False Asymmetry Research Articles

The Exact WKB analysis for asymmetric scalar preheating

Using the exact WKB analysis of the higher-order differential equations, we analyze the asymmetry in dynamical particle production of a complex scalar field. The solution requires the Stokes phenomena of the fourth-order differential equation. We found that the interference of different types of the Stokes phenomena causes matter-antimatter asymmetry. We also showed a specific example where asymmetry is forbidden in the exact calculation, but a false asymmetry appears in the perturbative expansion.

Bilateral Ground Reaction Force Asymmetry During Supramaximal Drop Landings

Bilateral vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) asymmetries have not been investigated during supramaximal drop heights. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of drop height on impact and attenuation vGRF impulses. 19 young adults completed the protocol (14 males, 5 females, age: 21.3 ± 0.75 years, mass: 75.1 ± 10.2 kg, height: 171.4 ± 7.9 cm, 1RM back squat relative to mass: 1.72 ± 0.4), which included bilateral drop landings starting at 0.3 m going up to 1.52 m in increments of 0.152 m. Asymmetries were calculated from impact impulse, loading rate, peak vGRF, attenuation impulse, and total impulse. Linear regressions analyzed these variables with respect to drop height at the group and individual levels. All dependent variables measuring asymmetrical force production produced negative regression slopes at the group level, but the adjusted R2 values ranging 0.06 to 0.15 indicate drop height accounted for minimal variance in asymmetry variables. However, examination of individual asymmetry responses reveals noteworthy adjusted R2 values for athlete monitoring and return to play considerations in competitive sport. Seven participants displayed significant reductions in asymmetry values as drop height increased with R2 values ranging from 0.23-0.64. Practitioners and coaches using landing asymmetry measurements to support return to play decisions should consider the inclusion of larger drop heights to avoid false positive asymmetry results and encourage participants to land as quickly as possible with maximal effort.

Inter-laboratory agreement on embryo classification and clinical decision: Conventional morphological assessment vs. time lapse.

The aim of this study is to determine inter-laboratory variability on embryo assessment using time-lapse platform and conventional morphological assessment. This study compares the data obtained from a pilot study of external quality control (EQC) of time lapse, performed in 2014, with the classical EQC of the Spanish Society for the Study of Reproductive Biology (ASEBIR) performed in 2013 and 2014. In total, 24 laboratories (8 using EmbryoScope™, 15 using Primo Vision™ and one with both platforms) took part in the pilot study. The clinics that used EmbryoScope™ analysed 31 embryos and those using Primo Vision™ analysed 35. The classical EQC was implemented by 39 clinics, based on an analysis of 25 embryos per year. Both groups were required to evaluate various qualitative morphological variables (cell fragmentation, the presence of vacuoles, blastomere asymmetry and multinucleation), to classify the embryos in accordance with ASEBIR criteria and to stipulate the clinical decision taken. In the EQC time-lapse pilot study, the groups were asked to determine, as well as the above characteristics, the embryo development times, the number, opposition and size of pronuclei, the direct division of 1 into 3 cells and/or of 3 into 5 cells and false divisions. The degree of agreement was determined by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficients and the coefficient of variation for the quantitative variables and the Gwet index for the qualitative variables. For both EmbryoScope™ and Primo Vision™, two periods of greater inter-laboratory variability were observed in the times of embryo development events. One peak of variability was recorded among the laboratories addressing the first embryo events (extrusion of the second polar body and the appearance of pronuclei); the second peak took place between the times corresponding to the 8-cell and morula stages. In most of the qualitative variables analysed regarding embryo development, there was almost-perfect inter-laboratory agreement among conventional morphological assessment (CMA), EmbryoScope™ and Primo Vision™, except for false divisions, vacuoles and asymmetry (users of all methods) and multinucleation (users of Primo Vision™), where the degree of agreement was lower. The inter-laboratory agreement on embryo classification according to the ASEBIR criteria was moderate-substantial (Gwet 0.41–0.80) for the laboratories using CMA and EmbryoScope™, and fair-moderate (Gwet 0.21–0.60) for those using Primo Vision™. The inter-laboratory agreement for clinical decision was moderate (Gwet 0.41–0.60) on day 5 for CMA users and almost perfect (Gwet 0.81–1) for time-lapse users. In conclusion, time-lapse technology does not improve inter-laboratory agreement on embryo classification or the analysis of each morphological variable. Moreover, depending on the time-lapse platform used, inter-laboratory agreement may be lower than that obtained by CMA. However, inter-laboratory agreement on clinical decisions is improved with the use of time lapse, regardless of the platform used.

Must a world government violate the right to exit?

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a response to the common claim that a world government is undesirable because one would not be able to leave its territory. This claim nearly always appears as an adjunct to the possibility that a world government would be irredeemably bad. I separate out two implications of the impossibility of exit: first, that a world government is unable to respect human rights; and second, that regardless of its status as rights-respecting, it is, all things considered, better to be able to leave a territory if one wishes to do so. As a response, I develop a concept of exit rights. This shows that respect for exit rights is not necessarily undermined by the presence of a world government, and that a world government is able to provide for the substance of the right or the interests that it secures. Next, I argue that the normative force of the claim that one ought to be able to exit the territory of a bad government lies in a false asymmetry between territorial states in the states system and a world government. For individuals who live under an illegitimate government, it makes practically no difference whether there exists some other legitimate government if they are unable to move to or live in its territory – the situation of the vast majority of individuals already living under ‘very bad’ regimes. I conclude that an illegitimate world government is not worse than an illegitimate territorial state with regards to the ability to exit.

A Comment on Statistical Significance and Standards of Proof

A Comment on Statistical Significance and Standards of Proof

The 'Reshapement' of the False Negative Asymmetry in Toxic Tort Causation

Legal decision-making entails the possibility of error, and legal rules may preferentially create a higher risk of one type of error than another. In toxic tort causation disputes, much legal doctrine implicitly prefers to risk false negative errors -- incorrectly rejecting questionable causal claims that are actually true -- over false positive errors -- incorrectly accepting causal claims that are actually false. This article explains how legal doctrines create that asymmetry, explores possible reasons for the asymmetry, and describes how the Third Restatement of Torts offers courts an opportunity to correct the asymmetry without sacrificing the truth-seeking objective of adjudication.

Versions g1.0 and g1.1 of the LASG/IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model

The latest two versions of the IAP Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS) model—versions g1.0 and g1.1, are described in this study. Both two versions are fully coupled GCMs without any flux correction, major changes for g1.1 mainly lie in four aspects: (1) advection schemes for tracer in the ocean component model; (2) zonal filter scheme in high latitudes in the ocean component model; (3) coupling scheme for fresh water flux in high latitudes; and (4) an improved algorithm of air-sea turbulent flux depending on the surface current of the ocean. As a result, the substantial cold biases in the tropical Pacific and high latitudes are improved by g1.1, especially g1.1 simulates more reasonable equatorial thermocline, poleward heat transport, zonal overturning stream function in the ocean and sea ice distribution than g1.0. Significant ENSO variability are simulated by both versions, however the ENSO behavior by g1.0 differs from the observed one in many aspects: about twice ENSO amplitude as observed, false ENSO asymmetry, only one peak period around 3 years, etc. Due to improved mean climate state by g1.1, many basic characteristics of ENSO are reproduced by g1.1, e.g., more reasonable ENSO amplitude, two peaks of power spectra for ENSO events, and positive SST skewness in the eastern Pacific as observed.

Corrections for the polarization-dependent efficiency and new neutron-proton analyzing power data at 7.6 MeV

We present new corrections for the polarization-dependent efficiency (PDE), which introduces a false asymmetry into measurements of $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ analyzing power ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ caused by double scattering in the neutron side detectors. To accomplish this, we created a new database of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$(\mathrm{nP\vec},n)$ ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ by using a combination of fits to data, phase-shift analysis, and $R$-matrix analysis. Our recorrection for PDE of previously reported $n\text{\ensuremath{-}}p$ ${A}_{y}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ data at 7.6 and 12.0 MeV and new data at 7.6 MeV indicate that we have achieved a superior representation of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$$(\mathrm{nP\vec},n)$. Our results continue to suggest a possible charge dependence of the pion-nucleon coupling constant.

Measurement of the parity-violating triton emission asymmetry in the reactionLi6(n,α)H3with polarized cold neutrons

We describe measurements of the parity-violating ($P\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{odd}$) triton emission asymmetry coefficient ${a}_{P\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{odd}}$ in the $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$$(n,\ensuremath{\alpha})$$^{3}\mathrm{H}$ reaction with polarized cold neutrons. Experiments were carried out at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (Gatchina, Russia) and at the Institut Laue-Langevin (Grenoble, France). We employed an ionisation chamber in a configuration allowing us to suppress the left-right asymmetry well below ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. An additional test for a false asymmetry due to eventual target impurities (``zero test'') resulted in ${a}_{0\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{test}}=(0.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. As final result of this series of experiments we obtained ${a}_{P\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{odd}}=(\ensuremath{-}8.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$.

CIAS, Inc. v. Alliance Gaming Corp., 424 F. Supp. 2d 678 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).

CIAS, Inc. v. Alliance Gaming Corp., <i>424 F. Supp. 2d 678 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).</i>

G0 beam quality and multiple linear regression corrections

The G0 experiment measures parity-violating elastic e-p scattering asymmetries to probe the strange quark content of the nucleon. The goal is to measure the asymmetries with an overall uncertainty of 5% of the measured asymmetries which will be of order 10−5 to 10−6. In order to achieve the above precision, systematic effects which can induce false asymmetries must be controlled. One such systematic error is helicity-correlated changes in beam parameters, which, coupled with the sensitivity of the G0 spectrometer to such beam variations, can induce false asymmetries. Beam parameters monitored for helicity-correlation are beam current, beam position, beam angle, and beam energy. A feedback loop was successfully used to reduce the helicity-correlation in beam current and beam position. The sensitivity of the G0 spectrometer to fluctuations in beam parameters has also been measured, and the false asymmetries have been determined to be of order 10−8. This contribution will address the sensitivity of the G0 spectrometer to changes in beam conditions, the performance of the feedback loops as well as the resulting parity quality of the G0 beam, and the resulting false asymmetry.

Strange particle production and polarization of Λ hyperons in the HERMES experiment

Semi-inclusive and inclusive reactions with Λ, Λ , and K s in the final states are studied in the HERMES experiment using unpolarized gas targets and the polarized 27.5 GeV positron beam of the HERA collider. Semi-inclusive DIS kinematics of Λ production in current fragmentation region show a good agreement with LEPTO based Monte Carlo calculations for the accepted by the HERMES spectrometer events. Longitudinal Λ polarization for the semi-inclusive Λ production is measured. The false asymmetry resulting from the spectrometer acceptance is excluded by analyzing two data sets with opposite beam polarizations. Polarization transfer coefficient from the knocked out quark to the Λ is found to be 0.04 ± 0.17( stat) ± 0.09( syst). In inclusive case transverse polarizations of Λ and Λ are measured. Averaged over the range of the transverse Λ, Λ momentum 0 < p t < 1.7 GeV/c it is found P n = 0.066 ± 0.011( stat) ± 0.025( syst) for Λ and P n = −0.066 ± 0.037( stat) ± 0.025( syst) for Λ .

Measurement of complex RF susceptibility using a series Q-meter

In this paper we have for the first time derived closed form expressions for the nuclear magnetic susceptibility in terms of the series Q-meter output voltage. We discuss the corrections involved in determining nuclear polarization from NMR signals by using the deuteron and proton spin systems as examples. Deuteron signals are shown to exhibit a false asymmetry, while proton signals have substantial shape distortions. Moreover, for the first time the importance of making a phase correction is demonstrated. We conclude that the series Q-meter with real part detection is not sufficient to produce an output voltage from which the nuclear susceptibility can be determined. An additional phase-sensitive detector is proposed for obtaining the imaginary part of the signal required for unambiguous extraction of the complex RF susceptibility.

Improved low-energy diffuse scattering electron-spin polarization analyzer

An improved low-energy diffuse scattering electron-spin polarization analyzer is described. It is based on the low-energy (150 eV) diffuse scattering of polarized electrons from polycrystalline evaporated Au targets. By collecting large solid angles and efficiently energy filtering the scattered electrons, a maximum figure of merit, FOM=S2I/I0=2.3×10−4 is achieved. Maximum measured values of the Sherman function were S=0.15. Further, the instrumental (false) asymmetry due to changes in the trajectory of the incident electron beam has been minimized by balancing the angular and displacement asymmetries. A total residual scan asymmetry as low as 0.0035/mm has been measured over 4-mm scan fields at the Au target in the detector. This instrumental asymmetry would produce a maximum error in the polarization in a SEMPA experiment of less than 0.3% for a 100-μm full-field scan. Details of the design and performance of the new detector are given.

Double scattering measurement applied for heavy ion elastic scattering at intermediate energies

The measurement of the left-right asymmetry in double scattering was applied to deduce the vector analyzing power for elastic scattering of 150 MeV 6Li on 12C. In order to reduce the instrumental asymmetry, the measurement was done at θlab = 7.7° and 12.3° corresponding to the second and third maxima of the angular distribution of the differential cross section for elastic scattering. The magnetic spectrograph DUMAS blocked reaction particles other than elastic ones impinging on the second scatterer. Position sensitive SSDs used for the left-right detectors in the second scattering reduced the instrumental false asymmetry. This enables us to perform the asymmetry measurement with a precision better than 10−2.

Polarisation et mesures de section efficace dans la réaction 9Be(3He, p)11B

New measurements of the differential cross section have been carried out in the reaction 9Be(3He, p)11B between 13.0- and 14.2-MeV incident energy. In order to compute the effective analyzing powers of polarimeters used to measure proton polarization in the same reaction, a precise knowledge of angular variations is necessary. The achieved accuracy allows a correct calculation of the false asymmetry caused by nonuniform illumination of the analyser from cross section variations.

A nuclear reaction polarimeter using position-sensitive particle detectors

Position-sensitive solid-state detectors have been used in double-scattering experiments with solid targets. Particles with second scattering angles θ 1ab from 36° to 144° were observed simultaneously by two of these detectors. Left-right asymmetries were obtained for each detector from consecutive measurements with the detector on opposite sides of the incident beam. A digital computer was used to accumulate data as two-parameter spectra, the two parameters being the positions and energies of the detected particles. Events were labelled to indicate the detector in which they occured. The polarimeter was used initially to scatter protons twice from 12C. Three sets of measurements were made, so the polarizations were determined (except for a sign) independently of other measurements. A sample angular distribution is shown for the measured polarization of protons elastically scattered from 12C at 6.14 MeV. The data were corrected for the false asymmetry due to the finite geometry. A simple but general calculation is described to make this correction for any polarimeter using two solid targets.