Emigration Of Families Research Articles

The impact of emigration on population decline in Croatia

In the last thirty years, the countries of south-eastern and eastern Europe have experienced significant population decline, and Croatia is no exception to that. This paper revisits the problem of depopulation in Croatia in the last two intercensal periods (2001?2011 and 2011?2021). The aim was to analyze the impact of emigration on depopulation in Croatia and investigate whether it had a greater impact on depopulation than natural decrease. Additionally, the aim was to investigate whether the number of emigrants was underreported in the official statistics. The results show that Croatia lost more population due to negative net migration than the official statistical data indicate. Recent migrations in Croatia did not only affect the population decline, but also age composition of the population, particularly in the last intercensal period due to emigration of families with children and population in their working and reproductive ages, as they composed a large proportion of emigrants. The paper provides an elaborate insight into the recent migration patterns in Croatia while highlighting the underestimation of the proportions of emigration from Croatia by the official statistics.

El «olvido» de las canarias en los estudios de la emigración femenina a América (siglos XVII-XIX)

The historiography on the emigration of women to America has forgotten or silenced the role played by those from the Canary Islands in the historical development of the New World, especially in the Caribbean, both those who participated in the family emigration promoted by the Crown and those who They did it on their own to Cuba and Venezuela in the colonial era and in contracts to those two territories and Uruguay and Puerto Rico in the 19th century. This article tries to analyze what they meant, especially those who decided to go on their own, whether single, married or widowed, between the 17th and 19th centuries.

Bauman: A Biography

Bauman: A Biography

Forced Emigration of Families due to Violence in Southern Sinaloa: Tragic and Complex Experiences

Este trabajo estudia la migración forzada por la violencia en México, en particular en Sinaloa, en el contexto de la “guerra contra el narcotráfico”. El objetivo general del artículo es analizar el proceso de la emigración forzada por violencia y la integración en la sociedad receptora, no como etapas separadas, sino como parte de un proceso continuo de la migración y de las experiencias de las familias. Y lo que interesa es conocer esa experiencia del proceso, desde la emigración, el desplazamiento, hasta la integración. Estas experiencias están marcadas por la tragedia, la vulnerabilidad social y por el miedo. Pero, son las redes sociales y familiares las que han permitido la sobrevivencia de las familias, principalmente. El retorno definitivo parece lejano, porque sus pueblos fueron trastocados y no se les han garantizado las condiciones de seguridad ni restablecido la forma de vida de sus comunidades.

Wychowanie religijne dzieci emigrantów zarobkowych jako wyzwanie dla rodziców, duszpasterzy i katechetów (na przykładzie Szkocji)

The aim of the article was to provide a description of the conditions affecting religious upbringing of children in families that are staying in Scotland during an economic migration. The perspective used encompasses the family environment, the parish, the Scottish educational system and its constituent catholic schools, and a Polish Saturday school. The presented research was conducted among Poles staying in Scotland. It shows that family emigration makes religious upbringing of children harder. We may attribute this to the following main factors: a weakening of the parents’ religiosity, a lack of religious education in public schools, insufficient knowledge of catholic education, a limit of the capability of attending Polish language catholic mass, and a lay environment in which the children operate. A certain challenge for the emigrants is understanding the different character of catholic education in Scotland from that in Poland. A large problem is insufficient catechism activities which are usually ad hoc, limited in duration, and reach only a part of the children and youth. In families with weak religiosity, an emigration threatens the realization of the religious education and upbringing function of families and favors the cessation of faith. Pastoral and catechist activities with a large engagement of lay catechists are an attempt to deal with the challenges that families face with children being raised in dual language environments and cultures of varied attitudes to religious and spiritual needs.

Engaging the Holocaust Through the Poetry of Dan Pagis by Shellie Gordon McCullough

Reviewed by: Engaging the Holocaust Through the Poetry of Dan Pagis by Shellie Gordon McCullough Cary Nelson Shellie Gordon McCullough, Engaging the Holocaust Through the Poetry of Dan Pagis. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017, 142 pp. Hardback, $75.00, ebook $74.99. ISBN: 978-1-4985-3287-7. Dan Pagis was born in 1930 at Radutz in Rumanian Bukovina. Raised in Vienna, he was later picked up and shipped to a Nazi concentration camp in the Ukraine. After escaping in 1944, he made his way to what was then Mandatory Palestine in 1946 and joined a kibbutz. Pagis's father had gone to Palestine in 1934 to arrange for the family's emigration. When the mother died, Pagis stayed with his grandparents. The father returned to Vienna in 1939, but felt his son would be safer there than in Palestine. Like most Jews at the time, he did not see the disaster looming on the European horizon. Pagis was born into a German-speaking family but he was determined to break completely with his native tongue in the wake of the Holocaust. Remarkably, he began writing poems in Hebrew within only a few years, a language he had not known until arriving in Palestine. His first books came out in 1959 and 1964, but it was not until his third book, Gigul (Transformation), published in 1970, that he was able to write poems about the Holocaust. Eight poems under a separate heading were explicit Holocaust poems, among them his signature piece "Written in Pencil in the Sealed Railway Car," and the long, difficult poem "Footprints." Both of these are among the texts McCullough selects for detailed analysis in her carefully titled Engaging the Holocaust Through the Poetry of Dan Pagis. The title suggests that she wants to use Pagis's poems on the topic to address the fundamental character of the Holocaust itself, but that is an aim entirely in harmony with Pagis's own poetics. Despite the deceptively conversational style of some of his Holocaust poems, they are unforgiving in their dark view of how the Holocaust has shaped Jewish identity and more broadly human identity ever since. Pagis would earn a PhD at Hebrew University and [End Page 222] go on to become a major scholar in addition to a poet, publishing important books on Medieval and Renaissance Hebrew poetry, but in his poetry it often seems there is no Jewish past that does not lead to the Shoah and no escaping its shadow now. She quotes Elie Wiesel to signal the consequences of the Holocaust as they bear on human culture and identity: "at Auschwitz not only man died, but the idea of man." (46) The massacre of European Jewry is at the center of that larger human story, a story that marks all of us in the human community as survivors. It is not a story whose lesson most of us are able to retain in active consciousness for very long, if at all. But in McCullogh's apt readings the lesson receives repeated verification and variation. If Jews have special warrant to tell this story, they do so not only because it is at the center of a peoples' history but also because the Holocaust was the moment when that history acquired a double meaning, one specific to Jewish history and one that burdened human history and identity as well. Her reading of "The Portrait" offers a good example of the way the Holocaust erodes even the possibility "of identity in general" (71): The boydoes not sit stillit's hard for me to grasp the lines of his cheeks,I draw one lineand his face wrinkles multiplyI dip the brushand his lips twist, andhis hair whitens, his skin turns blue and peels off his bones.He has ceased to be.The old man is not there, and as for meWhat am I to do? (or where shall I go?) Presented here (and in her book) in Stephen Mitchell's translation, the poem's speaker is ostensibly trying to paint a boy's portrait, but the picture "dis-integrates into nothingness" (67) as he works. The process combines an...

Left behind but doing good? Civic engagement in two post-socialist countries

The fall of socialism in Central and Eastern Europe restored ordinary citizens’ rights and freedoms and ended their political and social isolation. While the freedom of movement was quickly embraced, civil society revival lagged due to the eroded civic norms, declining social capital, and worsening economic conditions. In this paper, we examine the link between the out-migration of relatives and friends and the pro-social behavior of the left behinds in two post-socialist countries—Bulgaria and Romania—the EU's poorest, and among the least happy and most corrupt member states. We show that having close contacts abroad is consistently positively associated with civic engagement and that the cultural transmission of norms from abroad could be driving the results. Specifically, the strength of the civic engagement culture of the family or friend's destination matters for the pro-social behavior of respondents in the home countries. Our results imply that the emigration of family and friends may have positive but previously undocumented consequences for the individuals and communities left behind in Bulgaria and Romania. Given civil society's role for development in post-socialist Europe and the socio-economic and institutional challenges that Bulgaria and Romania face compared with the rest of the EU, understanding the channels fostering civil society and well-being are important for national and EU policymakers.

INCREASE OF PSYCHOTIC CASES AMONG EMIGRANTS’ GROUPS: IS MIGRATION A RISK FACTOR FOR PSYCHOSIS?

Background: Emigration is a process of social changing through which an individual moves from a certain cultural environment/context to another, aiming to achieve persistent or long-term residency. This process is inevitably distressing, and the stress could be the cause of any mental disorder. Objective: Summary o f data from different studies, regarding emigration as a risk factor for development of different psychosis. Method : Search of scientific articles (written in English language) from MEDLINE, which study the incidence of mental disorders in different emigrant populations, for period 1990 - 2010. Results: The average relative risk of schizophrenia and of other psychosis occurrence among first generation emigrants was 2.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.3-3.2). Statistical analysis performed among studies of first and second generation of emigrants, and among studies which don’t make difference between generations, results in a relative risk of 2.9 (95% CI=2.5-3.4) of mental illness. Conclusions: Emigration process, cultural and social adaptation, plays an important role on the individual mental health. A personal or family emigration history represents an important risk factor for developing schizophrenia and other psychosis. Keywords: emigrants, psychosis, prevalence Normal 0 21 false false false RO X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

Left Behind But Doing Good? Civic Engagement in Two Post-Socialist Countries

The fall of socialism in Central and Eastern Europe restored ordinary citizens' rights and freedoms and ended their political and social isolation. While the freedom of movement was quickly embraced, civil society revival lagged due to the eroded civic norms, declining social capital, and worsening economic conditions. In this paper, we examine the link between the out-migration of relatives and friends and the pro-social behavior of the left behinds in two post-socialist countries - Bulgaria and Romania - the EU's poorest, unhappiest, and among the most corrupt members. We show that having close contacts abroad is consistently positively associated with civic engagement and that the cultural transmission of norms from abroad could be driving the results. Specifically, the strength of the civic engagement culture of the family or friend's destination matters for the pro-social behavior of respondents in the home countries. Our results imply that the emigration of family and friends may have positive but previously undocumented consequences for the individuals and communities left behind in Bulgaria and Romania. Given civil society's role for development in post-socialist Europe and the socio-economic and institutional challenges that Bulgaria and Romania face compared with the rest of the EU, understanding the channels fostering civil society and well-being are important for national and EU policymakers.

The Reluctant Settler's Narrative Delay: Weaning On Board Ship in Susanna Moodie's Flora Lyndsay

The Reluctant Settler's Narrative Delay: Weaning On Board Ship in Susanna Moodie's Flora Lyndsay

Sailor's Hope: The Life and Times of William Cooper, Agrarian Radical in an Age of Revolutions (review)

Reviewed by: Sailor's Hope: The Life and Times of William Cooper, Agrarian Radical in an Age of Revolutions Sean Cadigan Sailor's Hope: The Life and Times of William Cooper, Agrarian Radical in an Age of Revolutions. Rusty Bittermann. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010. Pp. 336, $32.95 paper Rusty Bittermann examines the ideological undercurrents of William Cooper (1786-1867), who is best known as a leading advocate of land reform in nineteenth-century Prince Edward Island (PEI). Bittermann sets Cooper in the context of his broader career as a man of the Atlantic World in an age of revolutions. Sailor's Hope rests on extensive research in manuscript collections, government records, parish records, mercantile records, diaries, and newspapers in thirty-four archives, record offices, and libraries in the Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Bermuda. Of particular interest are the private papers held by William Cooper's descendant Edward Cooper of New Mexico, which shed light on the fate of the Cooper family's emigration to California in the early 1850s. It is significant that Cooper chose Sailor's Hope as the name for the farm he founded in PEI in 1818; maritime life shaped his experiences as a settler and radical. The child of a Scottish artisan family, Cooper went to sea, first in the navy in 1797 and then in mercantile shipping, to earn his living. By 1808, Cooper was a sea captain, whose voyages included the Gulf of St Lawrence. For most mariners, work at sea was a young person's way of earning enough to build a life ashore with a [End Page 328] family and household. Marriage in 1817, in the context of deepening postwar recession in Britain, led Cooper to pursue the opportunities of PEI. While Cooper had little formal education, his captaincy suggested a thorough grasp of the accounting and leadership skills that were necessary to successfully command a vessel in trade. Cooper used these skills to develop the family farm and also to become the land agent for Lord James Townshend, an absentee proprietor who controlled much of the land neighbouring Cooper's farm. Cooper was a responsible agent, but he believed that reciprocity should govern the relationship between landlords and tenants, and built a mill to serve Townshend's tenants, but without his employer's permission. Town-shend eventually dismissed Cooper, believing that his former agent was not squeezing enough income out of the proprietor's grant. Bittermann suggests that Cooper's experience as a captain allowed him to take a leading role in the fight for escheat that built through the 1830s, earning a seat in the House of Assembly. Although Bittermann does not explore the possibility, one might speculate that the intertwining traditions of paternalism and radical seafaring egalitarianism, which so many historians have identified as being important to British maritime life during Cooper's lifetime, also animated his politics. Cooper adhered to a labour theory of value, arguing that the tenants who actually improved the lands of PEI had more rights in property than did the proprietors. He combined this theory with a more general sense that labouring people had rights to justice and the rule of law. Arguing that all British subjects had the right to a fair application of the law, Cooper's position was that most of PEI's proprietors had not lived up to the terms of improvement specified in their original grants. The British Crown, consequently, should have used escheat to force the proprietors to yield their grants to the farmers who worked them. Cooper's politics earned him some political persecution, but he had no interest in the insurrectionary sentiments abroad in the Canadas. By the early 1840s, he turned to mercantile pursuits with his sons in shipping and the timber trade. Put off by their more speculative approaches to capitalist ventures, Cooper eventually supported his sons' desire to seek their fortunes in California, but deterred by the hardscrabble life of San Francisco during the gold rush, Cooper returned to PEI, although most of his family did not. Some, like Cooper's wife Sarah, succumbed to cholera, while others perished in settler conflicts with...

Reconciliation with Qaddafi

Jungian psychoanalyst Dr. David Gerbi describes the journey of his awakening to peace and reconciliation after the traumatic expulsion of his family from their home in Libya in this twopart article. The first part of this article describes his experience after his family's emigration to Rome. In the second part, he describes his return to Libya and subsequent contact with the Libyan dictator in Rome. His work demonstrates how the traumas of the past can be turned into opportunities for the future and that a condition for peace with one's enemies is making peace with one's own self.

Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration (review)

Reviewed by: Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration Shanti Fernando Janet W. Salaff, Siu-Iun Wong, and Arent Greve. Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration. Urbana-Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2010. 259 pp. Notes. References. Index. $30.00 sc. Hong Kong Movers and Stayers: Narratives of Family Migration is an interesting and important addition to the University of Illinois Press series Studies of World Migrations. This book looks at the emigration from Hong Kong in the wake of the retrocession of Hong Kong to China in 1997. This is done at both a macro and micro level by using careful survey and interview data and seeking to complicate simple or universalizing theories surrounding migration patterns by grounding their research in institutional theory, transnationalism theory, and sociological analysis of in-depth narratives. The authors began this research in 1991 in order to capture the emigration patterns of Hong Kong residents during the period from 1984 to the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997. They surveyed 1,552 residents and found that 12% of them had plans to emigrate, so it was not quite the mass exodus that might have been expected. Nine of these potential emigrants were then selected for in-depth interviewing, and the stories of their hopes, challenges and fears are presented in this volume. The book is divided into three parts which represent different experiences based largely on the class of immigrants, and it also identifies three levels of social institution, which are “large-scale regulatory institutions, intermediate-level social relations, and more personal cognitive-cultural frames” (217), that provide the framework for their analysis. The book’s divisions, based on social class, are the Cosmopolitans, the Rooted, and the Working Class, each of which relates the story of three families from those categories. Each class, however, has its own sets of challenges and the common core value of family unity and the goal of creating the best conditions for the thriving of that family and its networks. The institutions that they describe include Hong Kong political and social institutions and the family—the Chinese family in particular—as an institution with varying “family scripts” that “shape their migration trajectories” and how they adjust and react in unique ways. The strong family ties play a part in the majority of the migrant narratives. Migration stories are not simple point A to point B stories, and this is captured in rich detail in the book. The three “Cosmopolitan” families, with their skills, education, and global connections, still had settlement issues, some of which were resolved and one of which resulted in reverse immigration. The three “Rooted” families demonstrated not just what immigrants gain through their emigration, but what they leave behind, and that adaptation to changes in one’s home country might be easier than adapting to a new country. Brian Wan, supposedly “rooted,” also has a story that shows the “different [End Page 291] migration experiences and expectations of women and men and of various generations” (135). He wanted to join his family in Canada, but his wife, Wai-Yin, did not want to emigrate, and his family, which had emigrated to Canada, disappointed him by changing their family emigration plan and denying him support. The three “Working Class” family stories emphasize that economic instability makes family and local support networks difficult to leave, along with the slim possibility of meeting the skills requirements of immigration programs such as those in Canada. It also challenges assertions that transcultural identities are now the norm (Castles and Miller, 1993Castles and Miller, 1998) by showing the enduring nature of national cultural identities and loyalties. The psychological factors of family decision-making are important ones and the book does well to emphasize this, as much of migration research relies on one-dimensional or unsophisticated views of immigrant motivation. The purpose of Hong Kong Movers and Stayers appears to be to provide an alternative to universal theories of push and pull factors such as Peter Li (2003) has presented. It pushes us to look at patterns of migration in more flexible and nuanced ways. It emphasizes that it is not a single decision of...

"The Innocent Victim: A Franco-American Civil War Novel." ed. by Adélard Lambert (review)

Book Reviews207 Reformation, covering such diverse topics as Egyptian justice, Constantine, Arianism, Germanic invasions, the Crusades and Martin Luther. Its discursive form (a dialogue between the interlocutors Primus and Secundus) and its mixed genre place it in classical and humanistic traditions, recalling such authors as Thucydides, Horace and Erasmus. A compelling argument is made for the poem as both a clarification ofHobbes's ecclesiology and a literary undertaking. The questions which are brought to fore include Hobbes's place in the humanist and Latin poetic traditions, his fear of the charge of heresy, his connections with Continental thinkers such as Gassendi and Lorenzo Valla and his critique ofthe Nicene Creed. This edition offers a multitude of significant information; all told, the support material amounts to over 400 pages. The introductory chapters help to elucidate a complicated context, and the index ofproper names serves as a guide to a multifaceted text. A first appendix provides a survey of the manuscripts and printed editions while a second offers the entries in the Hardwick Hall Library, a collection which Hobbes himself helped to collect and document. The material is rounded out by extensive bibliographical references and a glossary of pertinent proper names. The remainder of the volume contains the Latin text with a facing English translation, extensive footnotes, manuscript variants and the 1 688 glossary and preface. The translation is meticulously researched and, although there might be the occasional disagreement as to the use of a term, this does not detract from an excellent presentation of Hobbes's expression. Scholars might disagree on such questions as Hobbes's sources, his reaction to Platonism or his historical intentions, but the particulars presented in this edition provide ample proof of the importance of this text and its archeology and also serve to illustrate the necessity for further research. Given the complexity of the text and its context, one could wish for a slightly more approachable style in the introductory materials, and those unfamiliar with such elements as Hobbes's Epicureanism and Erastianism would do well to begin with more general readings on the religious and political situation in Europe over the course of his life. However, this density and the occasional typographical error do not take away from the importance of the scholarship. A monumental effort, the volume serves as a remedy to a regrettable omission and is an essential addition to Hobbesian scholarship. Dorothy StegmanBall State University Lambert, Adélard. "The Innocent Victim: A Franco-American Civil War Novel." Ed. and trans. Margaret S. Langford in collaboration with Claire Quintal. Bennington, VT: Images from the Past, 2008. Pp [i]-xxviii; 116. ISBN 1-884592-50-3 (Paper). ISBN 978-1-884592-50-8. $15.95 (Paper). L 'Innocente victime is Adélard Lambert's (1867-1946) melodramatic tale of French Canadian immigration to the United States. Originally serialized in Le 208Women in French Studies Droit (an Ottawa daily) in 1936, Lambert's text is steeped in the ideology of French Canadian cultural conservation, known as la survivance. Set in 1 864, the story begins in the small village St. Pauvret, Quebec and follows one family's emigration to Manchester, NH and Lowell, MA. Lambert's account of trickery, forced enlistment into the Union Army, abduction, and murder reveals the dangers of easy money enticements just across the border. Margaret Langford's translation of this roman à thèse stays close to the original language, capturing its journalistic prose. In his foreword, Robert Perreault, a historian of Manchester, NH's Franco-American community, describes the unsolved murder case that provided the inspiration for Lambert's story. Langford's introduction offers a brief biographical sketch of Lambert, who, like many French Canadians moved back and forth across the border many times. She also outlines his development into a well-known expert of French Canadian folklore and collaboration with Marius Barbeau, a pioneer in French Canadian ethnography. The well-researched footnotes annotating the text clarify historical allusions and situate the cultural references. The two appendices describe French Canadian working life and French Canadian folksongs. Langford ends her text with a thorough bibliography ofworks on Franco Americans. Margaret Langford's volume offers a welcome addition to the growing collection...

The health effects of emigration on those who remain at home

The health effects of emigration on relatives staying behind has received little attention in the recent literature. Our aim was to assess the association of spouse and offspring emigration with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Albania, a country which is undergoing a particularly rapid socio-economic transition accompanied by intensive emigration. A population-based case-control study, conducted in Tirana, Albania, in 2003-06, included 467 non-fatal consecutive ACS patients (370 men, 97 women; 88% response) and 737 population-representative controls (469 men, 268 women; 69% response) aged 35-74 years. Information on emigration of family members and financial support, socio-demographic characteristics and conventional coronary risk factors was obtained by a structured questionnaire and examination. Associations of emigrational variables with ACS were assessed by logistic regression. Forty five percent of female and 25% of male patients, and 17 and 15% of controls, respectively, reported emigration of a close family member. These were younger and of lower education, income and social status than controls without emigrants. Forty nine percent of patient emigrants vs 76% of control emigrants remitted funds. Excess risk of ACS was confined to individuals whose emigrant relatives did not remit monies home [multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 10.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6-44.8 in women, and OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.9-4.3 in men; P for sex-interaction = 0.03] and was attributable largely to spouse emigration. Our findings, which require confirmation, suggest that emigration of close family, but especially of spouses, coupled with non-remittance of financial support is associated with marked health effects in the spouse or parent left behind, and that women are more vulnerable than men.

Jose!: Born to Dance: The Story of Jose Limon (review)

Reviewed by: Clara and Asha Timnah Card Rohmann, Eric Clara and Asha; written and illus. by Eric Rohmann. Roaring Brook, 2005 [32p] ISBN 1-59643-031-1$16.95 Reviewed from galleys R 4-6 yrs José Limón was one of the world's foremost modern dancers and choreographers, and Reich, author of Clara Schumann: Piano Virtuoso (BCCB 5/99), traces his life from kicking baby boy to pioneering dance artist. The book begins with episodes from José's childhood in Mexico; focus then shifts to events leading up to his dance career—the Mexican civil war and his family's emigration to the U.S. in 1915, his restlessness after high school and move to New York, and his eventual dance lessons with influential teachers Doris Humphrey and Charles Weidman. Though coverage is occasionally uneven, a historical note fills in the gaps, and Reich effectively portrays Limón's determination, restlessness, dismay, and then triumph as he searches for his place in the world. Short, to-the-point sentences and lively sound effects ("SORA-SORA-SO," "TRILLIA-WEET!", "PUM!") make this a promising readalone as well as a colorful readaloud. Colón's watercolor and colored-pencil art is at once vivid and somber in its deep browns, reds, and blues. Softly textured paper lends a muted quality, while etched lines add movement and structure. Illustrations skillfully enhance the narrative, creating an expressive atmosphere that brings Limón's passion for life and dance alive. A glossary of Spanish words and phrases, historical note, and brief bibliography are included. Copyright © 2005 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

The First Norwegian-American Foreign Missionaries: John and Oline Hogstad

10 The First Norwegian- American Foreign Missionaries: John and Oline Hogstad by James B. Vigen "Pray ... for all the Tanosi people, that the door to their hearts may be opened for the Gospel" - John and Oline Hogstad, the first Norwegian -American foreign missionaries, Í887-Í9ÍÍ.1 America sent thousands of its sons and daughters abroad as foreign missionaries during the years that the church historian Kenneth Scott Latourette called "the Great Century" (1800191 4). 2 While Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Congregationalists were the major senders, Lutherans also made their contribution.3 The role of Norwegian Americans in this vast movement is, however, largely untold. The following is the story of the first Norwegian Americans to go out in foreign missions: John and Oline Hogstad. Jon Peder Hogstad was born on 2 December 1858, on the Hogstad farm in the northern portion of the diocese of Trondheim.4 John's parents were Ole Pedersen Hogstad and Anne Martha Hogstad (née Melhus). Apparently Ole Pederson inherited a portion of the farm in 1857 upon the death of his mother. The sale of his land holdings may have financed the family's emigration to the United States in the summer of 1866. John Peter Hogstad was then eight years old.5 The Hogstad family settled first in the town of Lyons, in Goodhue county, Minnesota, southeast of Minneapolis along the Mississippi River about fifteen miles from the city of Red 271 272 James B. Vigen Wing. After only two years there, however, they purchased a farm in the town of Camp, in Renville county, about one hundred miles southwest of the Twin Cities. The Hogstad farm was ideally situated for young John in terms of what were probably the two most important institutions during his youth: the local Norwegian church and the local school. The church of the pietist Hauge Synod was on the next quarter to the east of the farm, an easy walk. The school of district number 10 was located just slightly northeast of the Hogstad farm. Both institutions would be essential in the formation of the young man who was to become the first Norwegian-American foreign missionary: the school, because without the proper education he could not have attended Augsburg College, whence the impetus for foreign missions came most strongly, through the influence of Georg Sverdrup; and the church, because it was the Haugean revivalist-type churches that became most involved in foreign mission work. At the time of the Reformation, Lutheran or Evangelical churches became preeminently occupied with establishing Evangelical churches in Europe and defending the territory thus claimed against attack. Foreign missions were not at the forefront of the Reformers' efforts, and later Roman Catholic theologians used the lack of foreign missionaries as proof that the Lutheran churches were merely "sects" and not the true Church. This led Lutheran orthodox or scholastic theologians such as Johann Gerhard (1582-1637) to respond defensively that the apostolic age was clearly over, and that therefore Jesus' injunction to his disciples in Matthew 28 no longer applied in the sense of a spirit-called apostolate. The cause of propagating the faith was entrusted to the Church and to the proper preaching of the Gospel. This task was the responsibility of each local congregation. Thus, as James Scherer has put it, "in the course of defending Lutheranism against polemical charges, Gerhard tended to make missionary activity both unnecessary and theologically suspect."6 It was not until the era of the pietist revivals in Europe and Scandinavia that Lutherans began aggressively to pursue foreign missions.7 In Norway a The First Norwegian- American Foreign Missionaries 273 direct link exists between the Haugean revival and the founding of the Norwegian Missionary Society (. Det Norské Missionsselskap ) in 1842. The Haugean revival in Norway itself did not spring sui generis from the Norwegian soil. It was influenced greatly by the broader pietist/evangelical revivals in Europe, especially the influence of the Moravian Herrnhut community. One of the few Norwegian bishops to give early support to the Haugean revival, Peter Olivarius Bugge of Trondheim, was deeply affected by the "Unitas Fratrum" of Herrnhut, and this led him to found the first Norwegian missionary journal in...

Population processes allowing emigration of families

"In the familiar immigration-birth-death process the events of immigration, birth and death relate to the individual. There are processes in which the whole family and not just an individual migrates. Such population growth models are studied in some detail." Both human and animal populations are considered.

Population processes allowing emigration of families

In the familiar immigration–birth–death process the events of immigration, birth and death relate to the individual. There are processes in which the whole family and not just an individual migrates. Such population growth models are studied in some detail.

Les enfants illégitimes

Les enfants illégitimes. Le long récit par lequel Zahoua retrace l'histoire de l'émigration de sa famille et décrit les relations à l'intérieur de sa famille et hors de sa famille (et, par-delà cette expérience immédiate, avec les sociétés française et algérienne) est, pour une bonne part, le produit de la position particulière qu'elle occupe à l'intérieur de sa famille. Cette position qui lui permet d'adopter à la fois le point de vue de l'observateur et celui de l'observé la conduit à une véritable analyse de sa condition d'émigrée et de fille d'émigrés. Cependant, l'auto-analyse atteint vite, ici, à la socio-analyse. Sans doute, à travers le travail d'objectivation qu'elle entreprend, Zahoua vise-t-elle, d'abord, à se donner la maîtrise d'une situation conflictuelle et à réaliser un équilibre entre les sollicitations contradictoires auxquelles elle est soumise; mais plus fondamentalement, elle atteint à la vérité objective de la condition d'émigré dont elle dévoile les dissimulations et les illusions. En opérant de la sorte, elle découvre toutes les contradictions dont est porteuse l'émigration et tous les conflits qu'elle suscite. Ces conflits qui, le plus souvent, sont décrits en termes psychologiques sont formulés ici dans leur véritable dimension sociologique car en même temps qu'ils sont énoncés, sont données les conditions sociales de leur genèse. Ainsi, il est fréquent, comme le montre l'exemple même de Zahoua, que les situations respectives des parents et des enfants correspondent à deux séries de drames distincts mais inséparables les uns des autres. Séparés par le hiatus engendré par l'émigration, les enfants apparaissent aux yeux de leurs parents qui ne se reconnaissent plus en eux, comme des «bâtards, des enfants sur lesquels on s'interroge, bref des enfants illégitimes». Et par delà le rapport malheureux à ses parents, c'est tout ce qui fait en propre la condition malheureuse des émigrés que Zahoua découvre.