Family Cytophagaceae Research Articles

Arcicella gelida sp. nov. and Arcicella lustrica sp. nov., isolated from streams in China and re-examining the taxonomic status of all the genera within the families Spirosomataceae and Cytophagaceae.

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile strains (DC2WT, DC25WT, and LKC2W) were isolated from streams in China. Comparisons based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that these three strains share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values over 97.0 % with the species of genus Arcicella. There was confusion due to the fact that all species of genera Flectobacillus, Aquirufa, and Sandaracinomonas show 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of over 90.0 % to the above three strains, but the genus Flectobacillus belongs to the family Spirosomataceae and the genera Aquirufa and Sandaracinomonas belong to the family Cytophagaceae. Observing the phylogenetic trees, strains DC2WT, DC25WT, and LKC2W cluster closely with the species of genus Arcicella, but some species within the families Spirosomataceae and Cytophagaceae are not monophyletic. The phylogenomic tree also showed a confused phylogenetic relationships among these non-monophyletic species. Combining the phylogenetic relationships and average nucleotide identity values, the current taxonomic status of all the genera within the families Spirosomataceae and Cytophagaceae were re-examined. The genera 'Chryseosolibacter', 'Dawidia', and Chryseotalea should belong to the new family Chryseotaleaceae fam. nov., the genera Arcicella, Flectobacillus, Pseudarcicella, Aquirufa, and Sandaracinomonas should belong to the new family Flectobacillaceae fam. nov., the genera Fluviimonas, Taeseokella, Arcticibacterium, Emticicia, Jiulongibacter, Marinilongibacter, Lacihabitans, and Leadbetterella should belong to the new family Leadbetterellaceae fam. nov., the genus Litoribacter should be reassigned to the family Cyclobacteriaceae, and the genera Arundinibacter and Tellurirhabdus should be reassigned to the family Spirosomataceae. Strains DC2WT and DC25WT are reported to represent two novel species of the genus Arcicella, for which the names Arcicella gelida sp. nov. (type strain DC2WT=GDMCC 1.3209T=KCTC 92559T) and Arcicella lustrica sp. nov. (type strain DC25WT=GDMCC 1.3210T=KCTC 92557T) are proposed.

Bacterial decontamination of process liquids and paints in E-coating lines by pulsed electric field treatment

Cultivation-based and DNA-based methods for determining the bacterial load and the composition of the bacterial spectrum have been successfully established for media in electrodip painting, and used for the detailed analysis of the contamination situation in an E-coating system of an automobile plant in Germany. Dominating representatives of the genus Microbacterium spp., the orders Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales, the family Cytophagaceae and the genera Corynebacterium spp., Sphingomonas spp., and Stenotrophomonas spp. were used for inactivation experiments. Different pulsed electric field (PEF) parameters were studied for an effective and target-directed inactivation of defined bacterial suspensions containing mixtures of Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria, but also single species suspensions in adequate liquids. PEF treatment with pulse durations longer than 1.0 µs effectively killed bacteria even in low conductivity media, regardless of whether the pulses were unipolar or bipolar, indicating that the choice of pulse shape does not limit the design of the PEF system. Model calculations showed that for efficient treatment in bypass mode, a high treatment flow rate is required rather than a high inactivation efficiency of the PEF treatment. By using specific treatment parameters, such as bipolar pulses of 50 k Vcm−1 and a treatment energy of 40 J mL−1, a significant reduction in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria (> 2 log10 reduction) can be achieved while minimizing electrode corrosion and coating degradation. PEF treatment proves to be an effective alternative to the use of biocides in an E-coating system and can help maintain a bacteriostatic environment in the system by operating at different points, in transfer flow or bypass mode, ensuring biocide-free operation.

Description of a new freshwater bacterium Aquirufa regiilacus sp. nov., classification of the genera Aquirufa, Arundinibacter, Sandaracinomonas, and Tellurirhabdus to the family Spirosomataceae, classification of the genus Chryseotalea to the family Fulvivirgaceae and Litoribacter to the family Cyclobacteriaceae, as well as classification of Litoribacter alkaliphilus as a later heterotypic synonym of Litoribacter ruber

Strains LEOWEIH-7CT and LEPPI-3A were isolated from the Leopoldskroner Weiher, a lake located in the city of Salzburg, Austria. 16S rRNA gene similarities and phylogenetic reconstructions with 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as based on genome sequences revealed that the new strains belong to the A. antheringensis branch of the genus Aquirufa. Calculated whole-genome average nucleotide identity (gANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values with the closely related type strains showed that the two strains represent a single new species. The strains grew aerobically and chemoorganotrophically, and the cells were rod shaped, on average 0.8 µm long and 0.3 µm wide, red pigmented and motile by gliding. The genome size of both strains was 2.6 Mbp and the G+C value was 41.9%. The genomes comprised genes predicted for the complete light-harvesting rhodopsin system and various carotenoids. We proposed to establish the name Aquirufa regiilacus sp. nov. for strain LEOWEIH-7CT (=DSM 116390T = JCM 36347T) as the type strain. Strain LEPPI-3A (=DSM 116391 = JCM 36348) also belongs to this new species. The calculated genome-based phylogenetic tree revealed that Aquirufa and some other genera currently allocated in the family Cytophagaceae need a reclassification. Aquirufa, Arundinibacter, Sandaracinomonas, and Tellurirhabdus should be designated to the family Spirosomataceae, the genus Chryseotalea to the family Fulvivirgaceae, and the genus Litoribacter to the family Cyclobacteriaceae. Furthermore, based on calculated gANI and dDDH values, Litoribacter alkaliphilus should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of Litoribacter ruber.

Description of Xanthocytophaga agilis sp. nov. and Xanthocytophaga flavus sp. nov. of the new genus Xanthocytophaga gen. nov and the proposal of Rhodocytophagaceae fam. nov. within the order Cytophagales.

Four Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented and rod-shaped bacteria, named strains BD1B2-1T, NT2B1T, YF14B1 and DM2B3-1, were isolated from four rhizosphere soil samples of banana in China. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all these strains were most closely related to an invalidly published species, 'Rhodocytophaga rosea' 172606-1, with similarities ranging from 87.7 to 88.0%. According to the phylogenomic analysis, the four strains were clustered in an independent lineage and closely related to the genus Rhodocytophaga. The genomic sizes of these strains were approximately 9.49-9.77 Mbp with the DNA G + C contents of 38.8-39.0mol%. They all contained C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH as the major fatty acids and menaquinone 7 as the only respiratory quinone. They all had phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipids. Based on phenotypic and phylogenomic characteristics, the four strains should represent two novel species within a novel genus, for which the names Xanthocytophaga agilis gen. nov., sp. nov. (BD1B2-1T = GDMCC 1.2890T = JCM 35374T) and Xanthocytophaga flavus sp. nov. (NT2B1T = GDMCC 1.2889T = JCM 35375T) are proposed; the former is assigned as the type species of the novel genus Xanthocytophaga gen. nov. In addition, based on the phenotypic and phylogenomic data, we proposed to reclassify the existing genus Rhodocytophaga in the family Cytophagaceae into a novel family Rhodocytophagaceae fam. nov. The novel family consists of the type genus Rhodocytophaga and the novel genus Xanthocytophaga.

Four new members of the family Cytophagaceae: Chryseosolibacter histidini gen. nov., sp. nov., Chryseosolibacter indicus gen. nov., sp. nov., Dawidia cretensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., and Dawidia soli, gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from diverse habitat

Four novel strains were isolated: PWU4T and PWU20T were both from soil in Germany, PWU5T was isolated from soil in India and PWU37T was obtained from sheep faeces collected on the Island of Crete. Cells of each were observed to be Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod shaped, and to grow optimally between 28 and 34 °C, between pH 7.0 and 8.0 and without the addition of NaCl. The strains were found to be catalase and oxidase-negative and able to grow on most mono- and disaccharides, a few polysaccharides and organic acids. Their predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. Their major fatty acids were identified as C16:1ω7c (PWU4T and PWU20T) and C16:1ω5c (PWU5T and PWU37T). The DNA G + C contents of strains PWU4T, PWU20T, PWU5T and PWU37T were determined to be 50.2 mol%, 51.6 mol %, 39.8 mol% and 53.8 mol%, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the close relatives Ohtaekwangia koreensis 3B-2T and Ohtaekwangia kribbensis 10AOT share less than 93.8% sequence similarity. The strains were classified in two groups, where PWU4T and PWU20T share 93.0% sequence similarity, and PWU5T and PWU37T share 97.5% sequence similarity. However, the members of each group were concluded to represent different species based on the low average nucleotide identity (ANI) of their genomes, 69.7% and 83.8%, respectively. We propose that the four strains represent four novel species of two new genera in the family Cytophagaceae. The type species of the novel genus Chryseosolibacter is Chryseosolibacter histidini gen. nov., sp. nov. with the type strain PWU4T (= DSM 111594T = NCCB 100798T), whilst strain PWU20T (= DSM 111597T = NCCB 100800T) is the type strain of a second species, Chryseosolibacter indicus sp. nov. The type species of the novel genus Dawidia is Dawidia cretensis gen. nov., sp. nov. with the type strain PWU5T (= DSM 111596T = NCCB 100799T), whilst strain PWU37T (= DSM 111595T = NCCB 100801T) is the type stain of a second species, Dawidia soli sp. nov.

Morphological change of coiled bacterium Spirosoma linguale with acquisition of \u03b2-lactam resistance

Spirosoma linguale is a gram-negative, coiled bacterium belonging to the family Cytophagaceae. Its coiled morphology is unique in contrast to closely related bacteria belonging to the genus Spirosoma, which have a short, rod-shaped morphology. The mechanisms that generate unique cell morphology are still enigmatic. In this study, using the Spirosoma linguale ATCC33905 strain, we isolated β-lactam (cefoperazone and amoxicillin)-resistant clones. These clones showed two different cell morphological changes: relatively loosely curved cells or small, horseshoe-shaped cells. Whole-genome resequencing analysis revealed the genetic determinants of β-lactam resistance and changes in cell morphology. The loose-curved clones commonly had mutations in Slin_5958 genes encoding glutamyl-tRNA amidotransferase B subunit, whereas the small, horseshoe-shaped clones commonly had mutations in either Slin_5165 or Slin_5509 encoding pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) components. Two clones, CFP1ESL11 and CFL5ESL4, which carried only one mutation in Slin_5958, showed almost perfectly straight, rod-shaped cells in the presence of amoxicillin. This result suggests that penicillin-binding proteins targeted by amoxicillin play an important role in the formation of a coiled morphology in this bacterium. In contrast, supplementation with acetate did not rescue the growth defect and abnormal cell size of the CFP5ESL9 strain, which carried only one mutation in Slin_5509. These results suggest that PDH is involved in cell-size maintenance in this bacterium.

Spirosoma profusum sp. nov., and Spirosoma validum sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702T and BT704T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702T and BT704T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405T (93.3%). The strain BT704T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702T and BT704T are 8,731,341bp and 8,221,062bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702T and BT704T were C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702T and BT704T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702T (= KCTC 82115T = NBRC 114859T) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704T (= KCTC 82114T = NBRC 114966T).

Rhodocytophaga rosea sp. nov. and Nibribacter ruber sp. nov., two radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil.

Two bacterial strains, 172606-1T and BT10T, were isolated from soil, Korea. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 172606-1T formed a distinct lineage within the family Cytophagaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes). Strain 172606-1T was most closely related to a member of the genus Rhodocytophaga (93.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Rhodocytophaga aerolata 5416T-29T). The complete genome sequence of strain 172606-1T is 8,983,451bp size. Optimal growth occurred at 25°C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0 and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BT10T belongs to the genus Nibribacter and is closely related to Nibribacter koreensis GSR 3061T (96.5%), Rufibacter glacialis MDT1-10-3T (95.7%), Rufibacter sediminis H-1T (95.1%) and Rufibacter quisquiliarum CAI-18bT (94.9%). The complete genome sequence of strain BT10T is 4,374,810bp size. The predominant (> 10%) cellular fatty acids of strain BT10T were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (anteiso-C17:1 B/iso-C17:1 I) and a predominant quinone was MK-7. In addition, strain BT10T has phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as the major polar lipid. On the basis of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 172606-1T represents a novel bacterial species of the genus Rhodocytophaga, for which the name Rhodocytophaga rosea is proposed and strain BT10T represents a novel species of the genus Nibribacter, for which the name Nibribacter ruber is proposed. The type strains of Rhodocytophaga rosea and Nibribacter ruber are 172606-1T (= KCTC 62096T = NBRC 114410T) and BT10T (= KCTC 62607T = NBRC 114383T), respectively.

Dyadobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov. and Dyadobacter frigoris sp. nov., two novel psychrotolerant members of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from Arctic soil.

Four strains of bacteria designated as AR-3-6T, AT-3-1, AR-3-8T and AR-3-15 were isolated from Arctic soil. Cells were aerobic, Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented. Flexirubin-type pigments were present in all strains. All strains tolerated 2 % of NaCl and were psychrotolerant. A phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that these strains formed a lineage within the family Cytophagaceae that were distinct from various members of the genus Dyadobacter. The closest member of strain AR-3-6T was D. koreensis DSM 19938T (97.2 % sequence similarity) and AR-3-8T was D. hamtensis HHS 11T (97.9 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was menaqinone-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The DNA G+C content of strains ranges from 40.1 to 42.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, both strains AR-3-6T and AR-3-8T represent a novel member in the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov. and Dyadobacter frigoris sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of Dyadobacter psychrotolerans is AR-3-6T (=KEMB 9005-743T=KACC 21172T=NBRC 113790T) and type strain of Dyadobacter frigoris is AR-3-8T (=KEMB 9005-744T= KACC 21173T=NBRC 113791T).

Chryseotalea sanaruensis gen. nov., sp., nov., a Member of the Family Cytophagaceae, Isolated from a Brackish Lake in Hamamatsu Japan.

A strain-designated YsT was isolated as a filterable bacterial strain from Lake Sanaru, a brackish water lake in Hamamatsu Japan. YsT is aerobic, Gram-negative, and slender rod shaped. YsT grew optimally at 30°C, pH 7.0-8.0 and without the addition of NaCl. MK-7 was the sole isoprenoid quinone. The main cellular polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified amino- and polar-lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18:0, iso-C14:0 and iso-C15:0. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed the nearest neighbours of strain YsT to be members of the Ohtaekwangia and Chryseolinea genera with 91.2-92.1% sequence similarity. The percentages of conserved proteins (POCP) between the genomes of YsT and related strains were less than 50%. Phenotypic analyses suggested that YsT could not metabolize glucose and related sugars, which was discriminative from its phylogenetic relatives. We, therefore, propose a novel species in a new genus, Chryseotalea sanaruensis gen. nov., sp. nov. in the family Cytophagaceae (=JCM 30318T = LMG 30359T), based on cell size, the predominant cellular fatty acid composition, and the DNA GC content (38.9mol%).

Allopseudarcicella aquatilis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from freshwater.

A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and red-pigmented strain, HME7025T, was isolated from freshwater sampled in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain HME7025T formed a lineage within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes. Strain HME7025T was closely related to the genera Pseudarcicella, Arcicella and Flectobacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of strain HME7025T were under 94.5 % to its closest phylogenetic neighbours. The major fatty acids of strain HME7025T were iso-C15 : 0 (41.9 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 12.2 %) and anteiso-C15 : 0 (10.8 %). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and one unidentified polar lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain HME7025T was 37.9 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain HME7025T represents a novel species of a novel genus within the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Allopseudarcicella aquatilis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HME7025T (=KCTC 23617T=CECT 7957T).

Emticicia agri sp. nov., a novel member of the family Cytophagaceae.

A bacterial strain, 17J42-9T, was isolated from a soil sample collected on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Cells were observed to be Gram-stain negative and rod-shaped. Colonies were observed to be orange in colour on R2A agar. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that high levels of 16S rRNA sequence similarity were shared between 17J42-9T and Emticicia fontis IMCC1731T (98.2 %), Emticicia ginsengisoliGsoil 085T (98.2 %) and Emticicia soli ZZ-4T (97.8 %). Growth of strain 17J42-9T was observed at 10-37 °C, pH 6.0-8.5 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl. The genomic G+C content was calculated to be 38.6 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was found to be MK-7; the major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) (34.1 %), C15 : 0iso (23.4 %) and C17 : 0iso 3-OH (10.8 %). The major polar lipids were found to be phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified lipid. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain 17J42-9T with the genus Emticicia. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and its closest phylogenetic neighbours was lower than 46 %. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization analysis and the observed differentiating phenotypic properties from other closely related taxa clearly indicate that strain 17J42-9T represents a novel species in the genus Emticicia, for which the name Emticiciaagri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17J42-9T (=KCTC 62270T=JCM 33056T).

Aquirufa antheringensis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aquirufa nivalisilvae sp. nov., representing a new genus of widespread freshwater bacteria.

Three bacterial strains, 30S-ANTBAC, 103A-SOEBACH and 59G- WUEMPEL, were isolated from two small freshwater creeks and an intermittent pond near Salzburg, Austria. Phylogenetic reconstructions with 16S rRNA gene sequences and, genome based, with amino acid sequences obtained from 119 single copy genes showed that the three strains represent a new genus of the family Cytophagaceae within a clade formed by the genera Pseudarcicella, Arcicella and Flectobacillus. blast searches suggested that the new genus comprises widespread freshwater bacteria. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic traits were investigated. Cells were rod shaped and were able to glide on soft agar. All strains grew chemoorganotrophically and aerobically, were able to assimilate pectin and showed an intense red pigmentation putatively due to various carotenoids. Two strains possessed genes putatively encoding proteorhodopsin and retinal biosynthesis. Genome sequencing revealed genome sizes between 2.5 and 3.1 Mbp and G+C contents between 38.0 and 42.7 mol%. For the new genus we propose the name Aquirufa gen. nov. Pairwise-determined whole-genome average nucleotide identity values suggested that the three strains represent two new species within the new genus for which we propose the names Aquirufa antheringensis sp. nov. for strain 30S-ANTBACT (=JCM 32977T =LMG 31079T=DSM 108553T) as type species of the genus, to which also belongs strain 103A-SOEBACH (=DSM 108555=LMG 31082) and Aquirufa nivalisilvae sp. nov. for strain 59G-WUEMPELT (=LMG 31081T =DSM 108554T).

Sandaracinomonas limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from a freshwater mesocosm.

A bacterial strain designated FSY-15T was isolated from a freshwater mesocosm in Taiwan and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain FSY-15T were Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, non-motile rods and formed orange coloured colonies. Growth occurred at 20-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-7.5 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and coding sequences of 92 protein clusters indicated that strain FSY-15T formed a phylogenetic lineage in the the family Cytophagaceae. Strain FSY-15T was most closely related to the genera Pseudarcicella and Arcicella, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with respect to members of related genera are less than 94.1 %. Strain FSY-15T showed less than 68.8 % average nucleotide identity and less than 24.7 % digital DNA-DNA hybridisation identity compared to the type strains of related genera within the family Cytophagaceae. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c and the major hydroxyl fatty acid was iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7 and the DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterised aminophospholipid, aminolipid, phospholipid and lipid. The major polyamine was spermidine. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain FSY-15T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Sandaracinomonas limnophila gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FSY-15T (=BCRC 81011T =LMG 29732T =KCTC 52445T).

Arundinibacter roseus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae.

Three Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, oxidase- and catalase positive, rod-shaped, pink-coloured bacterial strains, DMA-K-7aT, DMA-K-1 and DMG-N-1, were isolated from water sampled at Lake Fertő/Neusiedler See (Hungary). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strains form a distinct linage within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and their closest relatives are Rhabdobacter roseus R49T (95.66 %) and Dyadobacter sediminis Z12T (95.38 %). The assembled genome of strain DMA-K-7aT had a total length of 5.8 Mb and a DNA G+C content of 45.7 mol%. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω7c, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 ω5c, C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, an unknown aminolipid, an unknown glycolipid and five unknown lipids. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Strain DMA-K-7aT (=DSM 106737T=NCAIM B.02641T) is proposed as the type strain of a new genus and species in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Arundinibacter roseus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed.

Tellurirhabdus rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from soil in South Korea.

Strain U15T, rod-shaped, catalase and oxidase positive, non-motile, hot pink pigmented, Gram-negative bacterium, was isolated from soil of Udo port, Udo Island, South Korea. Growth was observed at 10-48°C, pH 6-11, and 0% (w/v) NaCl. Optimum growth conditions are 30-40°C, pH 7-10, and 0% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain U15T forms a distinct clade with type strains of the family Cytophagaceae, with similarities below 89%. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Strain U15T was found to contain MK-7 as the only menaquinone, and iso-C15:0, C16:1ω5c, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) as the major fatty acids (> 10%). The DNA G + C content of strain U15T was determined to be 54.3mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic analysis data, strain U15T (= KCTC 62116T = JCM 32361T) should be classified as representing a novel species of a novel genus within the family Cytophagaceae for which the name Tellurirhabdus rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed.

Pontibacter chitinilyticus sp. nov., a novel chitin-hydrolysing bacterium isolated from soil

A Gram-stain negative, non-motile, orange-red-pigmented, asporogenous, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 17gy-14T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from a Seoul Women's University field. The strain can grow at 7-37°C, pH 6.0-8.0, and can tolerate up to 5.5% (w/v) NaCl concentration. Flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain 17gy-14T strain belongs to the genus Pontibacter in the family Cytophagaceae with sequence similarities ranging from 95.4 to 92.9% with other type strains of the genus Pontibacter. The predominant cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 4 (comprising iso-C17:1 I/anteiso-C17:1 B). The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 48.7mol%. The major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain 17gy-14T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Pontibacter in the phylum Bacteroidetes, for which the name Pontibacter chitinilyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17gy-14T (=KCTC 52914T=NRBC 113056T).

Hymenobacter pomorum sp. nov., Isolated from Apple Orchard Soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated 9-2-1-1T, was isolated from apple orchard soil in Daegu, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belongs to the family Cytophagaceae, Bacteroidetes and it is most closely related to Hymenobacter metalli A2-91T (97.8% similarity) and Hymenobacter marinus KJ035T (96.6%). Growth of strain 9-2-1-1T was observed at 4-30°C, pH 6-8, and in the presence of 0-1.0% NaCl. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.0mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone of the isolate was MK-7; the major fatty acids were C15:0 iso (29.3%), C16:1ω5c (15.4%), C15:0 anteiso (12.5%), summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c/C16:1ω6c; 12.3%), and C16:0 (10.6%); and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain 9-2-1-1T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and H. metalli and H. marinus were 31.3% and 24.7%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization result and the differentiating phenotypic properties clearly indicate that strain 9-2-1-1T is the representative of a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter pomorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 9-2-1-1T (=KCTC 52740T = JCM 32193T).

Hymenobacter rufus sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, S1-2-2-6T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Jeollabuk-do province, Republic of Korea. Cells of this strain were observed to be Gram-stain-negative, short and rod-shaped, and colonies were red to pink in colour. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences identified this strain as representing a member of the genus Hymenobacter in the family Cytophagaceae, with the highest levels of sequence similarity being observed in relation to Hymenobacter terrae DG7AT (98.2 %), Hymenobacter rubidus DG7BT (97.9 %), Hymenobacter soli PB17T (97.7 %), and Hymenobacter daeguensis 16F3Y-2T (97.3 %). Growth of S1-2-2-6T was observed at 4-30 °C, pH 6-8 and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl. The predominant respiratory quinone of this strain was menaquinone-7, the major fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso, C15 : 0 anteiso, and Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of S1-2-2-6T was 60.7 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments with H. terrae, H. rubidus, H. soli and H. daeguensisresulted in relatedness values of 35.9 and 38.4 %, 34.2 and 30.4 %, 28.3 and 33.1 %, and 23.5 and 27.9 %, respectively. These DNA-DNA hybridization results, in addition to some differentiating phenotypic properties, clearly indicate that S1-2-2-6T is a representative of a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter rufus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-2-2-6T (=KCTC 52736T=JCM 32196T).

Edaphorhabdus rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from soil in South Korea.

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, non-flagellated, pink coloured bacterium with gliding motility, designated as strain UDD1T was isolated from soil. The bacterium lacked flexirubin-type pigments. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain UDD1T formed a lineage within the family Cytophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and forms a distinct clade with type strains of the closely related genus Pontibacter with similarities of 91.36-93.62%. Strain UDD1T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I and/or anteiso-C17:1 B) and iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain UDD1T was 49mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, the strain UDD1T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Cytophagaceae, for which the name Edaphorhabdus rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain of Edaphorhabdus rosea is UDD1T (= KCTC 62117T = JCM 32366T). The Digital Protologue Database Taxon number for strain UDD1T is GA00058.