Pinaceae Research Articles

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФИРНОГО МАСЛА ШИШЕК КЕДРОВОГО СТЛАНИКА (PINUS PUMILA (PALL.) REGEL)

Cedar elfin Pinus pumila (Pall.) Regel of the pine family – Pinaceae is a widespread plant in Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East. Most studies of cedar elfin are devoted to the study of needles and woody greenery. Pine cones remain a poorly studied object, the chemical composition of which requires serious study to determine the prospects for further use. The aim of the work is to study the component composition and essential oil content in pine cones. To study the essential oil, samples of pine cones were harvested on the territory of the Magadan region, the Olsky urban district. The determination of the essential oil content in cones was carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of the XV edition. The component composition of the essential oil was determined using an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with a mass-selective detector. As a result of the study, it was found that a Clevenger device should be used to determine the content of essential oil in pine cones. The content of essential oil in cones is highest in July, slightly less in August, and in September there is no essential oil in the raw material. It has been established that July is the most favorable period for harvesting pine cones. The main component of the essential oil of pine cones is limonene. The proportion of the main component of the essential oil of pine cones, limonene, is higher in July, and the proportion of the undesirable component 3–karen increases in essential oil in August. The high content of limonene in the essential oil samples is a good prerequisite for further research and development of finished products.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil fractions of Siberian fir and Scotch pine

Introduction. Plants of the pine family, growing mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, are of interest both from an economic and medical point of view. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils of coniferous plants are being actively studied. Objective: to study the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil fractions of Siberian fir and Scotch pine growing in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Material and methods. Essential oils were isolated by hydrosteam distillation on an all-metal installation with a Clevenger nozzle. The component composition of the essential oil fractions was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The disc diffusion method was chosen to detect the antimicrobial activity of essential oil fractions. The following test cultures were used: Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans. Results. In all fractions of the essential oil of Siberian fir and Scotch pine, monoterpenoids predominate, the dominant components are bornylacetate and pinene, respectively. All fractions of both oils showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Candida albicans. Isolated individually dominant compounds bornylacetate (Siberian fir) and pinene (Scots pine) also showed antimicrobial activity. Conclusion. The antimicrobial activity of individual fractions of essential oils of Siberian fir and Scotch pine and the dominant components of the fractions against Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans was studied. The activity of the fractions is largely due to the dominant components. The fractions enriched in monoterpenoids showed the highest activity. The strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) turned out to be the most sensitive to the fractions of essential oils.

Strategies employed by Sappi Forests for improved seed production of temperate and sub-tropical pine and eucalypt species, and their hybrids, for long-term sustainability in a changing environment

The annual demand and supply of genetically improved planting stock suitable for sites across varying landscapes, with changing climatic conditions and increasing pest and disease threats are becoming more complex. The agility for effective responses to long-term sustainability of commercial plantations, aimed at different markets, requires a significant investment in genetic resource acquisitions, tree breeding, land management, gene conservation and plant production systems. Tree breeding is one of our most important adaptation strategies in response to climate change and related challenges. These include pests and diseases, drought, frost, and delivery of fit-for-purpose fibre. To supply an annual demand of over sixty million plants, consisting of both pure species seedlings and hybrid cuttings, Sappi requires a well-established pipeline. In addition, this pipeline allows for the sale of between 30 and 40 million viable seeds to both the domestic and international markets. Early acquisition of pine and eucalypt genetic resources suitable for sub-tropical to warm temperate, cool temperate and cold areas has allowed the development of pure species base populations containing genotypes improved for the traits of interest. Through recurrent selection, these populations have been advanced. Key traits include growth, pest and disease tolerance, and wood properties. Various strategies have been adopted to reduce breeding cycles, convert from pure species seedlings to hybrid clonal varieties to sustain productivity. Production of commercial quantities of seed is a key step in translating breeding and development into realised operational gains. A range of orchard types such as breeding seedling seed orchards (BSO), seedling seed orchards (SSO) and clonal seed orchards (CSO) have been developed to produce not only open pollinated seed but also to allow production of control pollinated hybrid seed. Each orchard type and combination of elite genotypes delivers a specific seed product with varying levels of improvement. In addition, associated technologies to produce control pollinated seed have been developed for the advancement of both clonal eucalypt and pine family cutting programmes.

Estimation of Genetic Diversity between and within Biparental Clones and Full-Sib Families of the Chinese Pine Using SSR Markers

Quantifying the genetic diversity present in plant populations is crucial for the success of selection of elite plants and breeding programs. The population structure and partition of genetic variance within and between plant populations allows inferences about the distribution and extent of variation available in plant breeding populations. The Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carriere) is a native species that is ecologically and economically important to Northern China. Studying the genetic variation and partition of P. tabuliformis will be invaluable for its efficient utilization. In this study, we selected 21 pairs of SSR primers to estimate the genetic diversity of 35 clones from four populations and 216 progenies from 22 full-sib families of P. tabuliformis. Our results showed that P. tabuliformis was a typical outcrossing plant (FIS = −0.053/−0.165) containing moderately high genetic diversity (He = 0.542/0.605) both for the clone populations and the progenies produced by the clone crosses via controlled pollination. The genetic differentiation between the clones (FST = 0.076) was lower than that between the full-sib progenies (FST = 0.155). Such diverse FST may be promoted by different gene flows (Nm = 3.881/1.546) due to distinct pollination patterns. The clustering methods showed a lack of significant division of the clone populations, with a similar genetic admixture found for each of the clones. However, two groups were found between the full-sib families with genetic admixture between them. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the most plentiful genetic variability exists between the cloned individuals (98%) as well as within the full-sib progenies (89%). Such distribution of genetic variation suggests rich internal variance and thus it is feasible to select the elite plants within each population or family. These results provide genetic materials and theoretical guidance for the selection and breeding of the Chinese pine.

Quality and Characteristics of Scone Added with Pinus koraiensis Leaf Powder.

In this study, the quality characteristics of scones containing 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine) leaf powder were analyzed. P. koraiensis is a plant belonging to the pine family and the leaf of P. koraiensis are known to have various effects, including antioxidant functions. The specific gravity, baking loss, moisture content, pH, chromaticity, texture, and antioxidant activity of the scones were measured. The results showed that, with the concentration of P. koraiensis leaf powder (PKLP) increased, the scones showed a significant decrease (P<0.001) in specific gravity. Regarding chromaticity, the brightness decreased significantly (P<0.001), and there was a significant increase (P<0.001) in redness after the addition of PKLP. We also found that the hardness of the scones was significantly decreased (P=0.001) with the addition of leaf powder. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the contents of polyphenols (P=0.007), flavonoids (P<0.001), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (P<0.001) were all significantly increased with the addition of the leaf powder. This study provides potential for the development of various foods using P. koraiensis leaf.

The role of biologically active additives in the creation of healthy and nutritious food products

The results of the analysis of patent, scientific and technical information and the own research data on promising biologically active additives: arabinogalactan, dihydroquercetin, polysaccharides, bioactivated wheat grain are summarized. The raw material for the production of arabinogalactan and dihydroquercetin is mainly Siberian larch (Lárix sibírica) of the pine family Pinaceae. Effective economical technologies of their extraction from larch wood have been developed. The main prophylactic or therapeutic properties of arabinogalactan and dihydroquercetin are given: increase in the immune activity of the human body, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, antioxidant and other properties. Functional and technological properties of these additives (high solubility in water, ability to retain moisture and fat) have been established, allowing their wide use for the production of a variety of nutritious and healthy food products. The basic sanitary rules regulating the use of these additives in the food industry are given. The results of the analysis on the use of these dietary supplements in the production of various food products with a complex of therapeutic and preventive properties are presented. The role of dihydroquercetin in preserving the quality of food prepared products during a long shelf life is substantiated. The resulting effect is closely related to its antioxidant activity. Polysaccharides (sodium alginate, carrageenan and beetroot pectin) are used as food additives derived from natural raw materials. Bioactivated wheat grain saturates meat products with a complex of B vitamins, micro- and macroelements. The main results of the patent information analysis are presented. In most inventions various compositions using biologically active additives are patented, which allow to obtain new food products with high nutritional, biological value, capable of maintaining quality parameters during a long shelf life.

Phenomic selection in slash pine multi-temporally using UAV-multispectral imagery.

Genomic selection (GS) is an option for plant domestication that offers high efficiency in improving genetics. However, GS is often not feasible for long-lived tree species with large and complex genomes. In this paper, we investigated UAV multispectral imagery in time series to evaluate genetic variation in tree growth and developed a new predictive approach that is independent of sequencing or pedigrees based on multispectral imagery plus vegetation indices (VIs) for slash pine. Results show that temporal factors have a strong influence on the h2 of tree growth traits. High genetic correlations were found in most months, and genetic gain also showed a slight influence on the time series. Using a consistent ranking of family breeding values, optimal slash pine families were selected, obtaining a promising and reliable predictive ability based on multispectral+VIs (MV) alone or on the combination of pedigree and MV. The highest predictive value, ranging from 0.52 to 0.56, was found in July. The methods described in this paper provide new approaches for phenotypic selection (PS) using high-throughput multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, which could potentially be used to reduce the generation time for conifer species and increase the genetic granularity independent of sequencing or pedigrees.

Loblolly Pine Susceptibility to Nantucket Pine Tip Moth: Do Tree Genetics Play a Role?

Abstract The Nantucket pine tip moth (NPTM) (Rhyacionia frustrana Comstock) is a regeneration pest of young loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) that causes tree deformity, shoot dieback, and growth declines. Different silvicultural techniques are used to grow loblolly pine more effectively, including improved genotypes. Some scientists and growers have hypothesized that more expensive full-sibling families (control-pollinated [CP]) seedlings may be more susceptible to NPTM than open-pollinated (OP) families. The study objective was to assess the susceptibility to NPTM of seven loblolly OP and CP families commonly planted in the southeastern United States by observing NPTM infestation rates and pine growth metrics (height, groundline diameter, volume index, and stem form) over two growing seasons. The NPTM infestation rates varied throughout both growing seasons; however, there was no difference in infestation rates among any of the families. Pine growth metrics varied among families at the time of planting; however, growth metrics did not vary after the first and second growing seasons. Results of this study suggest that NPTM management tactics, such as insecticide use, should not be prioritized based on loblolly pine families alone, as the CP families assessed in this study were not more susceptible to NPTM than OP families.

Characterization of 35 Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) half-sib families from two provinces based on metabolite properties

Plant metabolism is an important functional trait, and its metabolites have physiological and ecological functions to adapt to the growth environment. However, the physiological and ecological functions of metabolites from different provinces of the same plant species are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether metabolites from different provinces of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) have the corresponding metabolic traits. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique and metabonomic analysis methods were used to characterize 35 Masson pine half-sib families from two provinces. A total of 116 metabolites were putatively identified in 35 families of Masson pine, among which the average content of organic acids was the highest, followed by saccharides and alcohols, and phosphoric acids. Comparative analysis of metabolite groups showed that organic acids, amines, and others were significantly different between the Masson pine families from Guangxi and Guizhou provinces. Six differential metabolites were found between the provinces from Guizhou and Guangxi, namely caffeic acid, L-ascorbic acid, gentiobiose, xylitol, d-pinitol, and β-sitosterol. The most significantly enriched pathways among differentially expressed metabolites between the two provinces were steroid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions. Overall, the results showed that Masson pine half-sib families from different geographical provinces have different metabolite profiles and their metabolites are affected by geographical provenance and growth environment adaptability. This study revealed that the breeding of Masson pine families from different provinces changed the metabolite profiles, providing a reference for the multipurpose breeding of Masson pine.

Performance Based on Measurements from Individual-Tree Progeny Tests Strongly Predicts Early Stand Yield in Loblolly Pine

Abstract To facilitate the utility of genetic improvement in loblolly pine, individual-tree volume (productivity) scores estimated from single-tree plot or row-plot progeny test designs were compared with stand-level volume per unit area from block plots. A large number of families representing a wide range of progeny test scores for volume were established in growth and yield trials to generalize the results to families created by the breeding program. Individual-tree volume scores from progeny tests strongly corresponded with stand-level volume from block plots, especially after accounting for site quality and the risk of fusiform rust disease. A ten-point increase in the volume score from progeny test data was estimated to increase stand-level volume by 3.9 m3 ha-1 at age 6 years. A prediction model is presented that includes a new statistic, rust risk index, which is the expected rust incidence for a family at a new site when the hazard of rust for a checklot can be estimated from historical data. The study results through age 6 years corroborate the Performance Rating System as effective in guiding family deployment decisions. The models presented are based on pre-crown closure data at 6 years and will be updated with older measurements as the study matures. Study Implications: The Performance Rating System (PRS™) has been a successful tool for presenting genetic merit of improved loblolly pine families for landowners and forest managers in a more coherent and standardized manner. This system can be easily applied in other forest tree improvement programs, because it makes genetic improvement user-friendly for silviculturists and forest managers. Landowners can use this system to make decisions for selecting improved families suited to their specific forest management objectives. Seed orchard and nursery managers also depend on the PRS to choose the families to produce and as a third-party verification to market their genetic merit to customers. This study demonstrates that higher stand-level volume per unit area can be achieved when forest managers plant fast growing families with low fusiform rust disease risk on productive sites. The combined effect of genetic improvement for productivity and fusiform rust disease resistance is significant on stand-level volume per unit area.

Mexico’s Forest Diversity: Common Tree Species and Proposed Forest-Vegetation Provinces

We report a relatively rare study of a national forest inventory in a megadiverse country with the systematic collection of herbarium specimens. The taxonomic identification of 22,659 herbarium collections from 6942 sites of Mexico’s national forest inventory resulted in 1464 native tree species (approximately half of Mexico’s estimated total), in 470 genera and 117 plant families. We compared visual tree-species identifications in the field by hired crews, with much more rigorous identification of submitted (mostly sterile) herbarium specimens by experienced taxonomists and specialists at the National Herbarium: for 40% of the 22,659 collections, the identification of species names from the field was confirmed, for 32% it was corrected at the herbarium, and 27% had been sent without any identification. The most commonly collected plant families were Fagaceae (oak family, 21.7% of all collections), Fabaceae (legumes, 17.7%), and Pinaceae (pine family, 13.3%). The most commonly collected tree species in six major forest-vegetation types were Pinus leiophylla in “coniferous forest”, Quercus magnoliifolia in “highland broadleaf forest”, Liquidambar styraciflua in “mountainous cloud forest”, Bursera simaruba in “lowland evergreen forest”, Lysiloma divaricatum in “lowland dry forest”, and Parkinsonia microphylla in “xerophilous scrub”. We overlapped the six major forest-vegetation types with Mexico’s 15 mainland floristic provinces, as circumscribed by Rzedowski. This resulted in 75 so-called forest-vegetation provinces, of which 35 had at least 20 collection sites. The similarity of species composition among these 35 forest-vegetation provinces was only 17–34% with the Jaccard community index, and 15–42% with the Morisita-Horn community index. The number of physically undetected species was estimated statistically for the 35 forest-vegetation provinces, which indicates that there are forest-vegetation provinces, where the number of species could be up to 8.8-fold higher than those detected in the present work. Finally, we suggest a method to distribute sites optimally among the country in future forest inventories, such as to minimize the average area represented by the sites in each forest-vegetation province.

Comparative Genomics of Seasonal Senescence in Forest Trees.

In the course of evolution, both flowering plants and some gymnosperms have developed such an adaptation to winter and unfavorable living conditions as deciduousness. Of particular interest is Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), which is the only species in the pine family (Pinaceae) with a seasonal deciduousness. New generation sequencing technologies make it possible to study this phenomenon at the genomic level and to reveal the genetic mechanisms of leaf and needle aging in angiosperms and gymnosperms. Using a comparative analysis of the genomes of evergreen and deciduous trees, it was found that the genes that control EXORDIUM LIKE 2 (EXL2) and DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 1 (DRM1) proteins are most represented in Siberian larch, while an excess of genes that control proteins acting as immune receptors were found in evergreens. Orthologs from the family of genes that control leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLK) contributed mostly to the distinction between evergreens and deciduous plants.

Variations in Essential Oils from South Siberian Conifers of the Pinaceae Family: New Data towards Identification and Quality Control.

Conifer essential oils have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, and nowadays they are of special interest for official medicine, aromatherapy and perfumery. In the present work, comprehensive information is given on the composition of essential oils prepared from the twigs of the conifer trees of the pine family (Pinaceae): Abies sibirica Ledeb., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Picea obovata Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour, Pinus sylvestris L. A total of 50 samples of essential oils have been studied. The samples were prepared during vegetation stage in the time period 1998-2012 from the growing wild trees in the South part of the Western Siberia (Russian Federation) and neighboring territories of Republic of Kazakhstan within the area with geographical coordinates LAT 49.180012-57.908583 and LON 83.213217-91.258717 at elevation of 82-2070 m above sea level. All the essential oil samples were obtained from freshly collected plant raw material by steam distillation at atmospheric pressure in stainless steel apparatus, which had been specially designed for field research. All the chromatographic profiles were prepared from authentic samples whose voucher specimens are deposited at the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (NS). The following information for each sample is provided: (1) date and location of the plant raw material collecting, indicating administrative areas and the exact geographic coordinates; (2) yield of essential oil, (3) chemical composition of the essential oil sample based on GC/MS experiments using full mass-spectra (EI, 70 eV) and linear retention indices of the components, (4) results of GC-FID quantification based on internal standards and response factors, (5) enantiomeric composition of the main components based on GC×GC experiments using the 2nd column with cyclodextrin-based chiral selector, (6) GC profile of the high-boiling fractions indicating the characteristic sesquiterpenoids. Therefore, this study provides reliable information about the variability and true composition of the Siberian conifer oils, and the experimental data given can serve as reference chromatographic profiles of volatile substances to solve the problems of quality, authenticity and safety.

Genetic variation in height, diameter and second flushing in four-year old maritime pine progeny tests in Türkiye

Abstract A maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) breeding program was initiated in Türkiye by selecting plus trees from plantations across the country. Quantifying genetic variation in growth traits is essential for this program. Four-year old trees from 140 open-pollinated maritime pine families were assessed for height (HT), root collar diameter (D) and number of shoots in the fourth growing season (S) in three progeny test plantations (Kefken, Gebze and Çatalca) in northwest Türkiye. Growth was greater in Kefken, followed by Gebze and Çatalca. Both individual tree (h i 2) and family mean (h f 2) heritability estimates were greatest for HT (h i 2=0.22 and h f 2 =0.77) followed by D (0.16 and 0.59) and S (0.08 and 0.45). While genetic correlation between HT and D was strong (r A =0.72), S was correlated moderately with HT (0.56) and weakly with D (0.11). Genotype × environment interaction was significant only for D. While modest genetic gains (up to 15.20 % over the average of family means) from selections at age four seem possible for growth, changes in patterns of genetic variation and interrelationships among the traits as the trees age remains to be explored in the future.

Effect of Heat of Reaction and Charring Properties on Heat Release Rate during Combustion

The heat release rate (HRR) of fires can be determined from the relationship between the thermal pyrolysis rate of combustibles and the effective heat of combustion. To accurately determine the thermal pyrolysis rate of combustibles, it is important to understand the heat of reaction of combustibles. However, this parameter is difficult to measure for combustibles, such as wood, that produce charring during combustion because they undergo a multi-step pyrolysis reaction. In this study, the ISO 5660-1 standard method was used to perform cone calorimetry experiments to understand how the HRR is affected by the heat of reaction heat and charring properties of combustibles. To this end, the HRR calculated using FDS computational analysis was compared to the measured value from the ISO 5660-1 cone calorimetry experiments. A dehydrated Douglas-fir, an evergreen tree of the pine family, was used as a combustible material. The cone calorimetry experiment and FDS computational analysis results confirmed that increases in the heat of reaction and charring properties were directly correlated with the decrease in the HRR.

Scholia to Volume 9—Subscription List

Although in each instance identification remains uncertain, the additional information offered here (*) may eventually lead to a positive identification, or at least a likely one.*p. 293 AUCHMOUTY, MISS (1766)Unidentified. The surname, with multiple variations, has ancient connections with the historic Scottish county of Fife. One possibility would be the Miss Auchmuty whose death is recorded in the London Gazetteer of June 22, 1769): “Tuesday evening died at her house in Park-Place, St. James, Miss Auchmuty, a lady of considerable fortune.”*p. 346 CRAMMMOND, MISS (1769)[A typo in the Florida Sterne for CRAMMOND.] Unidentified. One possibility is a Miss Cramond who later married Hugh Inglis, a “Portugal Merchant of Mile-End” (August 18, 1776), described in the General Evening Post (August 20, 1776) as “a young lady of a large fortune and creole by birth.” Hugh Inglis and Mrs. Inglis subscribed to two sets of Samuel Green’s Sermons and to Helen Maria Williams’s Poems, both published in 1786. Alternatively, Elizabeth Cramond of Langley Lawn, Essex, daughter of Robert (d. 1762); “Miss Cramond” subscribed to Robert Bacon, Miscellaneous Pieces in Verse and Prose in 1790.*p. 485 PINE, ESQ. (1769)Unidentified. To the two suggestions offered, Robert Edge Pine, the painter, and John Pine, an attorney, we might add Simon Pine (d. 1772), brother of Robert Edge Pine and a miniaturist, also from Bath, although living in Dublin, 1762–1771. He exhibited in London in 1768–1771, so may well have been available for solicitation. He subscribed to Charles Bulkley, Oeconomy of the Gospel, (1764), and to James Foster, Discourses on all the principal branches of natural religion and social virtue 1749–1752). As “Sim. Pine, Esq.” he seems to have appeared in the amateur but extraordinarily well-known production of Othello in Drury Lane in 1751, directed by Charles Macklin, s.n., and staged as a showcase for his theatrical students, including Francis, Robert, and Edward Delaval, s.n. Samuel Foote, s.n., another student, was expected to appear but did not. See E. A. Parry, Charles Macklin (London, 1891), 88–89.The habit of passing Christian names through generations is exemplified by the Pine family, where John, Robert, Simon, and Thomas Jr. all subscribed to Joseph Morris, Sermons in 1743; John may well have been the father of the artists Robert Edge and Simon, but they would have been too young in 1743 to be subscribers themselves.*p. 518 MR. SMITH (1766, 1768), —— SMITH (1769)Unidentified. Given the fifteen theatrical personalities possibly subscribing to Sterne, including several attached to Covent Garden, we might suggest William Smith (c. 1730–1819), known as “Gentleman Smith” and associated with Covent Garden from 1753 until a clash with Charles Macklin, s.n., in 1773. John Beard, s.n., and George Colman, s.n., were both managers of Covent Garden during the period in which Smith was part of the company.

Analysis of genotype-by-environment interaction in a multisite progeny test with Scots pine for supporting selection decisions

In multisite forest genetic experiments, the presence of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) is common. GEI may negatively affect the estimates of genetic variance and hamper selection decisions in tree breeding programs. Several measures exist to evaluate the stability of tested genotypes’ performance across environments with a choice of the method likely affecting breeders’ decisions. In this study, we evaluated variation in diameter and height growth performance in the progeny test established at 4 sites with 80 open-pollinated half-sib families of Scots pine. We found significant variation among examined progeny at age 10, reaching up to 31% for diameter and 20% for height depending on site, and significant GEI in both traits. We estimated contribution of each family to GEI using various methods and tools of GEI analysis—AMMI, GGE biplots, heterogeneity of regression coefficients (bi’s), the deviation mean squares from regression (s2di) and Kang’s yield-stability index (YSi). Despite the presence of the cross-over interaction, family ranks did not vary much among sites. The selections based on the phenotype, YSi and restricted bi corresponded well to each other leading to the expected response to selection up to 7.8% on diameter and 4.4% on height, whereas those based on the AMMI stability variance were different and lead to a slight loss in both traits. We discuss our results in the context of the usefulness of those measures of genotype stability for tree breeding programs and propose the procedure to follow for making selection decisions in forest experiments with GEI.

Представители семейства сосновые (Pinaceae Lindl.) североамериканской флоры в коллекции дендрологического сада ФБУ «СевНИИ ЛХ»

The article presents the results of the introduction of the North American flora woody species of the pine family (Pinaceae Lindl.) to the European North of Russia. The research purpose is to select the most valuable specimens for introduction into northern conditions from the tree species collection. The research has involved experimental, calculation, analytical, and comparative methods. The conclusion on the result of the introduction of a particular plant was based on the materials of long-term phenological observations, which were carried out according to the method of botanical gardens improved for the conditions of the European North of Russia. As a result of the introduction of North American species of the Pinaceae Lindl. family to the region, a large-scale test of foreign conifers was carried out for the first time; a collection of 2 species of fir, 4 species and 3 forms of spruce, 2 species of pine, and 1 species of Douglas fir was created. Most attention was paid to the introduction of species of the genus Pinus. Positive results of cultivation of Pinus contorta Loud. var. latifolia S. Wats. in the Dendrological garden allowed us to select it for further introduction testing in experimental plantations of the region. On plantations located in the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions and the Komi Republic, 104.2 ths seedlings were grown from the seed samples, mostly from the northern natural range of this pine. Unfortunately, not all of the breeding material for the North American pine species tested was derived from natural growth sites, which puts into question some of the unsatisfactory results. Therefore, for Jack pine and Weymouth pine, it is advisable to use in testing additional samples from the most northern regions of their natural ranges in Canada. Many of these species are of both scientific and practical interest for forestry. To assess the economic value of those introduced species, adaptive capabilities of which in the conditions of the European North according to the results of studies are not in doubt, it is advisable to lay out pilot plantations in the region, similar to the already created plantings of North American lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud. var. latifolia S. Wats.). The concentration of different species like balsam fir (Abies balsamea Mill.), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursch.) Poir.), American larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K.Koch.), Canadian spruce (Picea glauca Voss.), Engelmann’s spruce (Picea engelmannii Engelm.), black spruce (Picea mariana Britt.), Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Loud. var. latifolia S. Wats.), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb.), involving several seed origins from the most northern regions of its natural range for each, in 2-3 forest areas will allow creating a valuable introduction object; scientific and practical importance of those mentioned cannot be overestimated.

Evaluation of Long-Term Shortleaf Pine Progeny Tests in the Ouachita and Ozark National Forests, USA

Between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, the USDA Forest Service installed 155 shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) progeny tests in national forests across the Southern Region of the United States. Using control-pollinated crosses from the Mount Ida Seed Orchard, 84 of these progeny tests were established in the Ouachita and Ozark-St. Francis National Forests in Arkansas and Oklahoma. Each of these 84 test locations had, on average, 33 full-sibling families representing three local geographic seed sources (East Ouachita, West Ouachita, and Ozark). Though largely abandoned years ago, the progeny tests that remain provided an opportunity to determine if significant genetic and genetic × environment variance exists for performance traits (d.b.h., tree height, and survival) decades after installation. In 2018 and 2019, we remeasured d.b.h. and height and determined survival in 15 fully stocked progeny tests. Family variances were significant (p &lt; 0.01) for both d.b.h. and height but not for survival (p &gt; 0.05). Seed sources differed significantly (p &lt; 0.05) for d.b.h., with more pronounced latitudinal differences. Additionally, we determined that individual tree and full-sibling family mean heritabilities were moderate (0.15 and 0.72, respectively, for d.b.h and 0.09 and 0.41, for height), suggesting relatively high genetic to environmental variation and good potential for genetic improvement. We also found that shortleaf pine families were broadly adapted in this region since family-by-test variances were non-significant (p &gt; 0.05).

Pinus Species as Prospective Reserves of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Use in Functional Food-Current State of Knowledge.

The pine (Pinus L.) is the largest and most heteromorphic plant genus of the pine family (Pinaceae Lindl.), which grows almost exclusively in the northern hemisphere. The demand for plant-based remedies, supplements and functional food is growing worldwide. Although pine-based products are widely available in many parts of the world, they are almost absent as food ingredients. The literature shows the beneficial effects of pine preparations on human health. Despite the wide geographical distribution of pine trees in the natural environment, there are very few data in the literature on the widespread use of pine in food technology. This study aims to present, characterise and evaluate the content of phytochemicals in pine trees, including shoots, bark and conifer needles, as well as to summarise the available data on their health-promoting and functional properties, and the potential of their use in food and the pharmaceutical industry to support health. Various species of pine tree contain different compositions of bioactive compounds. Regardless of the solvent, method, pine species and plant part used, all pine extracts contain a high number of polyphenols. Pine tree extracts exhibit several described biological activities that may be beneficial to human health. The available examples of the application of pine elements in food are promising. The reuse of residual pine elements is still limited compared to its potential. In this case, it is necessary to conduct more research to find and develop new products and applications of pine residues and by-products.