Failure Of Mitral Valve Repair Research Articles

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair With the MitraClip Device for Prior Mitral Valve Repair Failure: Insights From the GIOTTO-FAILS Study.

Minimally invasive mitral valve repair has a favorable risk-benefit profile in patients with significant de novo mitral regurgitation. Its role in patients with prior mitral valve repair is uncertain. We aimed to appraise the outcome of patients undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) with prior transcatheter or surgical mitral valve repair (SMVR). We queried the Italian multicenter registry on TEER with MitraClip, distinguishing naïve patients from those with prior TEER or (SMVR). Inhospital and long-term clinical/echocardiographic outcomes were appraised. The primary outcome was the occurrence of death or rehospitalization for heart failure. A total of 2238 patients were included, with 2169 (96.9%) who were naïve to any mitral intervention, 29 (1.3%) with prior TEER, and 40 (1.8%) with prior SMVR. Several significant differences were found in baseline clinical and imaging features. Respectively, device success was obtained in 2120 (97.7%), 28 (96.6%), and 38 (95.0%, P=0.261) patients; procedural success in 2080 (95.9%), 25 (86.2%), and 38 (95.0%; P=0.047); and inhospital death in 61 (2.8%), 1 (3.5%), and no (P=0.558) patients. Clinical follow-up after a mean of 14 months showed similar rates of death, cardiac death, rehospitalization, rehospitalization for heart failure, and their composite (all P>0.05). Propensity score-adjusted analysis confirmed unadjusted analysis, with lower procedural success for the prior TEER group (odds ratio, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.09-0.81]; P=0.019) but similar odds ratios and hazard ratios for all other outcomes in the naïve, TEER, and SMVR groups (all P>0.05). In carefully selected patients, TEER can be performed using the MitraClip device even after prior TEER or SMVR.

A complexity evaluation system for mitral valve repair based on preoperative echocardiographic and machine learning

BackgroundTo develop a novel complexity evaluation system for mitral valve repair based on preoperative echocardiographic data and multiple machine learning algorithms. MethodsFrom March 2021 to March 2023, 231 consecutive patients underwent mitral valve repair. Clinical and echocardiographic data were included in the analysis. The end points included immediate mitral valve repair failure (mitral replacement secondary to mitral repair failure) and recurrence regurgitation (moderate or greater mitral regurgitation [MR] before discharge). Various machine learning algorithms were used to establish the complexity evaluation system. ResultsA total of 231 patients were included in this study; the median ejection fraction was 66% (63–70%), and 159 (68.8%) patients were men. Mitral repair was successful in 90.9% (210 of 231) of patients. The linear support vector classification model has the best prediction results in training and test cohorts and the variables of age, A2 lesions, leaflet height, MR grades, and so on were risk factors for failure of mitral valve repair. ConclusionThe linear support vector classification prediction model may allow the evaluation of the complexity of mitral valve repair. Age, A2 lesions, leaflet height, MR grades, and so on may be associated with mitral repair failure.

Reoperation after failure of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease: A single surgeon experience

BackgroundWith an increasing number of patients undergoing mitral valve repair, more patients are presenting for reoperation. This study aimed to evaluate factors influencing mortality and survival of patients undergoing reoperation for mitral valve surgery after previous mitral valve repair under a single surgeon. MethodsWe retrospectively collected data from 117 patients who underwent reoperation after previous mitral valve repair between 2010 and 2022. We aimed to identify preoperative, operative, and postoperative factors affecting outcomes. The primary outcome was overall survival, and the secondary outcomes included prolonged hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. The mean follow-up was 9.13 ± 10.36 years (median, 6.50 years). ResultsOut of 117 patients, 85 underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) and 32 underwent mitral valve repair (MVr). The mean age was 64.7 ± 12.7 years (65.5 ± 12.2 years in the MVR group and 62.7 ± 14.0 years in the MVr group), and 66 (56.4%) were men. On a standard multivariate analysis of the overall factors influencing mortality, advanced age was associated with a higher risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], f1.03-1.12; P = .001). The urgency of surgical intervention also played a role, with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing emergency reoperation (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.60-149.05; P = .02). Furthermore, the presence of mixed lesions, encompassing both mitral regurgitation and stenosis, was strongly linked to increased overall mortality (HR, 17.09; 95% CI, 4.06-71.94; P < .001) and in-hospital mortality (HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 15.83-1925.61; P < .001). Infective endocarditis emerged as a prominent risk factor for overall mortality (HR, 992.08; 95% CI, 85.74-11,479.08; P < .001) and in-hospital mortality (HR, 5.83; 95% CI, 514.81-65,932.99; P < .001). Additionally, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was associated with a significantly increased risk of overall mortality (HR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.24-14.97; P = .02) ConclusionsOur single surgeon experience demonstrates that mitral valve reoperation after a previous repair is associated with good outcomes and survival.

A Computational Pipeline for Patient-specific Prediction of the Post-operative Mitral Valve Functional State.

In the present work, we established a patient-specific mitral valve (MV) computational pipeline based strictly on standard-of-care preoperative imaging data to quantitatively predict the post-repair MV functional state. First, we developed a finite-element model of the full patient-specific MV apparatus by quantifying the MV chordae tendinae (MVCT) distributions from five CT-imaged excised human hearts and segmenting the MV leaflet geometry and identifiable MVCT origins from three patients' preoperative 3D echocardiography images. To functionally tune the patient-specific MV mechanical behavior, we simulated preoperative MV closure and iteratively updated the leaflet and MVCT pre-strains to minimize the mismatch between the simulated and target end-systolic geometries. With this fully calibrated MV model, we simulated undersized ring annuloplasty (URA) by defining the annular displacement using the ring dimensions. In all cases, the postoperative geometries were predicted to within 1 mm of the target, and the MV leaflet strain fields demonstrated very good global and local correspondence. Moreover, our model predicted increased posterior leaflet tethering after URA in a recurrent patient, which is the likely driver of long-term MV repair failure. Such studies are crucial since MV repair outcomes remain unpredictable, yet patient-specific optimization techniques are profoundly limited. With this pipeline, we are able to predict postoperative outcomes from preoperative clinical data alone, and thus lay the foundation for quantitative surgical planning, tailored patient selection, and ultimately, a more durable repair.

1132 CATHETER INTERVENTION TO TREAT MIGRATED TEMPORARY EPICARDIAL PACING WIRE INTO THE PULMONARY ARTERY

Abstract Catheter intervention to treat migrated temporary epicardial pacing wire into the pulmonary artery Introduction Temporary epicardial pacing wires (TEPW) are routinely inserted postoperatively for treating electrophysiological disturbances after open-heart surgeries. They are typically placed on the surface of the right ventricle and the right atrial appendage. They are usually removed before discharge, but in case of difficult removal, they are cut flush to the skin, and thus retained. Leaving TEPW can be associated to complications, especially with wires migration. As described in literature, TEPW migration is rare and typically involves the right side of the heart, even if any part of the body can be involved. A review proposed an algorithm for removal decision making, based on the risk of serious complications like infection, dissection and perforation. We present a case of a transcatheter removal of a TEPW migrated into the pulmonary artery, in an asymptomatic patient. Case presentation A 52 year-old man, with previous history of Hodgkin Lymphoma treated with radiotherapy and Chemotherapy; CAD (inferior AMI treated with CABG); constrictive pericarditis causing many on-hospital admissions for heart failure; valvular disease: together with the CABG intervention, in 2012, he underwent mitral valvular repair and aortic valvuloplasty; in 2018, because of mitral valve repair failure, he underwent mitral valve substitution with a mechanic valve together with tricuspid repair; in the same year, because of worsening aortic regurgitation, he underwent TAVI. During routine follow-up exams, three years later, in 2021, the patient underwent a total body CT scan that showed the presence of a hyperintensity signal in the region between the right atrium and the right ventricle, crossing the tricuspid valve, with a final loop in the right ventricle infundibulum, suspected to be a TEPW. A transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed the position of the extraneous body, that was causing no impingement to the leaflets of the tricuspid valve, without worsening tricuspid regurgitation. A fluoroscopy showed the presence of a metallic wire, divided into two segments, the former extended from the right atrium till the right subclavian vein passing through the superior cava vein; the latter extended from the right ventricle till the left pulmonary artery. The patient underwent a transcatheter intervention with a right femoral vein access, to try to remove the TEPWs. The former located in the right atrium had a extravascular location, so it was left inside. The other one was removed. After advancing a Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery, it was exchanged with a multipourpose catheter and a Multi-Snare 20 mm retrieval system captured the wire and dragged till the inferior cava vein; a second retrieval system, a Snare STD 12-20 mm, was finally able to anchor firmly the wire and to carry it outside. No complications occurred after the procedure; an echocardiogram excluded intracardiac problems. The patient was discharge the day after the procedure, in good clinical conditions. Discussion In this case, a transcatheter removal of the TEPW was performed, even if the presence of the wires caused no symptoms and/or complications to the patient. Anyway, because of the presence of both a prosthetic valve and a mechanic valve, in a setting of constrictive pericarditis and the consequent possibility of several in-hospital admission in conditions of acute heart failure with worsening of tricuspid regurgitation, the persistence of the wire could represent a risk factor for infective endocarditis and for severe tricuspid regurgitation. Removing it with a fast and safe transcatheter femoral approach, a potential cause of other complications was avoided.

Mitral Valve Re-Repair Due to Chordal Pseudo-Elongation Through Repeated Right Anterior Minithoracotomy.

We aim to show the step-by-step surgical technique of mitral valve re-repair by means of a repeated right anterior minithoracotomy in a case of a procedure-related early mitral valve repair failure due to left ventricular positive remodeling and chordal pseudo-elongation. The patient was readdressed to our institution for an early severe mitral valve regurgitation, less than a year after performing a right minithoracotomy mitral valve repair (42-mm annular ring implantation, P2 triangular resection, and P2 neochord positioning). The mechanism was attributed to a positive left ventricle remodeling and neochordal pseudo-elongation. Therefore, we decided to perform a mitral valve re-repair in a redo minimally invasive cardiac surgery. We describe in a video-guided step-by-step fashion the surgical procedure, from the reopening of the right anterior minithoracotomy to the surgical strategy chosen to address the re-repair, guided by the mechanism of the previous repair failure. We replaced the previously implanted ring with a smaller one and positioned a new polytetrafluoroethylene 4-0 neochord at the P2 level. The patient was discharged home on the fifth postoperative day after an uneventful hospital stay. Predischarge echocardiogram demonstrated undetectable residual mitral valve regurgitation. At 3-month follow-up, echocardiographic and clinical data were encouraging. At 9-month follow-up, the patient endorsed no recurrence of cardiologic symptoms. Redo minimally invasive cardiac surgery is a viable option even in case of a mitral valve re-repair due to previous repair failure, especially when procedure related in degenerative mitral disease. Combining the benefits of mitral valve re-repair with those of a minimally invasive surgery may optimize short-term and long-term outcomes.

Reoperation after early and late failure of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease

ObjectivesTo determine mechanisms of early and late failure after mitral valve repair for degenerative disease, identify factors associated with re-repair, and evaluate durability of re-repair. MethodsFrom January 2008 to July 2020, 330 reoperations were performed for recurrent mitral valve dysfunction after initial valve repair for degenerative disease. Mechanisms of repair failure were determined by review of preoperative imaging and operative reports. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify factors associated with likelihood of re-repair or replacement. Durability of re-repair was assessed using longitudinal analysis of postoperative echo data. ResultsEighty-five of 330 (26%) reoperations were performed for early repair failure within 1 year and 245/330 (74%) for late failure thereafter. Suture/annuloplasty dehiscence, systolic anterior motion, hemolysis, and ventricular remodeling were more common mechanisms of early failure and disease progression and fibrosis late failure. Forty percent (34/85) of early failures were re-repaired versus 24% (59/245) of late failures. Re-repair was more common than replacement in recent years and was associated with earlier reoperation (median 1.5 vs 3.9 years; P = .0001). No in-hospital deaths occurred after re-repair; 2 patients (0.8%) died after valve replacement. Freedom from severe mitral regurgitation after re-repair was 93% at 7 years. ConclusionsMitral valve re-repair can be performed with low rates of mortality and morbidity for early and late valve dysfunction. Mechanisms of early repair failure differ from those of late failure and are generally more amenable to re-repair. In selected patients who present after failed repair, we prefer mitral re-repair to valve replacement whenever technically feasible.

Dissecting Intramyocardial Hematoma Following Mitral Valve Repair

A 67-year-old male patient with a severe mitralinsufficiency presented for reoperation after a failed Mitral Valve (MV) repair. The prior annuloplasty ring was removed and a new 32-mm fully rigid ring was inserted with the affixation of artificial chords to the anterior MV leaflet. Initial post-bypass transesophageal echocardiographic examination demonstratedresolution of mitral regurgitation and normal biventricular function (Figure 1), RV=Right Ventricle, LV=Left Ventricle).

Haemolytic Anaemia Due to Early Failure of Mitral Valve Repair with Artificial Neochordae: A Technical Error

We report the case of an unexpected massive haemolysis occurred early after mitral valve repair. Potential underlying causes have been investigated, with review of the literature. After mitral valve replacement, haemolysis disappeared and the patient recovered, returning to normal life after 12 months.

Machine Learning Prediction Models for Mitral Valve Repairability and Mitral Regurgitation Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Surgical Mitral Valve Repair.

Background: Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular heart disease and current variables associated with MR recurrence are still controversial. We aim to develop a machine learning-based prognostic model to predict causes of mitral valve (MV) repair failure and MR recurrence. Methods: 1000 patients who underwent MV repair at our institution between 2008 and 2018 were enrolled. Patients were followed longitudinally for up to three years. Clinical and echocardiographic data were included in the analysis. Endpoints were MV repair surgical failure with consequent MV replacement or moderate/severe MR (>2+) recurrence at one-month and moderate/severe MR recurrence after three years. Results: 817 patients (DS1) had an echocardiographic examination at one-month while 295 (DS2) also had one at three years. Data were randomly divided into training (DS1: n = 654; DS2: n = 206) and validation (DS1: n = 164; DS2 n = 89) cohorts. For intra-operative or early MV repair failure assessment, the best area under the curve (AUC) was 0.75 and the complexity of mitral valve prolapse was the main predictor. In predicting moderate/severe recurrent MR at three years, the best AUC was 0.92 and residual MR at six months was the most important predictor. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms may improve prognosis after MV repair procedure, thus improving indications for correct candidate selection for MV surgical repair.

Predictors of Failure of Mitral Valve Repair Using Artificial Chordae

BackgroundWe investigated predictors of failure of mitral valve repair (MVr) using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) and its durability in the long term in a single institution. MethodsFour hundred twenty-one consecutive patients with primary mitral valve disease underwent MVr using artificial chordae (group A, n = 304) and suture repair (group S, n = 117) at our institution from January 2002 to April 2020. A comparison study was performed to examine the long-term outcomes, reoperation rate, and risk factors for reoperation. ResultsOne hospital death and 5 late deaths occurred in group S, and 20 late deaths occurred in group A. The reoperation rates were similar: group A, n = 8 (2.6%); and group S, n = 6 (5%). The major cause of reoperation was ruptured ePTFE (CV-4, n = 1; CV-5, n = 6) in group A, and suture rupture in group S. Reoperation was performed after a median of 88 months for ruptured ePTFE, and 26 months for group S. The rate of ePTFE rupture was 1.8% with CV-5 and 0.2% with CV-4. Risk factors for reoperation included postoperative arrhythmia, urgent operation, no annular ring, ruptured ePTFE, and suture rupture. The rates of freedom from reoperation and actuarial mitral valve survival rates at 5, 10, and 15 years were 99%, 95%, and 93% and 96%, 91%, and 89%, respectively, in group A; and 96%, 91%, and 91% and 95%, 94%, and 94%, respectively, in group S. ConclusionsThe long-term surgical outcomes of MVr using both techniques were feasible. Over the long term, the ePTFE rupture rate of CV-5 was higher than that of CV-4.

Reoperative Mitral Surgery Versus Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review.

Bioprosthetic mitral structural valve degeneration and failed mitral valve repair (MVr) have traditionally been treated with reoperative mitral valve surgery. Transcatheter mitral valve‐in‐valve (MVIV) and valve‐in‐ring (MVIR) replacement are now feasible, but data comparing these approaches are lacking. We sought to compare the outcomes of (1) reoperative mitral valve replacement (redo‐MVR) and MVIV for structural valve degeneration, and (2) reoperative mitral valve repair (redo‐MVr) or MVR and MVIR for failed MVr. A literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted up to July 31, 2020. Thirty‐two studies involving 25 832 patients were included. Redo‐MVR was required in ≈35% of patients after index surgery at 10 years, with 5% to 15% 30‐day mortality. MVIV resulted in >95% procedural success with 30‐day and 1‐year mortality of 0% to 8% and 11% to 16%, respectively. Recognized complications included left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (0%–6%), valve migration (0%–9%), and residual regurgitation (0%–6%). Comparisons of redo‐MVR and MVIV showed no statistically significant differences in mortality (11.3% versus 11.9% at 1 year, P=0.92), albeit higher rates of major bleeding and arrhythmias with redo‐MVR. MVIR resulted in 0% to 34% mortality at 1 year, whereas both redo‐MVr and MVR for failed repairs were performed with minimal mortality and durable long‐term results. MVIV is therefore a viable alternative to redo‐MVR for structural valve degeneration, whereas redo‐MVr or redo‐MVR is preferred for failed MVr given the suboptimal results with MVIR. However, not all patients will be candidates for MVIV/MVIR because anatomical restrictions may preclude transcatheter options from adequately addressing the underlying pathology.

Minimaly invasive mitral valve repair with Neochord system in patients with degenerative mitral disease: echocardiographic assessment and predictors for mid-term outcome

Abstract Introduction Various minimally invasive mitral valve (MV) repair techniques are available to treat degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR). Transapical implantation of artificial chordae on a beating heart is performed using the NeoChord DS1000 device with real-time TEE guidance. Purpose 1)To assess preoperative and the mid-term follow-up echocardiographic data in patients after MV repair using the NeoChord DS1000 device; 2)to investigate the changes of left ventricle (LV), left atrium (LA) and mitral annulus dimensions during the follow-up period; 3)to assess the difference of baseline echocardiographic parameters between successful and not-successful (severe residual MR) MV repair groups; 4)to identify the preoperative echocardiographic variables that may be associated with recurrence of MR at mid-term follow. Methods All patients after transapical MV repair with Neochord implantation in Vilnius University hospital were prospectively entered into the study. The acquired preoperative and follow-up echocardiographic datasets were analysed. According to the residual MR at follow-up, patients were stratified to 2 groups: group A – successful durable MV repair (residual MR ≤2); group B – MV repair failure (recurrence of severe MR or reintervention). Values were expressed as Mean±SD. Univariable regression analysis was used to identify anatomical predictors of residual MR. Results 53 (70.67%) patients had a residual MR ≤2 (Group A) and 22 (29.33%) residual MR≥2+ (Group B) at 26±6 months follow-up. At baseline, Group B patients had significantly larger left ventricle end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (mean difference 5.67±1.29mm, p&amp;lt;0.0001) left ventricle end systolic diameter (LVESD) (mean difference 4.08±1.57mm, p=0.012), LA volume index (mean difference 21.57±5.003 p&amp;lt;0.0001) and higher systolic pulmonary pressure values (mean difference 10.46±3.34, p&amp;lt;0.003) compared with group A. Overall, a significant reduction in LA volume index (mean change 15.69±4.15ml/m2, p&amp;lt;0.001), LA diameter (mean change 3.15±1.24, p=0.012), LV diameter (mean change in LVEDD 4.78±0.88mm p&amp;lt;0.000) was observed at 24 months follow up. There was no significant changes in MV annular parameters at follow up. Left atrium volume (OR 1.018; 95% CI 1.006–1.035; p=0.009), left atrium volume index (OR 1.038; 95% CI 1.013–1.072; p=0.010), LVEDD (OR 1.201; 95% CI 1.088–1.353; p=0.0008), LVESD (OR 1.122; 95% CI 1.02–1.248); p=0.0236) and sPAP (OR 1.418; 95% CI 1.139–2.016; p=0.0014) were all significantly associated with the worse outcome (MR &amp;gt;2) after mini-invasive MV repair in univariable regression analysis. Conclusions Minimaly invasive MV repair with Neochord system on beating heart is effective in patients with degenerative MR. Baseline echocardiographic characteristics predictive for a worse middle term outcome are mainly related to LV and LA remodeling. Reverse remodeling of LV and LA is observed during the follow-up period with no significant changes in MV annulus. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Techniques for Mitral Valve Re-repair

The emergence of mitral valve repair as the preferred treatment for severe mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by degenerative disease has been accompanied by an increasing number of valve repair failures seen by surgeons. Consequently, the feasibility of valve re-repair vs valve replacement at the time of reoperation has become a valid clinical consideration. In this report we explore the mechanisms of mitral valve repair failure as well as factors that meaningfully influence the likelihood of a successful re-repair. We provide illustrations of techniques for re-repair that we have used with reliable success, informed by the mechanism of repair failure. Lastly, we share our outcomes for mitral valve re-repair over the last 5 years and discuss our experience using the techniques illustrated in this report.

Surgical revision after percutaneous mitral valve repair by edge-to-edge device in high-risk patients.

Patients scheduled for surgery after unsuccessful MitraClip® intervention present increasingly with multiple comorbidities, and they are often referred to the heart team to suggest the most appropriate intervention. The publication of successful results of initial patient cohorts treated with the MitraClip device has resulted in recruitment of more seriously ill patients, who otherwise would have been denied catheter-based/surgical treatment. There has been increasingly reports on conventional surgery after failed mitral valve repair with the MitraClip device. However, data on such procedures remain scarce and mostly focused on individual case studies. The inevitable increase in use of MitraClip, however, will raise the number of patients in need of surgery post MitraClip, making it imperative for surgeons to understand challenges and outcome data related with surgery in this patient cohort. We present our long-term institutional experience with surgery after MitraClip intervention in highest risk patients. Eighteen patients underwent surgery of the mitral valve at our Institution between January 2015 and June 2020. These patients developed recurrent mitral regurgitation grade more than 2° at various intervals after MitraClip. Mitral valve repair was performed where possible and gross examination Valve/MitraClip were intra-operatively documented. Implanted MitraClip devices were analyzed histopathologically to evaluate the healing process and rule out inflammation. Regular patient follow-up was performed. Mean patient age was 74 (±9 years) and MitraClip implantation was performed at various tertiary institutions. Sixteen out of eighteen (16/18) patients received mitral valve replacement, whereas the remaining two patients received mitral valve repair and extracorporal membrane oxygenation, respectively. Four patients died of sepsis and intractable multi organ failure in-hospital. The remaining patients were discharged alive out of hospital to different rehabilitation centers. Follow-up was complete in all patients. Surgery is demanding when patients require surgery for persistent or recurrent mitral regurgitation after MitraClip therapy and can be successfully implemented as a possible therapy option for selective cases as an interdisciplinary approach despite calculated high perioperative mortality risk. These patients should not be denied surgery outright.

Planning a transcatheter intervention for a surgical mitral valve repair failure: insights from 3D printing

Planning a transcatheter intervention for a surgical mitral valve repair failure: insights from 3D printing

Mitral valve repair with minimally invasive approaches vs sternotomy: A meta-analysis of early and late results in randomized and matched observational studies.

Minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for mitral valve repair (MVRp) has been increasingly used. This study aimed to evaluate the early and late results of MICS for MVRp vs conventional sternotomy. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials or observational studies (with matched populations) comparing MICS and conventional MVRp reporting any of the following outcomes: mortality, MVRp failure, complications, blood transfusion, readmission within 30 days after discharge, long-term reoperation for mitral regurgitation, operative times, mechanical ventilation time, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, or hospital stay. The pooled treatment effects were calculated using a random-effects model. Ten studies involving 6792 patients (MICS: 3396 patients; Conventional: 3296 patients) met the eligibility criteria. In the pooled analysis, MICS significantly reduced the risk for blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR], 0.654; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.462-0.928; P = .017) and readmission within 30 days after discharge (OR, 0.615; 95% 0.456-0.829; P = .001). MICS was associated with a significantly longer cross-clamp time (mean difference 14 minutes; 95% CI, 7.4-21 minutes; P < .001), CPB time (24 minutes; 95% CI, 14-35 minutes; P < .001), and total operative time (36; 95% CI, 15-56 minutes; P < .001), but a significantly shorter ICU stay (-8.5; 95% CI -15; -1.8; P = .013) and hospital stay (-1.3, 95% CI -2.1; -0.45; P = .003). This meta-analysis found no significant difference regarding the risk of in-hospital and long-term mortality, nor complications. Despite longer operative times, MICS for MVRp reduces ICU and hospital stay, as well as readmission rates and the need for transfusion.

Long-term results of the edge-to-edge repair for failed mitral valve repair as a bailout option.

We evaluate the long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of edge-to-edge (E2E) repair combined with mitral annuloplasty in our institute with degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) up to 10years. Twenty-six consecutive patients undergoing E2E mitral repair after failure of other conventional mitral repair technique. There were 16 (61.5%) male and the mean age was 52.2 ± 10.4years. Mitral regurgitation was due to anterior leaflet prolapse in 12 (46.2%) patients, bileaflet prolapse in 9 (34.6%), and multiple segment posterior leaflet prolapse in 5 (19.2%). There were no perioperative deaths. Follow-up was 100% complete. The mean length of follow-up was 8.7 ± 0.9years (median 8.4years, 6.8-10.1years). Two patients required reoperation of the MV. The freedom from reoperation and ≥ Moderate MR at 10years was 69.9 ± 11.7%. The freedom from reoperation, ≥ Moderate MR and mitral stenosis (MS) at 10years was (59.6 ± 10.0) %. The mean transmitral pressure gradient (TMPG) was 6.1 ± 2.5mmHg, which was significantly elevated compared with preoperative TTE (P = 0.004). The freedom from ≥ Moderate MS at 10years was 76.9 ± 8.3%. There were no differences between patients with and without MS at follow-up regarding the echocardiographic parameters and clinical status. There is a slowly progressive elevation of TMPG after E2E mitral repair, while mildly elevated TMPG can be tolerated in most patients. In appropriate patients, the E2E repair combined with annuloplasty provides an effective "bailout" choice.

Early failure of mitral valve repair with anterior leaflet pericardial patch augmentation in rheumatic and radiation-induced valvulitis.

Rheumatic mitral valve disease remains an important cause of mitral regurgitation (MR), accounting for 7% to 15% of organic MR cases in large epidemiologic studies (1,2). Similarly, a history of radiation to the mediastinum, as is common in the treatment of several malignancies, is associated with future valve dysfunction in up to one-third of patients. Mitral valve repair (MVr) is favored over replacement for severe primary MR; this is due to a significant 30-day and mid to long-term mortality benefit, as well as a reduction in peri-operative complications (3,4). However, due to ongoing inflammation and leaflet infiltration, MVr in rheumatic or radiation-induced valvulitis may be associated with decreased durability and an increased risk of reoperation (5). In order to improve outcomes of MVr in these populations, adjunctive reparative procedures have been introduced. One such technique involves the use of autologous or bovine pericardium to reconstruct or enlarge the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) and normalize its coaptation with the posterior leaflet, with further reinforcement from a supporting annuloplasty ring (Figure 1) (6). While small studies suggest excellent mid-term survival with this approach, moderate or greater recurrent MR and reoperation occurs in 11.2% and 4.6% of patients, respectively, with rheumatic MR. Poor outcome data exists in the literature regarding MVr techniques for radiation-induced valvulitis (6,7). Herein, we provide an in-depth clinical and imaging appraisal of two such cases, with a focused review on pathophysiology and management. Open in a separate window Figure 1 MVr utilizing an annuloplasty ring and AML pericardial patch augmentation. (A) Schematic of AML pericardial patch augmentation MVr. There is a reconstructed and enlarged AML, normalized anterior and posterior leaflet coaptation, and reinforcement from a supporting annuloplasty ring; (B,C) systolic and diastolic transesophageal echocardiography mid-esophageal four-chamber views. Displayed is the augmented anterior mitral leaflet and pericardial patch (red arrow). MVr, mitral valve repair; AML, anterior mitral leaflet; PML, posterior mitral leaflet.

Mitral valve leaflet response to ischaemic mitral regurgitation: from gene expression to tissue remodelling.

Ischaemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), a frequent complication following myocardial infarction (MI), leads to higher mortality and poor clinical prognosis if untreated. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitral valve (MV) leaflets actively remodel post MI, and this remodelling increases both the severity of IMR and the occurrence of MV repair failures. However, the mechanisms of extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation by MV interstitial cells (MVICs) and their impact on MV leaflet tissue integrity and repair failure remain largely unknown. Herein, we sought to elucidate the multiscale behaviour of IMR-induced MV remodelling using an established ovine model. Leaflet tissue at eight weeks post MI exhibited significant permanent plastic radial deformation, eliminating mechanical anisotropy, accompanied by altered leaflet composition. Interestingly, no changes in effective collagen fibre modulus were observed, with MVICs slightly rounder, at eight weeks post MI. RNA sequencing indicated that YAP-induced genes were elevated at four weeks post MI, indicating elevated mechanotransduction. Genes related to extracellular matrix organization were downregulated at four weeks post MI when IMR occurred. Transcriptomic changes returned to baseline by eight weeks post MI. This multiscale study suggests that IMR induces plastic deformation of the MV with no functional damage to the collagen fibres, providing crucial information for computational simulations of the MV in IMR.