Fallopian Tube Recanalization Research Articles

Recanalization of Proximal Fallopian Tube Obstruction in the Treatment of Infertility.

Infertility affects approximately 15% of patients worldwide, with up to 40% of cases attributed to tubal disease, and up to 25% of those being proximal fallopian tube obstruction (FTO). Evaluation of tubal patency can be performed via laparoscopic chromopertubation, hysterosalpingography, or hysterosalpingo-contrast-sonography (HyCoSy). In patients with proximal tubal obstruction, fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) can result in up to 100% technical success rate with pregnancy rates of 12.8 to 51%. More pregnancies occur when oil-soluble contrast media are used versus water-soluble contrast media. Complications of FTR are rare and include tubal perforation, ectopic pregnancy, and pelvic infection. Reocclusion of fallopian tubes may occur in 20 to 50% of patients; however, FTR may be repeated in these cases. Overall, FTR is underutilized in the treatment of infertility secondary to proximal FTO and it can obviate costly and time-consuming assistive reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization in some patients, as well as decreasing physical and emotional stress.

Fallopian Tube Recanalization for the Management of Infertility: Review article

Fallopian Tube Recanalization for the Management of Infertility: Review article

Treatment of Proximal Tubal Occlusion by Transcervical Fluoroscopic Guide Wire Mediated Fallopian Tube Recanalization in Female Infertility

Treatment of Proximal Tubal Occlusion by Transcervical Fluoroscopic Guide Wire Mediated Fallopian Tube Recanalization in Female Infertility

Preliminary study on a novel biological scaffold loaded with Apelin-13 sustained-release microcapsules for promoting fallopian tube recanalization in rabbits.

Tubal factor infertility severely impairs the natural fertility of women, and there is for genuine tubal recanalization, including restoration of both the anatomy and function of the diseased fallopian tubes. Currently, there is no effective treatment available. This study aims to explore methods for promoting the repair and recanalization of fallopian tubes from these 2 aspects. Apelin-13 sustained-release microspheres and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable scaffolds were prepared. The basic characteristics and in vivo degradation (mass loss rate) of the biodegradable scaffolds were tested, along with the in vitro drug release (cumulative release rate), the in vivo drug release (Apelin-13 plasma concentration), and in vitro degradation (degradation rate) of the microspheres. The Apelin-13 microspheres (microsphere group)/PLGA 3D scaffolds loaded with Apelin-13 sustained-release microspheres (scaffold-microcapsule group) were injected/placed into the fallopian tubes of New Zealand rabbit of chronic salpingitis models. The patency, microscopic structure, and positive expression of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor of the fallopian tubes in the control group, the model group, the microcapsule group, and the scaffold-microcapsule group was observed and compared. At the 4th week post-operation, the mass loss rate of the PLGA 3D scaffolds, the degradation rate of the microspheres, and the Apelin-13 sustained-release microspheres-generated cumulative release rate in vitro over 30 days were 98.66%, 70.58%, and 98.68% respectively. The plasma concentration of Apelin-13 reached its peak within 5 days and remained stable for 25 days. Compared with the model and microsphere groups, the scaffold-microsphere group showed a milder inflammatory reaction within the tubal lumen, a higher rate of fallopian tube patency, and higher expression levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors (all P<0.05). The indicators of the scaffold-microsphere group were close to those of the control group. The PLGA 3D scaffolds loaded with Apelin-13 sustained-release microspheres can comprehensively repair the anatomical structure and physiological function of the fallopian tubes and hold promise for truly effective tubal recanalization.

Post Tubectomy, Fallopian Tube Recanalization

Bilateral tubectomy is one of commonly used method of contraception worldwide as a permanent method of family planning procedure for women, which can be done laparoscopically or by open method of surgery. Many women regret for their decision of permanent sterilization and some of them come to restore their fertility, because they have lost their press child which is usually male and some come because they have remarried. To restore fertility in post tubectomy women, fallopian tube re-canalization or in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the answer. For post-tubectomy cases, fallopian tube recanalization can be done manually by open surgery or with laparoscope. Since 2014 till date, 18 cases of post-tubectomy fallopian tube recanalization, manually by open method of surgery is done. This method was found to be most feasible, simple and no special instrument or equipment was needed. As such general surgical instruments were used in bilateral fallopian tube anastomosis with too satisfying results.

Spontaneous pregnancy rate after fallopian tube recanalization for unilateral obstruction with a patent contralateral tube

BackgroundInfertility is a common sociomedical problem worldwide, affecting up to 15% of couples. Tubal obstruction is currently one of the most important causes of female infertility. This study was designed to determine the spontaneous pregnancy rate in patients undergoing unilateral transcervical fallopian tube recanalization, performed by an interventional radiologist, for proximal fallopian tube obstruction with a patent contralateral tube. The secondary objective was to analyze pregnancy rates in relation to the type and duration of infertility, patient age, and body mass index.ResultsThirty-eight patients with unilateral tube obstruction were included in this study. Transcervical fallopian tube recanalization was successfully performed in all cohorts. At the one-year follow-up; 13 women (34.2%) had become pregnant, nine (23.7%) delivered healthy babies, and four (10.5%) had miscarriages. The time interval between the application of the technique and spontaneous pregnancy was 1–12 months, with a mean of approximately 4 months. Multivariate analysis showed a significantly higher pregnancy rate in young (< 35 years), nonobese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) females with a history of primary infertility for < 5 years. Minor complications were noted in 27 patients (71%). No major complications were noted.ConclusionsOur study showed that transcervical fallopian tube recanalization of proximal fallopian tube obstruction with a patent contralateral tube increased the spontaneous pregnancy rate in cases of tubal factor infertility. Moreover, transcervical fallopian tube recanalization is recommended as a first-line treatment for women with unilateral proximal fallopian tube obstruction and a patent contralateral tube owing to the low risks associated.

Dose-Effect Relationship of Chitosan and Danshen Combined Injection for Fallopian Tube Recanalization.

Objectives: This study examined the dose-effect relationship of chitosan and danshen combined injections on the long-term prevention of fallopian tube re-obstructions, with increased pregnancy rates in infertile women. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the content changes of combined chitosan and danshen injection. Two hundred and eighty patients with fallopian tube obstructions were randomly assigned to four groups. Group A (control group, saline), Group B (2 ml chitosan, 4 ml danshen), Group C (2 ml chitosan, 10 ml danshen), and Group D (1 ml chitosan, 10 ml danshen). Injections were administered after tubal recanalization. Results: The effective constituent of chitosan and danshen injection was stable. Tubal patency rate was 94.2% and 87.3% in Group C after 1 and 3 years, respectively, which was significantly higher than Groups A (38.6%, 31.5%), B (73.5%, 64.1%), and D (68.5%, 50.7%). Intrauterine pregnancy rates were 61.8% and 79.4% in Group C after 1 and 3 years, respectively, and were significantly higher than Groups A (31.8%, 34.8%), B (40.1%, 62.5%), and D (38.5%, 58.5%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Combined Chitosan and danshen injections prevented tubal obstruction and increased pregnancy rates for long periods using an optimal ratio of 1 part chitosan and 5 parts danshen.

Abstract No. 135 Radiologic findings in infertile women referred for selective salpingography and fallopian tube recanalization

Abstract No. 135 Radiologic findings in infertile women referred for selective salpingography and fallopian tube recanalization

Evaluating Fallopian Tube Patency: What the Radiologist Needs to Know.

Impaired tubal patency accounts for up to 35% of cases of subfertility and infertility. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) or hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy) represents a first-line test in evaluating fallopian tube patency. Despite the association of HSG with ionizing radiation, HSG is a reference standard in assessing fallopian tube patency and tubal conditions such as tubal occlusion, salpingitis isthmica nodosa, and hydrosalpinx. HSG is widely available and utilizes either a water-soluble contrast medium (WSCM) or an oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM). Compared with WSCM, HSG with OSCM results in a higher incidence of non-in vitro fertilization pregnancies and, therefore, may be preferred in women younger than 38 years with unexplained subfertility. HSG may also be helpful in assessment after sterilization or before fallopian tube recanalization. US-based tubal tests are free of ionizing radiation and include HyCoSy, with either air-saline or microbubble US contrast material, and hysterosalpingo-foam sonography (HyFoSy), a tubal patency test that utilizes a gel foam. A comprehensive US infertility evaluation of the pelvis and fallopian tubes can be achieved in one setting by adding coronal three-dimensional imaging of the uterus, saline infusion sonohysterography, and HyCoSy or HyFoSy to routine pelvic US. MR HSG and virtual CT HSG also depict tubal patency and uterine and adnexal pathologic conditions and may be considered in select patients. While laparoscopic chromopertubation remains the standard for tubal patency evaluation, its disadvantages are its invasiveness and cost. Knowledge of the different fallopian tube tests and radiologic appearance of normal and abnormal fallopian tubes results in fewer pitfalls, accurate interpretation, and optimal patient care. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.

E-health and interventional radiology in gynecology

PurposeThis paper aims to summarize the radiological interventions that can be used by obstetricians and gynecologists.Design/methodology/approachE-health systems apply in all hospital sectors in the world; interventional radiology (IR) now includes transcatheter and percutaneous techniques that can be applied to various organ systems, including the female reproductive system and pelvis. Interventional radiologists can now offer many services to obstetricians and gynecologists. With the advent of new procedures and refinement of existing techniques, there are now a number of procedures that can be used to treat both vascular and non-vascular diseases. This review summarizes the radiological interventions that can be used by obstetricians and gynecologists.FindingsThis review is intended to help gynecologists and obstetricians understand the role of IR in their specialty. Many valuable vascular and nonvascular interventional services can be provided by radiologists for both obstetric and gynecological indications. Many of these IR procedures are minimally invasive with less risk to the patients.Originality/valueIR is now being used to treat some conditions encountered in obstetrics and gynecology, in particular, uterine leiomyomas, placenta accreta, postpartum hemorrhage and pelvic congestion syndrome. Moreover, with the help of IR, radiologists can also manage several nonvascular pathologies, including drainage of pelvic abscesses, fallopian tube recanalization, image-guided biopsy and fluid collections involving ovarian lesions. The major challenges faced when performing obstetric IR procedures are reduction of radiation exposure for the patient and fetus and preservation of fertility. This review highlights the role of IR in the treatment of various vascular and nonvascular pathologies encountered in obstetrics and gynecology.

Randomized trial of the application value of comprehensive nursing intervention in the perioperative period of ruptured bleeding of ectopic pregnancy.

The purpose of this study was to explore the value of comprehensive nursing intervention in the perioperative period of ruptured bleeding of ectopic pregnancy. From January 2015 to January 2020, 164 patients with rupture and bleeding of ectopic pregnancy who needed laparoscopic treatment in the department of gynecology at our hospital were selected and randomly divided into the basic nursing group and the comprehensive nursing group, with 82 cases each. During the perioperative period, comprehensive nursing intervention or basic nursing intervention were performed, and the nursing effects of the two nursing interventions were compared. The disappearance time of abdominal pain, the time to get out of bed, and the length of hospitalization in the comprehensive nursing group were significantly shorter than those in the basic nursing group (P<0.05). After surgery, blood sugar levels, aldosterone, cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 in the two groups were significantly higher than those before surgery (P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). After the operation, the proportion of patients with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores of 7-10 in the comprehensive nursing group was significantly lower than that in the basic nursing group (P<0.05). Before the intervention, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores of the two groups were compared, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). After the intervention, the HAMA and HAMD scores of the comprehensive nursing group were significantly lower than those of the basic nursing group (P<0.05). The fallopian tube recanalization rate of patients in the comprehensive care group was significantly higher than that of the basic care group (P<0.05), and the complication rate was significantly lower than that of the basic care group (P<0.05). In summary, a comprehensive nursing program during the perioperative period can improve the treatment effect and significantly shorten the recovery time of patients, which is worthy of clinical promotion.

Interventional Radiologist's Approach to Fallopian Tube Recanalization

Fallopian tube obstruction (FTO) is a common cause of female infertility. In the setting of proximal FTO, fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) is a minimally invasive, ambulatory procedure with a technical success rate of up to 100%, with minimal postprocedural adverse events. One-year pregnancy rate following FTR is approximately 41%, with successful delivery of full-term infants in 84% of pregnancies. This minimally invasive, outpatient, image-guided procedure is an alternative to vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and should be top-of-mind in the setting of infertility due to proximal FTO.

Outcomes after successful fallopian tube recanalization: A single institution experience: Observational Retrospective study

PurposeTo determine outcomes after successful fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) in women who suffer infertility with documented tubal occlusion on hysterosalpingogram. MethodsA retrospective review of consecutive successful FTR procedures from January 2010 to December 2016 was performed. 53 women who had hysterosalpingogram confirmed unilateral or bilateral tubal occlusion from a single tertiary academic medical center and successful FTR were eligible for inclusion. 35 (66.0%) patients had follow up at 12 months after FTR, with 13 conceiving within 1 year of the procedure. Data was collected from the medical record. Complication, conception, and take-home-baby (THB) rates were recorded. The average age of patients was 32.3 years (range 26–42 years). All patients received peri- and post-procedure antibiotics. The study was conducted with institutional IRB approval. ResultsAverage follow-up after FTR was 1335 days. All patients tolerated the procedure well with no immediate complications. One patient had a urinary tract infection a week after FTR. 13 (37.1%) became pregnant after FTR. Of these women, 2 had ectopic pregnancies and 2 patients had spontaneous abortions. The THB rate after FTR for all patients was 25.7%. The THB rate in women who became pregnant after FTR was 69.2%. Of those women who did not become pregnant after FTR, 19 (84.6%) went to assisted reproductive techniques, and of those, 8 (42.1%) became pregnant. ConclusionInfertility affects 8.4% of U.S. women, with tubal disease a major causative factor. In our study, successful FTR led to pregnancy in over a third of the patients with the majority giving birth to healthy babies. Given the success of obtaining pregnancy in combination with a low complication rate, FTR is a viable option in women who suffer from tubal infertility.

Factors affecting the success of fallopian tube recanalization in treatment of tubal obstructive infertility.

ObjectiveTo examine potential risk factors associated with the success rate following fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) in infertile women with obstruction of the proximal fallopian tube.MethodsWe retrospectively studied patients who underwent FTR for tubal obstructive infertility between January 2016 and December 2018 at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. FTR was performed using a catheter and guidewire system to clear tubal obstruction. Predictive factors potentially associated with the success rate were assessed by logistic regression.ResultsA total of 762 patients were included. Multivariable analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24–4.58), infertility type (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.36–6.21), history of ectopic pregnancy (OR = 7.87, 95% CI: 4.05–15.81), history of abdominal surgery (OR = 4.30, 95% CI: 2.22–8.60), history of artificial abortion curettage (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 2.12–8.03), and duration of infertility (OR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.06–3.85) were independently associated with postoperative tubal patency.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that risk factors, such as age ≥35 years, secondary infertility, duration of infertility ≥5 years, and histories of ectopic pregnancy, abdominal surgery, and artificial abortion curettage, affect the success rate of FTR. These factors may also predict surgical success in treating tubal obstructive infertility.

Conception rates after fluoroscopy-guided fallopian tubal cannulation: an alternative to in vitro fertilization for patients with tubal occlusion.

Objective:Previous studies show good technical success rates for fallopian tube recanalization. Scarce literature exists regarding advance techniques currently used by interventional radiologists during fallopian tube recanalization procedures. This study investigates the level of intervention and tubal patency and its association with technical success and associated pregnancy outcomes.Methods:We retrospectively evaluated fallopian tube recanalization procedures performed at a single center in a 24-year period. A total of 160 couples undergoing a basic infertility evaluation were included. Hysterosalpingography with high pressure contrast injection followed by selective contrast, guidewire catheterization at the tubal ostium, and/or microcatheter/microwire recanalization were performed. Comparisons of the tubal fertilization rate by relevant characteristics were tested for statistical significance with t tests for continuous data or with Pearson chi-square tests for categorical data.Results:Technical success rate was 94% (319 of 341 tubes). High pressure contrast injection alone (184 of 341, 54%), selective catheterization (40%), and microcatheter/microwire (6%) interventions yielded technical success rates of 98%, 90%, and 73%, respectively. The overall rate of conception was 35% (17 of 48).Conclusion:Current techniques of fallopian tube recanalization offer a desirable and safe option with high technical success for patients seeking treatment for infertility due to proximal fallopian tube obstruction.

What family physicians should know about interventional radiology?

Interventional radiology (IR) is a rapidly evolving specialty. The minimally invasive nature of the procedures has led to a paradigm shift in treating many disease processes from conventional surgery to interventional techniques that have become the first choice and the preferred method for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, many aortic pathologies, and venous diseases. Interventional oncology procedures have become widely available for the treatment of solid hepatic and renal tumors. This includes palliative techniques for many advanced malignancies, and fluid drainage that is exclusively performed by interventional radiologists in many hospitals all around the world. Women's health-related procedures such as uterine fibroid embolization, fallopian tube recanalization, and embolization for pelvic congestion syndrome have become attractive choices for many patients. Family physicians (FPs) are the main source of patient referral to hospitals. However, there is a notable knowledge deficiency of IR among FPs in Saudi Arabia. This may be due to poor communication between FP and IR or the lack of FP's awareness of IR procedures. This is a nonsystematic review to introduce some IR procedures to FPs pertinent to their practice to optimize patient referral and management with the use of IR services. We focused on the most commonly performed IR procedures paying special attention to their clinical indications, benefits, and alternatives.

04:21 PM Abstract No. 420 Outcomes after successful fallopian tube recanalization: a large single-institution experience

To determine pregnancy outcomes after successful fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) in women who suffer subfertility secondary to tubal occlusion. A retrospective review of consecutive successful FTR procedures from January 2010 to December 2016 was performed. 53 women who had hysterosalpingogram confirmed tubal occlusion from a single tertiary academic medical center and successful FTR were eligible for inclusion. Thirty-nine (73.5%) had follow up at 12 months after FTR. Data was collected from the electronic medical record. Complication, pregnancy, and take-home-baby (THB) rates were recorded. The average age was 32.9 years (range 25-42 years). 47% underwent bilateral FTR. All patients received peri- and post-procedure antibiotics. The study was conducted with the approval of the local IRB. Average follow-up was 1198 days. All patients tolerated the procedure well with no immediate complications. One patient had a urinary tract infection a week after FTR. 13 (32.5%) became pregnant after FTR. Of these women, 2 had ectopic pregnancies and 2 patients had spontaneous abortions. The THB rate after FTR for all patients was 32.5%. The THB rate in women who became pregnant after FTR was 69.0%. Of those women who did not become pregnant after FTR, 22 (56.4%) went to assisted reproductive techniques, and of those, 8 (36.4%) became pregnant. Average follow-up was 1198 days. All patients tolerated the procedure well with no immediate complications. One patient had a urinary tract infection a week after FTR. 13 (32.5%) became pregnant after FTR. Of these women, 2 had ectopic pregnancies and 2 patients had spontaneous abortions. The THB rate after FTR for all patients was 32.5%. The THB rate in women who became pregnant after FTR was 69.0%. Of those women who did not become pregnant after FTR, 22 (56.4%) went to assisted reproductive techniques, and of those, 8 (36.4%) became pregnant.

Combined chitosan and Dan-shen injection for long-term tubal patency in fallopian tube recanalization for infertility

To prospectively study the efficacy of different anti-adhesion agents for the prevention of tubal obstruction after recanalization, this trial was approved by our hospital ethics committee. Four hundred patients with fallopian tube obstruction were randomly assigned to four groups. The control group underwent recanalization alone, whereas the other groups were injected with chitosan, Dan-shen, or combined chitosan and Dan-shen after recanalization. The tubal patency rate in all four groups was recorded after 12 day, 3 months, and 12 months. The pregnancy rates were noted after 12 months. The recanalization rates after 1 day in the control, chitosan, Dan-shen, and combined chitosan and Dan-shen groups were 94.1, 97.1, 96.5, and 98.2%, respectively (p = 0.18, p > 0.05). The rates of tubal patency after 3 months were significantly higher in the combined chitosan and Dan-shen (96.5%), chitosan (88%), and Dan-shen (85.2%) groups compared with the control group (73.9%) (p = 0.0001, p < 0.05). The recanalization rate and intrauterine pregnancy rate after 12 months was significantly higher in the combined chitosan and Dan-shen group (93.8 and 63.9%, respectively) compared with the other groups (control 39 and 30.6%, chitosan 78.4 and 46.9%, and Dan-shen 77.3 and 43.3%) (p = 0.0029 and p = 0.0001, p < 0.05). Chitosan, Dan-shen, or a combination of the two compounds could be effective for preventing tubal obstruction after interventional recanalization, possibly increasing the rate of pregnancy in affected women. The combined chitosan and Dan-shen injection has unique advantages in the interventional recanalization of obstructed fallopian tubes.

A clinical study of Guizhi-Fuling pill combined with conventional therapy for the patients with oviduct obstructive infertility

Objective In order to evaluate the clinical curative effect of Guizhi-Fuling pill combined with conventional therapy for the patients with oviduct obstructive infertility. Methods In this study, 102 patients with oviduct obstructive infertility (OOI) that accorded with the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups according to the order of treatment. During the study, a total of 5 patients were lost in the two groups, and so 49 in the treatment group and 48 in the control group completed the protocol. The control group was given fallopian tube recanalization under the hysteroscopy, and the treatment group was given oral Guizhi-Fuling pill at day 2 after surgery on the basis of the control group treatment. Both groups were observed for 6 months. Before and after treatment, TCM symptom score was conducted, and IL-6 level was determined by radioimmunoassay; the uterine fallopian tube was examined after the 6th month of treatment, and pregnancy rate was observed and recorded. Results After treatment, abdominal pain degree (0.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1, t=3.612), the low back pain (0.9 ± 0.2 vs. 1.6 ± 0.2, t=2.553), abdominal distension (0.5 ± 0.0 vs. 1.0 ± 0.8, t=2.364), menstrual blood clots (0.5 ± 0.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.1, t=2.331) in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (Ps<0.05). After treatment, the rate of oviduct patency was 75.5% (37/49) in thetreatment group, 50.0% (24/48) in the control group, and the comparison difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=8.075, P=0.044). After 6 months of treatment, the pregnancy rate of the treatment group was 63.3% (31/49), and that of the control group was 37.5% (18/48), the difference of pregnancy rate between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=6.724, P=0.035). After treatment, serum IL-6 (31.04 ± 2.47 ng/ml vs. 42.71 ± 2.52 ng/ml, t=7.593) in the treatment group was signicantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Guizhi-Fuling pill combined with conventional therapy can reduce IL-6 level, promote fallopian tube recanalization, improve the intrauterine pregnancy rate, and improve the clinical symptoms of OOI patients. Key words: Infertility, female; Fallopian tube obstruction; Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan; Hysteroscopes; Interventional

Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate Following Fallopian Tube Recanalization in Women with Proximal Fallopian Tube Obstruction.

Fallopian tube obstruction is a major cause of female infertility. We aimed to evaluate the factors potentially affecting pregnancy rate following fallopian tube recanalization (FTR) in infertile women with proximal fallopian tube obstruction. Data was retrospectively collected for 61 women (25, primary infertility; 36, secondary infertility) who underwent FTR at our institution. Bivariable and multivariable analyses of clinical pregnancy rates in relation to the following factors were performed: primary vs. secondary infertility, duration of infertility, age at the time of FTR, unilateral vs. bilateral obstruction, and previous pelvic interventions. All women who underwent fluoroscopically guided transcervical FTR of one or both proximally obstructed tubes were successfully recanalized (technical success rate, 100%). Within a year after FTR, 41% of women had conceived. None of the studied variables was significantly associated with pregnancy rate on bivariable analysis. Nevertheless, on multivariable analysis, the type and duration of infertility were significantly associated with pregnancy among women aged <35 years at the time of FTR. Our findings regarding pregnancy rates following FTR reflect the diversity of the patient population and suggest the presence of multiple contributing factors. Younger women with secondary infertility for <5 years are highly likely to achieve conception following FTR.