False View Research Articles

Imaging and Preoperative Planning of Athletic Hip Pathology

Proper imaging is essential for treatment planning of athletic hip pathology. Plain radiographs are a valuable imaging modality, as they can provide useful information regarding patient native anatomy and hip pathoanatomy. Both acetabular- and femoral-sided pathology can be examined using a variety of radiographic views including the AP pelvis, cross table lateral, modified Dunn, and false profile views. Computed tomography can be utilized to further characterize the hip in the coronal and sagittal planes with the added information of axial imaging. This can aid in assessment of hip dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement. Magnetic resonance imaging can be useful in evaluation soft tissue pathology of the hip, as well as in assessment of the cartilage. Ultrasound offers a non-invasive method of imaging the hip and can be useful in dynamic studies.

A survey of attitudes, behaviors and experiences of Nigerian investors in cryptocurrencies

Purpose Given the many activities of Nigerian investors in the crypto ecosystem, this paper investigates the level of their awareness, attitudes, risk tolerance, experience, reasons for investing and level of financial literacy.Design/methodology/approach The research approach is based on a self-administered questionnaire. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) permitted the use of its reliable and validated survey instrument, administered in Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam in 2019. The results are tabulated and analyzed.Findings The key results include the participation of respondents, who are generally young males, not fully financially literate but risk-averse. Many held the false view that investing in global markets is a higher risk than in national markets. Their reasons for investing in crypto include the fear of missing out on good opportunities and the desire to have fun. The results also revealed that social media, conversations with non-experts and online articles are among the most used investment information sources, highlighting the role of digital platforms and informal discussions in shaping perceptions and knowledge about cryptocurrencies. Investments in cryptos are financed through savings, regular monthly budgets or borrowed from friends or family. As for specific attitudes to risk, the results suggest that for most respondents, preserving their invested capital is of paramount importance.Originality/value The importance of this research also resides in the possibility of comparing the crypto ecosystem in Asia with Nigeria because the same OECD data instrument is employed in data collection. Moreover, this study is the most comprehensive research about Nigerian investors in cryptocurrencies.

Image Rotation Alters Apparent Fibula Length: An Evaluation of Talocrural Angle, Shenton Line, and Dime Sign.

Fibula shortening can compromise ankle stability and force transmission, thereby impacting clinical outcomes. Because radiographs depict 3-dimensional anatomy in 2 dimensions, accurate radiographic assessment of fibula length is a commonly encountered clinical challenge. The talocrural angle (TCA), Shenton line, and dime sign are useful parameters of fibula length. Yet, the impact of 3-dimensional limb positioning on these radiographic parameters is not established. Bone models were constructed from CT scans of 30 lower limbs. Fibula length was computationally manipulated, and digitally reconstructed radiographs were generated reflecting 1-degree increments of sagittal and axial plane rotation of each limb for each fibula length condition. The TCA was computationally measured on each image. The presence of an aligned mortise view, intact Shenton line, and intact dime sign was assessed by 2 observers. The mean TCA, which was 78.0 (95% CI ± 1.6) degrees for a true mortise projection with anatomic fibula length, changed by approximately 1 degree per millimeter of fibula length change. On average, 14.7 degrees of caudal rotation obscured 2 mm of fibular shortening by virtue of producing the same TCA as a true mortise view with anatomic fibula length, designated a false positive view. Axial rotation had a comparatively small effect. Observers 1 and 2 were, respectively, 91% and 88% less likely to accurately judge the image alignment of the false positive images compared to true mortise images. Moreover, intraobserver agreement was poor to moderate (mean 0.47, range 0.13-0.59) and interobserver agreement was uniformly poor (mean 0.08, range 0.01-0.20). In our study using digitally reconstructed radiographs from CT scans of 30 limbs, we found that sagittal plane rotation impacts the radiographic appearance of fibula length as measured by the TCA. Limb axial rotation had a comparatively small effect. Further study of human perception of Shenton line and dime sign is needed before the effect of rotation on these parameters can be fully understood. Level IV, case series.

Questioning the role of technology in Early Childhood Education: divides and false views

El uso de recursos digitales en la Educación Infantil es objeto de debate. Las visiones que sostienen docentes y familias determinan el papel que le otorgan a estos recursos y las mediaciones que ponen en marcha tanto en la escuela como en el hogar. Ambos agentes educativos parecen mostrar posturas confusas y muchas veces contrapuestas. En este estudio, llevado a cabo con una metodología de investigación mixta, se analizan las percepciones y prácticas de uso de tecnologías en la etapa 3-6, en el contexto escolar y familiar. Los resultados del análisis de datos recogidos mediante cuestionarios, grupos focales y estudios de caso, apuntan a la existencia de una serie de percepciones dominantes que reflejan importantes contradicciones e indican la existencia de brechas digitales. Brechas que abarcan desde el acceso al uso, y que también señalan lo que se puede entender como una brecha específica al hablar de tecnologías y Educación Infantil.

We’ll never have a model of an AI major-general: Artificial Intelligence, command decisions, and kitsch visions of war

ABSTRACT Military AI optimists predict future AI assisting or making command decisions. We instead argue that, at a fundamental level, these predictions are dangerously wrong. The nature of war demands decisions based on abductive logic, whilst machine learning (or ‘narrow AI’) relies on inductive logic. The two forms of logic are not interchangeable, and therefore AI’s limited utility in command – both tactical and strategic – is not something that can be solved by more data or more computing power. Many defence and government leaders are therefore proceeding with a false view of the nature of AI and of war itself.

DOES THE FALSE PROFILE VIEW REALLY SHOW ANTERIOR COVER?

To quantify the acetabular coverage of the femoral head, Lequesne's vertical-center-anterior edge (VCA) angle is used on the false profile view. Lateral coverage is determined by Wiberg's lateral-center-edge (LCE) angle on an ap pelvic view. The delimitation of the weightbearing area is defined by the end of the subchondral sclerosis line for both views. To our knowledge the exact anatomic location of the points used for measurement on the acetabular rim are not known.Six hips from three cadaver pelvises (3 male and 3 female) were investigated. The anterior and lateral points of interested were identified radiographically using fluoroscopy and marked with 1mm ceramic bullets. Standard false profile views and ap pelvic views in neutral inclination and rotation were taken to check the correct location of the ceramic bullets. A CT of each pelvis was made to locate the ceramic bullets and to define the exact anatomic location of the measurement points on the o'clock position. 6 o‘clock was defined as the midpoint between anteroinferior and the posteroinferior rim edges. Values were normalized for a right hip.The mean clockface location for the VCA was 1:33 (range, 1:15 to 1:40) and for the LCE 0:38 (range, 0:20 to 0:50).The LCEA is slightly anterior to the 12 o'clock position and remains useful to quantify the lateral coverage. Surprisingly, the point used for measuring the VCA is only about 30° (1h) anterior of the point used for measuring the LCEA. Its value for determining anterior cover has to be questioned. The discrepancy to other studies in the literature is because this study identifies and measures the end of the weight bearing zone, and not the border of the bony acetabulum.

Averroes on Intellect: from Aristotelian Origins to Aquinas’s Critique

<i>Averroes on Intellect: from Aristotelian Origins to Aquinas’s Critique</i>

Race and Ethnicity in Pulmonary Function Test Interpretation: An Official American Thoracic Society Statement.

Current American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards promote the use of race and ethnicity-specific reference equations for pulmonary function test (PFT) interpretation. There is rising concern that the use of race and ethnicity in PFT interpretation contributes to a false view of fixed differences between races and may mask the effects of differential exposures. This use of race and ethnicity may contribute to health disparities by norming differences in pulmonary function. In the United States and globally, race serves as a social construct that is based on appearance and reflects social values, structures, and practices. Classification of people into racial and ethnic groups differs geographically and temporally. These considerations challenge the notion that racial and ethnic categories have biological meaning and question the use of race in PFT interpretation. The ATS convened a diverse group of clinicians and investigators for a workshop in 2021 to evaluate the use of race and ethnicity in PFT interpretation. Review of evidence published since then that challenges current practice and continued discussion concluded with a recommendation to replace race and ethnicity-specific equations with race-neutral average reference equations, which must be accompanied with a broader re-evaluation of how PFTs are used to make clinical, employment, and insurance decisions. There was also a call to engage key stakeholders not represented in this workshop and a statement of caution regarding the uncertain effects and potential harms of this change. Other recommendations include continued research and education to understand the impact of the change, to improve the evidence for the use of PFTs in general, and to identify modifiable risk factors for reduced pulmonary function.

Association Between Belief in Medicine and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Adults in Zaira, Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Negative perceptions of antiretroviral treatment (ART)'s efficacy and consequences may operate as roadblocks to adherence. This research aimed to determine the association between belief in medicine and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV adults on ART in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional design, a systematic random sampling method was used to select respondents aged 18-64 years on antiretroviral therapy for at least six months at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, outpatients of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Clinic. Socio-demographics, belief in medicine and adherence to ART were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression were used for data analysis. Among the 385 people who took part in the study, about 67.5% were females and 32.5% were males. About 54% of adults adhered to ART. More than half (55.8%) of the respondents had negative perceptions (beliefs) of personal need for ART medication and about 42.3% of the respondents had more concerns about the potential negative effects of the ART medication. Government employment (odds ratio (OR) = 2.842, p = <0.01), self-employment (OR = 2.6, p = <0.001), and being divorced or widowed (OR = 2.0, p = <0.01), negative perceptions (beliefs) of personal need for the ART medication (adjusted OR (AOR) = 1.525, p=<0.01) and more concerns about the potential negative effects of the ART medication (AOR= 1.362, p = <0.05) were all significantly associated with ART adherence. Employment, marital status and belief in medicine were associated with adherence to ART. Therefore, during adherence counseling, healthcare personnel should address respondents' false views and fears regarding ART medication in order to strengthen proper information and the benefits of ART. This article was previously presented as a meeting poster at the 36th Scientific Conference of the Nutrition Society of Malaysia (7th and 8th September 2021).

A Millian Case for Censoring Vaccine Misinformation

The spread of vaccine misinformation may contribute to vaccine refusal/hesitancy and consequent harms. Nonetheless, censorship is often rejected on the grounds of free expression. This article examines John Stuart Mill’s influential defence of free expression but finds that his arguments for freedom apply only to normal, reasonably favourable circumstances. In other cases, it may be permissible to restrict freedom, including freedom of speech. Thus, while Mill would ordinarily defend the right to express false views, such as that vaccines cause autism, he might have accepted restrictions on anti-vaccine misinformation during the present pandemic. This illustrates that even the staunchest defenders of free speech can permit temporary restrictions in exceptional circumstances.

Benedict XVI on Education and Solidarity

American parents and school leaders are debating whether critical race and gender theories belong in public schools, with many parents turning to home school. Many of these parents will instinctively rely on John Locke’s educational theory, since he famously argued for parental control of education. This essay will summarize Locke’s educational theory and then survey some educational moments in American history to reveal that political leaders have often wavered between individual rights and communal control of education. The essay then argues that Benedict XVI provides a better educational resource for concerned parents. Benedict’s educational perspective flows from his understanding of theology and culture. Benedict argues for parental choice, but within the context of solidarity. For Benedict, teaching children a Christian perspective of human nature within private and home schools becomes an act of communal solidarity, particularly when the community embraces false views of human nature. I conclude by suggesting that although Benedict provides a deeper educational resource than John Locke does, concerned parents should keep Locke’s skepticism in mind. Lockean skepticism can protect against naivete.

Chinese Narrotologies

Chinese Narrotologies

Xiong Shili, Kiyozawa Manshi, and the Logic of Transformation

This paper offers a comparative-philosophical examination of how the early 20th-century Chinese philosopher Xiong Shili (1885–1968) and late 19th-century Japanese philosopher Kiyozawa Manshi (1863–1903) thought about the topic of transformation. Although the two thinkers face similar material and intellectual circumstances – both attempt to develop an idealist philosophy of mind to combat naturalism – my focus is on demonstrating that they occupy inverted philosophical positions on transformation. I begin by discussing their different evaluations of logic. Xiong considers logic nothing more than a tool for combating false views that must be abandoned upon achieving its goal. Kiyozawa has a positive understanding of logic and thinks that it can be used speculatively to conceive of our relation to the unlimited. I then show how their differing evaluations of logic are rooted in their divergent views on transformation. Kiyozawa conceives of transformation as a process of spiritual evolution from matter to mind; that is, for him something transforms into something else. To Xiong, transformation is the sole reality; that is, for him there is only: transformation. In the last part, I supplement idea-historical reasons for their inverted positions vis-à-vis transformation with a philosophical examination aimed at revealing the existential attitudes from which Xiong and Kiyozawa theorize and engage in practice. To that end, I heuristically apply Kiyozawa’s two-gate theory. Within the framework offered by this theory, Xiong can be considered a philosopher of self-power, and Kiyozawa one of other-power.

Holism, Particularity, and the Vividness of Life

John Martin Fischer’s Death, Immorality, and Meaning in Life puts forth a view of the individual experiences that could provide us with sources of endless fascination, motivation, and value if only we could live forever to continue to enjoy them. In this article I advocate for more caution about embracing this picture by pointing to three points of tension. First, I argue that taking meaningfulness in life to be holistic is not compatible with the view immortal lives would be recognizably humanlike. Next, I interrogate Fischer’s claim that that worries about boredom in immortal lives are predicated on the false view that our pursuits are compelling to us because we value them instrumentally, showing that he relies on a more controversial view of the value of our pursuits. Finally, I argue that Fischer’s naturalistic reinterpretation of the value of Near-Death experiences falls somewhat short of capturing their poignancy. Given Fischer’s seeming acknowledgment that what we get from an experience is sometimes ineffable, I argue that he ought to be less skeptical that a genuine Near-Death Experience would give the person experiencing it some (defeasible) evidence of the supernatural.

Evaluation of antero-posterior instability of the hip using modified Lequesne's false profile view

BackgroundAccurate evaluation of hip instability is critical for the diagnosis and successful treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). However, dynamic evaluation of hip instability is not well established. This study aimed to use the lateral view from a radiograph to evaluate dynamic antero-posterior hip instability in patients with DDH. MethodsSeventy-four patients (92 hips) with DDH (DDH group) and 46 patients (59 hips) without hip pain and DDH (Control group) were examined. A false profile view (FPV) according to Lequesne was taken at standard and 90° flexion with the hip of interest defined as functional FPV; the translation of the center of the femoral head (CFH) obtained from the functional FPV was measured. As a validation test, we measured the anterior translation of the CFH using ultrasonography (US). ResultsThere was a significant difference between the two groups in the translation of the CFH (p < 0.01). The degree of CFH translation depended on the severity of DDH (lateral center edge angle, r = −0.56, p < 0.01; vertical center anterior margin angle, r = −0.57, p<0.01) and lateralization of the femoral head (head lateralization index, r = 0.54, p < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between functional FPV and US measurements (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). ConclusionThe present study confirmed that antero-posterior hip instability in DDH patients can be detected using functional FPV. Our novel measurement, as a new method for assessing hip instability, may be useful for evaluating hip dynamic instability in diagnosing the etiology, and determining and evaluating the treatment for DDH at lower cost and improved accessibility.

Applying the Country of Origin Effect in Teaching a German-Austrian Business Case

A merger of two airlines from Germany and Austria presents an opportunity for students to reflect on notions of cultures and business cultures, and then to begin to think critically about biases and stereotypes inherent in the country of origin effect (COE). While the country of origin is defined by where a consumer perceives a product to be from, regardless from where it may actually originate, the COE influences consumer purchases and perceptions. This influence, while seemingly coming from positive traits associated with the country, can also perpetuate stereotypes and false monolithic views of culture. This article presents a business case about the merger of Austrian Airlines and Lufthansa as part of a larger class unit consisting of six 50-minute course periods designed for the intermediate German post-secondary classroom. The case study presented here uses the concept of COE to examine how the nation and culturally driven goods and services may also uphold stereotypes as well as consumer and marketer biases. This current study looks at culture and language learning, cultural assessment standards and their suggested outcomes, and recent criticisms of these models in a global context. As part of the business case unit activities, students reflect on print and video advertising to develop written descriptions, to read an image, and to state an opinion—all with the goal of engaging critically with notions of culture used in travel industry marketing and branding. The purpose of this project is to embed critical readings for students of both a national culture and a monolithic German business culture early in the curriculum.

Cognitive Dissonance: A Barrier to Effective Management

Cognitive dissonance is often a barrier to effective management because it can lead library managers to accept a distorted view of “reality” and thus make less effective decisions. This trait is embedded in our genetic heritage from its success in pre-historic times but often causes problems in modern society even if it remains valuable in some situations. Irrational optimism, a common form of cognitive dissonance, invites managers to take greater risks than justified by the facts but can be positive as long as the negative consequences are not high. Similarly, in today’s era of rapid change, a false view of current realities may cause managers to cling to prior successes. Snap judgments are inevitable, but cognitive dissonance often causes managers to avoid changing their minds based on new information. The best antidotes to the negative effects of cognitive dissonance are being open to alternative possibilities, being willing to admit being wrong, seeking out valid research, monitoring the environment for results, and having trusted advisors.

SADHU SUNDAR SINGH – HIS CONTRIBUTION TO INDIAN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY

Sadhu Sundar Singh (1889-1929) was a Christocentric Indian Christian Mystic, known for his efforts to Indianize Christianity and whose thoughts on Christ, Bible, Spirituality, Christianity etc, are very original. Born in Sikh religion, by the age of sixteen he read Bhagavadgita and memorised Granth, Koran and several Upanishads. He hated Christianity so much, that he tore up and burnt the bible at this teen age. But next year, in a powerful vision he saw Jesus and was converted to Christianity. At the age of Seventeen, he set out on his journey as a new Christian, penniless, except with a New Testament copy, wearing a saffron turban and the saffron robe of a sadhu, as an ascetic devoted to spiritual practice, to preach the Gospel and about Jesus. Due to the Sadhu's uncanny physical resemblance to the Incarnate Jesus, similarities to the life and ministry of Apostle Paul, he was considered as a Biblical gure coming alive. He travelled extensively in India and around 24 countries in his missionary work. His thoughts on Prayer, Visions, Bible, and Heaven on Earth etc were so strong and original, that it even surprised most of the western theologists. His entire theology is based on his personal and spiritual experiences (Anubhava) with Lord Jesus. His thoughts about the primacy of Prayer in a Christian's life are compa red with that of other great European Christian mystics like St. Augustine, St Francis of Assisi, and St. Thomas a Kempis. Many of his theological thoughts are similar to that of Luther, even though he never met him nor read about him, but he also had some differences too. In his various severe sufferings that he faced in his efforts to preach the Gospel, even when he was persecuted, left to dead, imprisoned in Ilom, dumped in a dark well in Rasar, among skeletons and bones, he said Christ's presence has turned his prison or hell into a heaven of blessing. In him Christianity and Hinduism meet, and the Christian is like a ower which blossoms on an Indian stem. He says non-Christians, who did not get an opportunity or left an opportunity to accept Jesus, will get another opportunity afterlife to have their false and partial views of truth corrected. Even though he says all other religions are inadequate and only through Jesus one can get salvation, in his fullment approach, he says there is dim measure of “light of the truth” among the followers of different religions and provides for “continuity” in fullment and that they will eventually get full knowledge of true God, the “True Reality”. Sundar Singh is thoroughly convinced, that Christianity can enter Indian hearts and souls if offered in Indian form. He had done more than any man in the rst half of the twentieth century to establish that "Jesus belongs to India” and Christianity is not foreign.

McGrath, Sarah. Moral Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 240. $65.00 (cloth).

McGrath, Sarah. <i>Moral Knowledge</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 240. $65.00 (cloth).

What’s Wrong with Stereotypes?

Stereotypes are commonly alleged to be false or inaccurate views of groups. For shorthand, I call this the falsity hypothesis. The falsity hypothesis is widespread and is often one of the first reasons people cite when they explain why we shouldn’t use stereotypic views in cognition, reasoning, or speech. In this essay, I argue against the falsity hypothesis on both empirical and ameliorative grounds. In its place, I sketch a more promising view of stereotypes—which avoids the falsity hypothesis—that joins my earlier work on stereotypes in individual psychology (2015) with the work of Patricia Hill Collins on cultural stereotypes (2000). According to this two-part hybrid theory, stereotypes are controlling images or ideas that enjoy both a psychological and cultural existence, which serve a regulative social function.