Family Celebrations Research Articles

Health literacy and COVID-19 pandemic impacts among adults in rural northern Arizona.

Limited health literacy - the ability to access, process, and use health information and services - contributes to persistent health inequities. Yet little is known about associations of limited health literacy with impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly for US adults in rural areas. This study sought to determine associations of limited health literacy with impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic among a diverse sample of adults in rural Northern Arizona. A cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey was conducted with 119 adults from June 2020 to August 2021. Participants were recruited from two federally qualified health centers and by word of mouth. The Newest Vital Sign was used to measure health literacy, and the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory was used to measure the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on various aspects of personal and family life (eg spent more time on screens and devices, had family celebrations canceled or restricted). Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable linear regression statistics were computed. Nineteen percent of participants had limited health literacy, and participants had an average of 22 individual impacts and 2 household impacts of the 92 COVID-19 impacts assessed. Multivariable regression model results showed that being male versus female or having public only versus any private insurance was significantly associated with fewer individual COVID-19 impacts on average. Being black, Indigenous, people of color versus White or being Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish versus not were each associated with significantly more individual COVID-19 impacts on average. Limited versus adequate health literacy was significantly associated with more household COVID-19 impacts on average. Sensitivity analysis results further showed that limited versus adequate health literacy was associated with significantly higher adjusted rates of household social, emotional, and infection COVID-19 impacts. This study's findings highlight the importance of assessing and accounting for health literacy in clinical practice and health services research addressing the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and future emergency events.

Creativity Unlocked and Locked Down: Different Creative Activities Differently Affected by Restrained Social Interactions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract Both social interaction and the lack thereof have been discussed as being beneficial for creativity. Strikingly, in both cases there seems to be an implicit assumption that different creative activities are all influenced in the same way. However, the idea that different creative behaviors are all equally influenced by social interaction seems not reasonable (e.g., poem writing vs. singing a song at a family celebration). The reduction in social contacts in Germany during the coronavirus pandemic offered a unique opportunity for a field experiment with high ecological validity. To explore how different creative activities are each influenced by reduced social interaction, 130 participants were asked in an online survey using a proxy pretest design about the frequency of everyday creative activities before and during the core episode of social distancing. The change in frequency for performing a given creative activity depended on the frequency at baseline, but not in a linear manner. Instead, the relationship was u-shaped: creative activities most frequently performed at baseline showed an increase in frequency, creative activities of medium frequency at baseline decreased, and the least frequent activities changed the least. In particular, activities represented by “Personal Environment Creativity” increased in frequency, while activities represented by “Self-Expressive Creativity” decreased in frequency during lockdown. Recalling the four p’s of creativity, it is accepted that the person aspect differs between domains. It is therefore surprising that we commonly assume press-level features work the same way across all domains, which is challenged by the current study.

Pelatihan Bisnis Merangkai Buket Bunga Sebagai Upaya Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan dan Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga

Every house has a yard that can be used to cultivate plants, especially flower plants. A variety of flower plants can live in Indonesia. Flower plants can be used as a source of income. Flower plants can be sold directly, used for family celebrations, wedding anniversaries, graduations and so on. The aim of the community service is to increase the role of housewives in order to increase their awareness toward natural resources around them, especially flowers which are very easy to cultivate. The method used is training given to the members of Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK), and inviting professional trainers in making flower bouquets. Hopefully the training through the community service program can provide skills for PKK members to improve the family economy through the use of flower cultivation.

Reactions of adolescent cyber bystanders toward different victims of cyberbullying: the role of parental rearing behaviors

BackgroundGroup-based situations are common settings for cyberbullying, making bystander responses crucial in combating this issue. This study investigated how adolescent bystanders respond to various victims, including family members, friends, teachers, and celebrities. This study also examined how different parenting styles influenced children’s cyber bystander involvement.MethodsThis study employed data from a cross-sectional school survey covering 1,716 adolescents aged 13–18 years from public and vocational schools in China collected in 2022. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to measure demographic characteristics, cyberbullying experiences, and parental rearing behaviors in predicting bystander reactions.ResultsThe findings showed that middle school students preferred to “ask for help” while high school students tended to choose “call the police” when witnessing cyberbullying incidents. Bystanders growing up with parental rejection and overprotection, having previous cyberbullying victimization experiences, where the victims were disliked by them, exhibited fewer defensive reactions.ConclusionsThis study has implications for future research and practices involving parental involvement in cyber bystander interventions, which could provide implications for future practice in designing specific intervention programs for cyberbullying bystander behavior. Future research and interventions against cyberbullying may provide individualized training including parents’ positive parenting skills and parent-child interactions.

Travelling Thomas: Slave Trade and Missionary Travel in the Acts of Thomas

The Acts of Thomas is a long, rich, and fascinating narrative about the Apostle Thomas who was forced to travel to India as a missionary. When Thomas hesitates to go, his master Jesus literally sells him as a slave to an Indian merchant. Like other Apocryphal Acts, the Acts of Thomas revolves around the apostolic figure battling both human and demonic adversaries. Celibacy is central, although familiar narrative elements from ancient romances and novels are also present. On his way, Thomas sings, prays, teaches, heals, converts, and baptizes. His travel follows open trade routes in the ancient world, by land and by sea. He participates in various social events like parties, weddings, and family celebrations. His own status as a foreign slave/apostle, with a strange religion, is negotiated and contested: Sometimes he is treated like a foreign slave, suffering violence and harassment. On other occasions, his exotic strangeness in language and religion gives him access to royal palaces and influential men and women. By examining the role played by slavery in initiating this travel, as well as various intersections of religion and gender in the overall narrative, this article explores the Acts of Thomas to draw a more nuanced picture of travel in the ancient world.

'Normality in all the abnormality'-Older adults' experiences of holidays and celebrations from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The importance of holidays, traditions, and family celebrations to human culture and occupational engagement has been neglected. The aim of this study was to explore how older adults experienced holidays and celebrations with social and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. A secondary analysis was made on data from the At-Risk Study. Seventeen community-living adults (11 women and 6 men) aged 71-87 years, from Sweden participated. They were interviewed remotely four times during the first year of the pandemic. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis. No consumer/community involvement occurred. Three categories on how the participants hoped for, planned, decided, adapted, avoided, and experienced holidays and celebrations with social and physical distancing included expectations and preparations in unpredictable times; the constant need for re-evaluation; and almost everything turned out differently. The desire to celebrate despite pandemic restrictions shows the importance and meaning holidays hold for older adults. Celebrations can be disrupted for many reasons, not only as extreme as the ongoing pandemic. For wellbeing in later life health care, social care, and society need to understand the inherent components and acknowledge ways of supporting participation in occasional events such as holidays, traditions, and family celebrations.

Using social media surveys and interventions to address vaccine hesitancy in Saudi Arabia

Background: Countering COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has been a challenge in Saudi Arabia, one of the countries affected most by the pandemic in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Aims: To identify information needs, perceived benefits, concerns, trusted information sources, social norms, and predictors for COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Saudi Arabia and identify effective messaging strategies to increase vaccination intentions among the unvaccinated. Method: Between March and April 2021, we conducted an online cross-sectional survey (N = 2883), and in part, a randomized experiment for unvaccinated participants (n = 675) in Saudi Arabia using Facebook Ads and Messenger. Unvaccinated participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 message conditions and after message exposure, participants were asked if they planned to take the COVID-19 vaccine. Results: In total, 2883 adults participated in the survey. All message framings worked equally well, with no statistically significant difference between the arms. Approximately 80% of the participants across all message conditions said they intended to vaccinate. However, participants wanted to know more about the vaccines; about 35% wanted to know more about vaccine efficacy, 31.5% about safety, 26.8% about health authority’s recommendation, and 3.7% about where to get the vaccines. Health workers (61.4%) and scientists and epidemiologists (25.7%) were the most trusted sources. Others were family members (7.5%), community leaders (2.2%), religious leaders (1.6%), friends (1.4%), and celebrities and social media influencers (0.2%). Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy can be overcome by understanding individuals’ decision-making processes and using effective risk communication targeted to their needs.

Name Day in Bulgaria in the Light of Ecclesiastical and Secular Practice

This article presents an ethnolinguistic analysis of the phenomenon of Bulgarian name days, which are experiencing a remarkable boom in the twenty-first century, supported by the mass media and the Internet. The article examines the origins of this holiday (family and ancestral ritual complexes dedicated to the patron saint, personal vows), characterises the ritualism of name days, timed to the dates of the church calendar in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The author also considers their modern state. The peculiarities of the Bulgarian name days and their differences from the Russian ones are described in detail: Bulgarians celebrate the name itself, there is no notion of an angel’s day, name days are celebrated not only on saints’ days, but also on major and minor church feasts. The peculiarities of the name day in Bulgaria are closely connected with the practice of naming, baptism and the specifity of the system of personal names. The transmission of the ancestral link through the repetition (“renewal”) of the name of older relatives (or its letter, syllable) for the name of grandchildren supports the idea of a family celebration and often dictates the choice of the name day. However, since a grandfather’s or grandmother’s name is changed according to fashion, parental preferences and other circumstances, there are variants of a different name day. In addition, the Bulgarian list of names is an open system, constantly replenished with neo-anthroponyms and loans, most of which are not represented in the church calendar but are used as baptismal names. The principles of the “selection” of the name day include the restoration of the original canonical name, the translation of borrowed names into Bulgarian, the interpretation of the semantics of the holiday, its epithets and the folk chrononym in order to find a connection with the anthroponym. The religious component of the name day is gradually receding into the background, leaving behind a predominantly secular celebration.

CULTURAL ADJUSTMENT STRATEGIES IN INTERRELIGIOUS MARRIAGE: A CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL INTERACTION AND CONFLICT IN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT

This paper examines cultural adjustment strategies in interfaith marriages within the family environment. Interfaith marriages often present complex cultural challenges, as partners must adapt to different beliefs, traditions, and values ​​that may conflict. This study aims to analyze the cultural adjustment strategies carried out by couples in interfaith marriages, with a focus on cultural interactions and conflicts that arise in the family environment. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with couples who have different religious backgrounds and have been married for at least 5 years. Data analysis was carried out through coding and thematic processes. The results of the study show that couples in interfaith marriages adopt various cultural adjustment strategies to overcome cultural interactions and conflicts in the family environment. These strategies include compromise, mutual understanding, open communication, and respect for differences. Couples are also looking for creative solutions to facilitate family harmony, such as incorporating traditions from both religions in family celebrations. In addition, this research also provides valuable insights for family welfare professionals and marriage counselors in helping couples in interfaith marriages deal with emerging cultural challenges.

Artistic center of painters in Lviv of the Eighteenth Century: specifics of formation and functioning

Based on the analyzed scientific works of domestic and Polish researchers related to the subject of this research, employing general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of generalization and system-structural analysis, comparative-historical and problem-thematic approaches, as well as descriptive and historical-chronological methods, the issue of the development, formation, and functioning of the Lviv artistic center, specifically the milieu of Lviv painters in the 18th century, has been addressed. The foundation for the future art center was laid by the arrival of foreign masters, mainly from Italy, southern Germany, and Moravia, in Lviv in the 1930s and 1940s. Regarding the specifics of the formation and consolidation of the Lviv Artistic Center, this primarily occurred through the establishment of professional and familial friendships among artists. The strengthening of these bonds involved attending each other's religious and family celebrations, such as baptisms or weddings. Not only the artists themselves but also their wives, sisters, brothers, and adult children were invited to be witnesses. The establishment of these mutual contacts had a positive impact on safeguarding the personal interests of artists and their families. Concerning the functioning of the artistic environment, it was based on the collaboration among artists. The article addresses the question of the method of professional interaction among artists, the majority of whom, by the second half of the 18th century, were working in a "collaborative" manner, even though the activities of workshops were still ongoing at that time, exerting a significant influence on the artistic life of Lviv during that period. This situation contributed to the emergence of numerous confrontations and conflicts between guilds and independent artists. The article also sheds light on the issue of the social status and public activities of artists, which involved serving in government positions within the only governing body available to craftsmen and artists - the Collegium of Forty Men - where they carried out the duties of a warden or shopkeeper. Among such government officials, there is a significant number of painters who were engaged in the authorities of the suburbs or the city of Lviv. Additionally, based on the analysis of research conducted by domestic and Polish scholars, the article attempts to supplement and systematize the lists of Lviv artists who were active during that period, particularly painters, with previously unknown names. This provides us with a broader perspective on the issues related to the formation and functioning of the Lviv Art Center in the 18th century. The undertaken work offers a deeper understanding of the complex processes that unfolded in the cultural and artistic life of Lviv in the 18th century.

Okra Stew: A Gullah Geechee Family Celebration by Natalie Daise (review)

Okra Stew: A Gullah Geechee Family Celebration by Natalie Daise (review)

"Take care of your families, take care of one another": Indigenist families and foodways.

The purpose of this research was to examine how families and foodways have evolved over time and how they may present promising promotive factors for resilience, health, and wellness. Because food is central to family, social relationships, and healthy living, Indigenist foodways may promote family resilience and offset inequities. Pragmatic horizon analysis of data drawn from 31 critical ethnographic interviews on food and family in the Southeast and Northwest, including both urban and rural reservation tribal contexts, resulted in emergent themes related to food and families. Themes included (a) foodways fostering family connectedness: "The fresh vegetable is how I remember my grandpa"; (b) tight-knit extended families and communities: "The community where I grew up … everybody knew each other, so everybody … pitched in"; (c) family and community celebrations nurturing cohesion: "The family I have, I can always count on. I can trust each one of them"; and (d) families fostering healing: "Sit down and talk to somebody … that you can trust." Participants explained how foodways promoted family resilience by bringing families and communities together. Indigenist foodways fostered continuity and healing through food preparation and processing and through feasts and gatherings. Foodways were described as fundamental to family resilience and community connectedness. Subsistence fostered exercise, eating locally sourced foods, and family resilience. Interventions are needed to promote Indigenist foodway sovereignty while first understanding how culture, history, and food inform wellness and community well-being.

CHRISTIAN AXIOLOGY OF THE CHARACTERS OF THE NOVEL BY V. S. GROSSMAN’S “LIFE AND FATE”

V. S. Grossman’s dilogy “For a Just Cause” and “Life and Fate” may well be considered part of the Soviet literature corpus, but it can also be analyzed in the context of the “big time” of Russian culture, which is proposed in this work. The Battle of Stalingrad is reflected in the family history of Alexandra Vladimirovna Shaposhnikova. The novel “For a Just Cause” begins with a family celebration in her house before the attack of the enemy army and with the household’s plans for the alarming future. “Life and Fate” ends with a meeting of her loved ones before returning to a peaceful life, when it’s time to reflect on the losses and gains. Continuing Tolstoy’s tradition of emphasizing the spiritual evolvement of man in war, Grossman is guided by the national identity categories that date back to the opposition of Law and Grace. In the novel “For a Just Cause” the description of the military-historical trials of the Orthodox people comes to the fore, while “Life and Fate” is about the gracious influence of the Holy Spirit on the destinies of the world and man. In the “big time” of Russian culture, the actualization of the artistic installations of “socialist realism" in the first part does not matter, as does the reduction of the second book to military subjects or to the issue of freedom in the legalistic field, on the verge of lawlessness. The results of the heroes’ life quests are conditioned by the value orientations that dominate their minds: for the humble fulfillment of what fate has ordained and for a gracious personal evolvemen.

УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ АЛКОГОЛЯ СРЕДИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ГОРОДСКИХ ПОДРОСТКОВ-ШКОЛЬНИКОВ

Significance. Alcohol use (alcoholization) is one of the most common health risks that starts to develop in adolescence. The purpose of the study is to identify characteristics of alcohol use among modern urban adolescent schoolchildren. Material and methods. Alcohol use among urban adolescent schoolchildren aged 15-17 years was studied as part of the monitoring of consumption of psychoactive substances (PSA): alcohol, tobacco, narcotic substances in 2019-2020. The sampling of adolescents was guided by the method of multi-stage selection: from typological and random to continuous anonymous questioning. The study covered 12 cities from 6 Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. 14084 teenagers were examined including 6535 (46.4%) boys and 7549 (53.6%) girls. Statistical data processing included calculation of absolute and relative indicators. To calculate the statistical significance of differences in indicators, the nonparametric Pearson test (χ2) was used. Results. On average, the prevalence of alcohol use in adolescents in the surveyed cities equaled to 37.0 per 100 adolescents of the corresponding sex and age (p<0.001) among boys and 49.0 - among girls. Adolescents who frequently drink alcohol (twice a month or more often) are a “risk group”, the share of this group equals to 6.7 in boys and 7.83 in girls per 100 adolescents (p<0.01). The main motives for alcohol use in adolescents are traditional events - holidays and family celebrations - 49.1% of boys and 53.8% of girls. The number of those who first try alcohol under 12 years has decreased with the peak in the debut shifting to 13-16 years. Awareness of adolescents about dangers of alcohol is insufficient. Only about 60% consider alcohol unhealthy. Conclusion. Alcohol use among modern adolescents is characterized by a lower prevalence and a postponed first introduction to alcohol.

RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN COVID-19 DISRUPTIONS TO SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES

Abstract Racial disparities in COVID-19 exposure, illness, hospitalization and mortality have been well-documented, however, less is known about potential disparities in the pandemic’s effect on social activities. Data from the early release of the 2020 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used to examine the relationship between race (White/African American/other) and ethnicity (Hispanic/Non-Hispanic) and COVID-19 disruptions to social activities (N=4,500). Participants were asked, “due to the coronavirus pandemic, did you experience any of these changes in activities: 1) unable to visit a family member in a care facility, nursing home or group home, 2) family celebrations canceled/restricted, 3) unable to visit a close family member in the hospital, 4) unable to attend in-person funeral or religious service for a family member or friend, 5) unable to visit family after birth of a baby (1=yes, 0=no/not relevant) and, “overall, how stressful have changes in contacts with family and friends been for you?” (1=not at all stressful, 5=extremely stressful). Results from logistic regression controlling for age and gender showed that relative to Whites, African Americans had significantly higher odds of all disruptions except for family celebrations and relative to non-Hispanics, Hispanics had significantly higher odds of three types of disruptions. OLS regression results showed that only Hispanics had higher average stress due to these changes. These findings indicate that in addition to the previously documented disparities in COVID-19, older African Americans and Hispanics experienced greater disruptions to social activities. These impacts could further influence both short and long-term physical and mental health.

An analysis of the activities shared between grandfathers and grandchildren.

Given the lack of knowledge around the family role of grandfatherhood, a study was conducted about the activities shared between a group of grandparents with their grandchildren, before and during the Covid-19 lockdown. This study of 110 grandfathers (mean age 73.6) included participants’ sociodemographic profile; their satisfaction with five different types of activities shared with their grandchildren, both on their own and with their spouses; and their general views of the grandparenting role. Data were analyzed using descriptive and non-parametric inferential methods (Mann-Whitney U test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, chi square, and correlations). Data showed that participants, who were mostly married and retired, showed three satisfaction levels with their grandchildren: high for family celebrations, average for activities involving play and sociocultural transmission, and low for housework and academic/intellectual activities. Participants’ age, marital status, health status, and education, as well as the age and number of grandchildren, were associated with these satisfaction levels. Most participants favored the formal grandparenting role, and marital status, health status, education, and grandchildren’s age and sex were associated with their views of grandparenting roles. Physical contact during the Covid-19 lockdown dropped by 72.7%. We concluded that activities shared between grandfathers and grandchildren and views on the grandparenting role are influenced by the sociodemographic variables of both. These results need to be expanded with more research.

Collecting the History of the Church in Australia

Collecting the History of the Church in Australia

Helmi’s Shadow: A Journey of Survival from Russia to East Asia to the American West by David Horgan

Reviewed by: Helmi’s Shadow: A Journey of Survival from Russia to East Asia to the American West by David Horgan David Rio David Horgan, Helmi’s Shadow: A Journey of Survival from Russia to East Asia to the American West. Reno and Las Vegas: U of Nevada P, 2021. 270 pp. Paper $28. In Helmi’s Shadow David Horgan chronicles the lives of two Russian Jewish women (his mother, Helmi, and his grandmother, Rachel) who lived as stateless refugees in China and Japan during the first half of the twentieth century, undergoing years of privation and prejudice, until they became American citizens, settling finally in Reno (Nevada). “This is an intimate story about my family, not a scholarly history. Nevertheless, I have made every effort to describe events, places, and people as accurately as possible,” writes Horgan (xi). Certainly, the book, written in a spare prose and with plenty of illustrations, succeeds in combining the author’s compelling personal exploration of his family’s past with a historically grounded narrative that gives visibility to overlooked stories of immigrants in the American West. The first section of the book, covering 1896 to 1946, focuses on the fight for survival of a family forced to leave Russia during the pogroms and living through war and hardship in East Asia. Horgan offers a detailed account of his family’s harsh times in cities such as Odessa, Harbin, Shanghai, and Kobe, revealing the complex construction of an identity for these stateless refugees: “They had no citizenship anywhere. They had no true home” (xvii). It may be argued that the author himself first has to come to terms with his family past and, in particular, with his immigrant heritage in order to be able to construct his personal and cultural identity because, after all, progression forward often coexists with remembering and understanding the past. [End Page 205] The second part of this memoir addresses the experiences of Helmi and her family in the American West and, in particular, in Reno, the author’s birthplace. This section sharply contrasts with the previous one because it takes place almost entirely in this single setting of Reno. Furthermore, in this part the author also becomes a character in the story. Although this change of roles may seem somewhat problematic, particularly as the author grows older and becomes more visible in the memoir, in general Horgan manages to offer a proper transition between the different chapters of this section, refusing to make himself the center of his family’s story. He offers a vivid portrait of the experience of immigration in postwar America, illustrated by a family that epitomizes multiculturalism and religious diversity at different levels (including a Jewish mother born in Japan, a Russian grandmother, and an Irish Catholic American father). Horgan’s description of his family’s immigrant life in the American West resonates with authenticity, capturing his mother’s quick assimilation into American society and his grandmother’s fears and difficult adjustment. Their Reno life includes joys and tragedies, even a few episodes of prejudice and rejection, often linked to their Jewish identities. However, the family soon becomes “a somewhat normal 1950s middle-class family” (173), and they achieve both acceptance and respect by the mainstream Reno community. Interestingly enough, Horgan’s memoir does not emphasize the traditional topics of vice, gambling, and divorce as the basis of the Reno lifestyle, drawing attention instead to the ordinary lives of its inhabitants. Thus, the book provides the reader with engaging descriptions of family celebrations, theater productions, school, illnesses, and Helmi’s new marriage after her husband’s death. Horgan’s departure from overused views of Reno as “the sin city” and of Nevada in general as “the sin state” and his emphasis on the daily struggles of immigrants who manage to overcome hardships and prejudice to succeed in the Silver State place his book close to other remarkable memoirs on immigration in Nevada, such as Robert Laxalt’s Sweet Promised Land (1957) or Emma Sepúlveda-Pulvirenti’s From Border Crossings to Campaign Trail: Chronicle of a Latina in Politics (1998). [End Page 206] Readers seeking personal approaches to immigration in the American West will certainly...

PRACTICAL METHODS OF HOLDING AND PLAYING KARAKALPAK PEOPLE’S NATIONAL HORSE GAMES

The article describes Karakalpak people’s national horse games as the important kind of sports which play a significant role in the upbringing young generation in physically strong state and developing their future intelligence. The article deals with explaining practical methods of holding and playing our national horse games and circumstances how they had been developed historically and reached our times. The classification of Karakalpak national horse games are based on customs, traditions and rituals of our ancestors established during the long period of their existence and cultural developing. In the paper, we have analyzed about twenty kinds of national horse games played as a sport at various folk family celebrations and public holidays. The paper states that some kinds of horse sport, for instance, as hunting on horseback with birds of prey (eagles, falcons) had been occurred as vital needs of our earlier ancestors. Horse games as a sport have been developed with the appearance of tribal communities, social groups of people, khanates and whole nation. KEY WORDS: national horse games, sports, family celebrations, public holidays, kokmar (stuffed sheep – ilaq), horse racing, cantering race, horse breeding.

Displaying intergenerational solidarity on TikTok during the COVID-19 pandemic: understanding the implications in the grandparent-grandchild relationship

ABSTRACT The habits of families are affected during the COVID-19 pandemic, with limitations to socialization or visits. Grandparents and grandchildren use social media to sustain interpersonal relationships, as well as display intergenerational solidarity to others. This paper presents a qualitative content analysis of the display of different dimensions of intergenerational solidarity between grandparents and grandchildren during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, on TikTok. The analysis extends the understanding of intergenerational solidarity between grandparents and grandchildren on TikTok, by highlighting which characteristics or activities they find important to display to other users of the platform. The results suggest that grandparents and grandchildren value qualities of physical touch and family celebrations (i.e. affectual solidarity), and big life events (i.e. normative solidarity). Moreover, grandparents and grandchildren refrain from consensual solidarity on TikTok, but other categories of intergenerational solidarity provide clues to differences in the public display of their respective roles.