is quite encouraging. But these enterprises are facing many bottlenecks such as infrastructure, demand, quality raw material, manpower with skill and credit facility. This article attempts to study the growth, importance and key challenges of the MSME sector in India. The article concludes with a statement that MSMEs are the lower layer of the enterprise system, which contributes to the overall GDP and welfare by generating additional employment, increasing export and maintaining equity. Therefore, MSMEs must be explored and made use of as a powerful tool of growth and social justice.

Revisit to Expenditure-Based Segmentation: The Case of the US Kids Golf World Championship

The current study segments the youth golf event market based on expenditure of families who participated in the US Kids Golf World Championship. Expenditure was analyzed from the perspective of parents of young golfers who played at the event. Analysis confirmed the existence of three dissimilar groups of spenders that included light spenders, medium spenders, and heavy spenders. These spenders significantly differed in 1) the expenditure variables such as lodging, food & beverage, golf, retail, transportation, and entertainment & recreation, 2) the overall satisfaction with the event, and 3) trip characteristics. The findings help better appreciate the expenditure patterns and characteristics of families who attended the special youth golf event, a market that has hitherto been infrequently addressed in the literature. Marketing implications are discussed for golf event marketers and associated businesses.

Estimating Gini Coefficient and FGT Indices in the Philippines Using the Family Income and Expenditure Survey

ABSTRACT Rooted from unequal and inequitable income distribution, poverty is the struggle of households in lower income distribution to access basic necessities. Using the Philippine Family Income and Expenditure Survey micro data from 2000-2015, we draw Lorenz curves for each year and estimated national and regional Gini coefficients. Our data also allowed us to obtain the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke poverty and inequality indices. Thus, we captured changes in poverty and income distribution. Results revealed a diminutive welfare improvement calling for a distinct framework in implementing poverty alleviation programs.