Fagus Orientalis Research Articles

Assessing the effect of plot size on species diversity in a mixed oriental beech forest

Assessing the effect of plot size on species diversity in a mixed oriental beech forest

A Comparative Study About Physical Properties of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Fagus orientalis L. as Bioindicator

A Comparative Study About Physical Properties of Copper Oxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Fagus orientalis L. as Bioindicator

Does the Frequency of Fog Affect the Structural Properties of Fagus orientalis in the Hyrcanian Forest?

Does the Frequency of Fog Affect the Structural Properties of Fagus orientalis in the Hyrcanian Forest?

Genomic diversity of major tree species in the Eurasian relict forests of northern Iran

We investigated population genetics of the native tree species Acer velutinum Boiss., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, and Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey. in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran and also F. orientalis populations in the Euro-Siberian and Colchic subregions of northern Türkiye. We used the double-digest RADseq method and genotyped 90 populations and 1,589 individuals across the distribution range of the species. Genome-wide SNPs from 28 populations of A. velutinum, 32 populations of F. orientalis, and 30 Q. castaneifolia revealed higher genetic differentiation among A. velutinum populations than among F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia. The global FST value was lowest for F. orientalis populations and highest for A. velutinum populations, while the global FIS value was negative for A. velutinum. Demographic history analysis revealed a bottleneck during the last glacial period (11,500—115,000 Kya) for the A. velutinum populations with reduced effective population size (Ne). All three species show multiple bottlenecks and reduced Ne during the Quaternary. Pronounced genetic divergence among A. velutinum populations in the Hyrcanian forests compared to the other two species suggests cryptic speciation. Conversely, F. orientalis and Q. castaneifolia populations showed low levels of genetic structure, suggesting that species-specific factors, such as pollen production and pollination efficiency, may have influenced the genetic patterns within these species in similar environments. The nucleotide diversity of F. orientalis populations in Iran is negatively correlated with altitude (p = 0.046). In contrast, A. velutinum populations show a significant correlation between nucleotide diversity and longitude (p = 0.008). Furthermore, the F. orientalis populations from Türkiye showed a distinct west–east genetic structure and were highly diverged from the Iranian F. orientalis populations.

THE EFFECT OF SUPPORT LAYER MATERIAL AND ADHESIVE TYPE ON COMPRESSIVE DYNAMIC BENDING AND SHEAR STRENGTH IN LAMINATED WOOD

In this study, strength properties of wood material reinforced with carbon fiber fabric, steel wire mesh and bamboo veneer were determined. Polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (PUR) glues (D4)were used for the lamellas obtained from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.). Compressive strength according to TS EN 408+A1; dynamic bending (shock) strength according toTS ISO 13061-10 and shear strength according to ASTM D 3110 were determined on 3 and 5-layers samples. According to the results, the highest compressive strength (62.8 N/mm2) was found in 5-layerseastern beech samples reinforced with carbon fiber fabric and bonded with PUR glue. The highest dynamic bending strength value (110.8 kJ/m2) was found in 5-layerseastern beech samples reinforced with carbon fiber fabric and bonded with PUR glue and the highest shear strength value (12.3 N/mm2) in 3-layered eastern beech samples reinforced with steel wire mesh and bonded with PUR glue.

Effects of Thinning Practices on Soil Properties and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Natural Pure Oriental Beech Forests

Thinning intensities in Fagus orientalis Lipsky. stands may influence the soil properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi symbiosis, and their interaction through soil quality enhancement. We aimed to investigate the impact of four thinning intensities—control (no thinning); moderate (15%), moderately intense (35%), and intense thinning (55%)—implemented five years ago in pure oriental beech forests. In this context, the percentage indicates the proportion of trees removed by each thinning intensity, based on the total number of trees before thinning. Our focus encompassed soil physical–chemical properties, AM fungi community composition, and root colonization. At the intense thinning sites, the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, AMF spore density, and root colonization increased by 209.7, 88.9, 115.8, 404.9, and 448.5%, respectively, when compared to the control sites. This suggests a potential rise in AMF spore density and root colonization—a vital aspect for natural regeneration. These findings highlight the importance of considering management practices in forest systems that can enhance the root system in a sustainable manner to improve plant performance, soil fertility, and symbiosis with AM fungi.

A direct comparison of the radial growth response to drought of European and Oriental beech

Climate change-related extreme drought events already have a significant impact on the productivity and mortality of Central European forests. European beech (Fagus sylvatica ssp. sylvatica), one of the most important European broadleaved species, has responded to such drought periods with increasing mortality and reduced volume increment. This has raised concerns about its suitability and adaptive capacity in relation to future climatic conditions and motivated the search for alternative tree species that are suitable for assisted migration into European beech forests. One of the candidates is the Oriental beech species complex (F. sylvatica ssp. orientalis), whose range extends from the Balkan to Iran and, at least in some parts of its range, grows under a warmer and drier climate. In order to evaluate whether Oriental beech is more drought tolerant, we compared the radial growth response to droughts between 1920 and 2018 of a total of 138 European and 122 Oriental beeches growing under identical site conditions in eight different locations in Germany and France. The species identity of all analysed trees was verified by microsatellite analyses, and the origin of the introduced Oriental beech was traced to the Greater Caucasus (7 stands) and the Black Sea coast (1 stand). The drought responses of radial growth were quantified using the indices resistance, resilience, and recovery as suggested by Lloret et al. (2011) and growth recovery time (GRT) (Thurm et al., 2016) and used as response variables in generalized linear mixed effect models.Considering only the average radial growth response to severe and extreme drought events, both the different Lloret indices and the GRT did not show prominent difference between Oriental and European beech. However, the mixed model analyses, which also included interaction terms, revealed interspecific differences in drought tolerance, depending on the intensity and timing of the drought. In extreme summer drought years, values of resistance predicted by the mixed-effect models were significantly higher in Oriental beech than in European beech, whereas its resilience was only slightly better than in European beech, regardless of drought intensities. In contrast, Oriental beech was much more susceptible to spring drought with significantly weaker growth recovery and distinctly longer growth recovery times.Based on these results, Oriental beech provenances from the Caucasus do not appear to be sufficiently more drought tolerant than European beech to justify an assisted migration approach to adapt Central European forests to climate change. To analyse the drought tolerance of Oriental beech more comprehensively, introduced trees representing other genetic clusters need to be analysed, as well as the effects of repeated drought events on growth and mortality.

The Impact Of Ultrasound-Assisted Mixing Method For Varnish And Components On The Varnish Layer’s Surface Hardness And Surface Scratch Resistance

The objective of this study was to determine effects of mechanical and ultrasound-assisted stirring methods for varnish + components mixing on the varnish layer’s surface hardness and surface scratch resistance. The study focused on polyurethane, acrylic, and polyester varnish systems, which were applied to three distinct wood types: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Turkish beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), and African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.). The mixing processes included mechanical stirring for 3 and 5 minutes, as well as ultrasound-assisted stirring with varying power levels (80 watts and 120 watts) for 3 and 5 minutes. The results indicated that the highest surface hardness was achieved using the mechanical stirring method for Turkish beech with polyester varnish at 3 minutes of stirring (175.10), while the lowest surface hardness was observed for African mahogany with acrylic varnish and 120 watts ultrasound-assisted stirring for 5 minutes (66.80). The highest surface scratch resistance was observed in Scots pine treated with polyester varnish using mechanical stirring for 5 minutes (0.760 N), and in Turkish beech treated with acrylic varnish using 80 watts ultrasound-assisted stirring for 3 minutes (0.760 N). Overall, the findings suggested that the ultrasound-assisted mixing method generally fell short in terms of enhancing the varnish properties compared to the mechanical mixing technique.

Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of heat-treated poplar and beech wood

Air-dried density, weight loss (WL), impact bending strength (IBS), Shore-D hardness, and thermal conductivity values were determined for heat-treated poplar (Populus nigra L.) and beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) wood and compared with those for untreated samples. The test samples were heat-treated at 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C for 2 h. The results showed that density decreased and WL increased with increasing temperature for all temperatures. Additionally, during the heat treatment, the IBS increased in beech wood samples at 140 °C, but at higher temperatures, these values gradually decreased in both wood species. The highest decline in IBS values, found at a temperature of 200 °C, was 66.5% for beech and 55.7% for poplar. The Shore-D hardness of both wood species increased after heat treatment and regarding beech wood, the hardness increasing rate at temperature at 140 °C, 160 °C, 180 °C and 200 °C, 8.94%, 14.19%, 8.27% and 11.7%, respectively according to control samples. Regarding poplar wood, hardness increasing rates were 6.20% at 140 °C, 4.41% at 160°C, 5.88% at 180°C and 5.31% at 200°C according to control samples. The thermal conductivity of poplar and beech wood samples decreased after heat treatment, except for samples heat treated at 160 °C.

Effects of the selected factors on cyclic load performance of T-shaped mortise-and-tenon furniture joints

ABSTRACT Furniture commonly fails at joints due to long-term repeated loads. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the selected factors (loading type, tenon fit, and load amplitude) on cyclic load resistance (CLR) and count of the cycle (COC) of mortise-and-tenon (M-T) joints made of beech (Fagus orientalis). The tests were conducted using a self-designed air-operated multi-function fatigue testing machine. The results showed that using a U-shaped circle to apply load on the stretcher was the optimal loading type for testing the cyclic performance of M-T joints. Tenon fit had a greater effect on CLR than loading type, and the effect of load amplitude on COC was more significant than those of loading type and tenon fit at 80% CLR. Although tenon fit had a significant effect on COC, the differences in COC among M-T joints with different tenon fits subjected to the same load amplitude were much greater than those at the same load amplitude. A strong exponential relationship was observed between COC and load amplitude. The fatigue limit load of the M-T joint evaluated was approximately 150 N or 47% CLR. This study provided an efficient method and extensive data for evaluating fatigue life of M-T joints.

Forest genomics in the Caucasus through the lens of its dominant tree species - Fagus orientalis.

The last glacial period is known to have greatly influenced the demographic history of temperate forest trees, with important range contractions and post-glacial expansions that led to the formation of multiple genetic lineages and secondary contact zones in the Northern Hemisphere. These dynamics have been extensively studied for European and North American species but are still poorly understood in other temperate regions of rich biodiversity such as the Caucasus. Our study helps filling that gap by deciphering the genomic landscapes of F. orientalis across the South Caucasus. The use of genome-wide data confirmed a past demographic history strongly influenced by the Last Glacial Maximum, revealing two disjunct glacial refugia in the Colchis and Hyrcanian regions. The resulting patterns of genetic diversity, load and differentiation are not always concordant across the region, with genetic load pinpointing the location of the glacial refugia more efficiently than genetic diversity alone. The Hyrcanian forests show depleted genetic diversity and substantial isolation, even if long-distance gene flow is still present with the main centre of diversity in the Greater Caucasus. Finally, we characterize a strong heterogeneity of genetic diversity and differentiation along the species chromosomes, with noticeably a first chromosome showing low diversity and weak differentiation.

Artificial Neural Network–based Prediction Model to Minimize Dust Emission in the Machining Process

BackgroundDust generated during various wood-related activities, such as cutting, sanding, or processing wood materials, can pose significant health and environmental risks due to its potential to cause respiratory problems and contribute to air pollution. Understanding the factors influencing dust emission is important for devising effective mitigation strategies, ensuring a safer working environment, and minimizing environmental impact. This study focuses on developing an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict dust emission values in the machining of black poplar (Populus nigra L.), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.), and medium-density fiberboards. MethodsThe multilayer feed-forward ANN model is developed using a customized application built with MATLAB code. The inputs to the ANN model include material type, cutting width, number of blades, and cutting depth, whereas the output is the dust emission. Model performance is assessed through graphical and statistical comparisons. ResultsThe results reveal that the developed ANN model can provide adequate predictions for dust emission with an acceptable level of accuracy. Through the implementation of the ANN model, the study predicts intermediate dust emission values for different cutting widths and cutting depths, which are not considered in the experimental work. It is observed that dust emission tends to decrease with reductions in cutting width and cutting depth. ConclusionThis study introduces an alternative approach to optimize machining-process conditions for minimizing dust emissions. The findings of this research will assist industries in obtaining dust emission values without the need for additional experimental activities, thereby reducing experimental time and costs.

Drivers of wood-inhabiting fungal diversity in European and Oriental beech forests.

The hyperdiverse wood-inhabiting fungi play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, but often are threatened by deadwood removal, particularly in temperate forests dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis). To study the impact of abiotic drivers, deadwood factors, forest management and biogeographical patterns in forests of both beech species on fungal composition and diversity, we collected 215 deadwood-drilling samples in 18 forests from France to Armenia and identified fungi by meta-barcoding. In our analyses, we distinguished the patterns driven by rare, common, and dominant species using Hill numbers. Despite a broad overlap in species, the fungal composition with focus on rare species was determined by Fagus species, deadwood type, deadwood diameter, precipitation, temperature, and management status in decreasing order. Shifting the focus on common and dominant species, only Fagus species, both climate variables and deadwood type remained. The richness of species within the deadwood objects increased significantly only with decay stage. Gamma diversity in European beech forests was higher than in Oriental beech forests. We revealed the highest gamma diversity for old-growth forests of European beech when focusing on dominant species. Our results implicate that deadwood retention efforts, focusing on dominant fungi species, critical for the decay process, should be distributed across precipitation and temperature gradients and both Fagus species. Strategies focusing on rare species should additionally focus on different diameters and on the conservation of old-growth forests.

The Rates of Natural Regrowth of Fagus orientalis L. Species in Forest Coexistences of Gugark Region of Lori Marz

The Rates of Natural Regrowth of Fagus orientalis L. Species in Forest Coexistences of Gugark Region of Lori Marz

Determination of Some Physical Properties of Oil Heat Treated Oriental beech Wood

Determination of Some Physical Properties of Oil Heat Treated Oriental beech Wood

Effects of Ultrasound-Assisted Varnish and Component Mixing Method on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Varnish Layer

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of mechanical and ultrasound-assisted stirring methods for varnish + components mixing on the varnish layer coating adhesion, surface roughness and glossiness. For this purpose, polyurethane, acrylic and polyester varnish systems were applied on three different wood types, namely Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and Mahogany (Khaya ivorensis), with mechanical and ultrasound-assisted mixing methods. In the mechanical mixing method, 3 and 5 minutes were applied, while in the ultrasonic mixing method, beside 3- and 5- minute stirring time, 80-watt, and 120-watt ultrasonic power was applied during mixing. When research results are generally evaluated, it cannot be said that ultrasound-assisted mixing method is superior to mechanical mixing method. However, the ultrasound-assisted mixing of varnish components at 80 watts for 3 minutes can be recommended.

Neka fizička i mehanička svojstva kavkaske bukovine pregrijane u otpadnome maslinovu ulju

This study set out to look into some of the mechanical and physical characteristics of oil-heated oriental beech wood. Waste olive oil was used for oil-heat treatment. Heat treatment of the oil was done at 200 °C and 230 °C for 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively. After oil-heat treatment, physical traits including oven-dry density and water absorption levels, as well as mechanical traits like compression strength parallel to the grain (CSPG), were determined. Oven dry density of wood increased significantly after being heated in oil. Compared to the control groups, waste olive oil heat-treated (WOHT) oriental beech showed lower levels of water absorption. At 200 °C for 4 h, CSPG of waste olive oil heat-treated wood were at their highest, and then they steadily fell as the temperature and treatment time rose.

Thermal Analysis of Oriental Beech Treated With Some Dimensional Stability Chemicals and Fire-Retardant Salts

Thermal Analysis of Oriental Beech Treated With Some Dimensional Stability Chemicals and Fire-Retardant Salts

Physical, mechanical, and surface properties of Oriental beech coated with bio-based epoxide nano-coatings after weathering

Physical, mechanical, and surface properties of Oriental beech coated with bio-based epoxide nano-coatings after weathering

Changes in carbon stocks according to stand development stages in oriental beech forests in the Marmara Region of Türkiye.

This study was conducted to determine the changes in carbon stocks of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) according to stand development stage in the Marmara Region of Türkiye. For this purpose, sample plots were taken from a total of 32 areas encompassing four stand development stages (young, middle age, mature and overmature stand). The diameter at breast height and height of all trees in the sample plots were measured, and only three dominant trees's ages per plot were determined. Aboveground carbon stock was calculated using equations developed for beech forests, while the coefficients in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use guide were used to determine belowground carbon stocks. A soil pit was dug in each plot and soil samples were taken at different depths (0-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60-100cm). In addition, litters were sampled from four different 25 × 25cm sections in each plot, and then the physical and chemical properties of the soil and litters were analysed. The variations in carbon stocks in above- and below-ground tree mass, litter and soil, and in ecosystem carbon stocks according to development stage were examined by analysis of variance and Duncan test, and the relationships between the carbon stocks were investigated by correlation analysis. Aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) tree, soil and ecosystem carbon stocks showed significant differences between the four stand development stages (P < 0.05), but not the litter carbon stocks (P > 0.05). AG and BG tree and ecosystem carbon stocks increased with progressive stand development stages, while the soil carbon stock was the highest at the young stage. These findings will contribute to the preparation of forest management plans and the national greenhouse gas inventory.