Physical Facts Research Articles

Analyzing Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains from a Pictorial Perspective

From the perspective of iconography, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, a classic work of traditional Chinese landscape painting. This work has been highly respected since the Tang Dynasty and is regarded as one of the important representatives in the history of Chinese painting. Its rich connotation and artistic value have always been the focus of scholars' research. The thesis aims to deeply interpret the historical and cultural connotations and artistic symbolism embedded in Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains through the iconographic method, from the levels of ex-iconography, iconography and iconographic analysis, to reveal its important position and value in Chinese traditional art. Adopting the iconographic method, the analysis is divided into three main levels. First, through pre-imaginative analysis, we focus on the physical facts and visual representations on the surface of the work; second, we use imaginative analysis to explore the information of the specific objects in the work and explore their connections and themes; and finally, we carry out imaginative analysis to reveal the deeper historical and cultural connotations and symbolic meanings of the work. Through in-depth iconographic analysis, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains demonstrates the core values of traditional Chinese landscape painting, presenting a fusion of natural landscapes and humanistic emotions. It is not only a work of art, but also a vivid expression of traditional Chinese culture and aesthetics. The findings of this dissertation will contribute to a better understanding of the profound historical and cultural connotations embedded in Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains, as well as its important position and value in the history of Chinese art.

The EORTC QLQ breast modules and the FACT-B for assessing quality of life in breast cancer patients - an updated literature review.

Two commonly used quality of life questionnaires in breast cancer are EORTC QLQ-BR23, the FACT-B, and the extended FACT-B+4. More recently, the EORTC EORTC QLQ-BR42 was developed. This systematic review compares the various versions of the EORTC QLQ and FACT tools for breast cancer in terms of their content, validity, and psychometric properties. Thirty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. All questionnaires have been proven to be valid, reliable and responsive. The provisional EORTC QLQ-BR45 transitioned to the EORTC QLQ-BR42 in Phase IV of its development, which encompasses the side effects associated with the latest breast cancer treatments. Both the EORTC and FACT measures assess physical and mental dimensions of quality of life, with the EORTC measure placing relatively more emphasis on physical content and FACT placing relatively more emphasis on mental (social and emotional) content. The four additional items in the FACT-B+4 were developed to address arm lymphoedema following axillary surgery. The development and uptake of quality of life tools are essential in the evaluation of breast cancer treatments. The EORTC QLQ-BR42 and FACT-B are both valid, reliable, and responsive QoL questionnaires.

Rebuttal letter to the article entitled as “Exergy analysis and nanoparticle assessment of cooking oil biodiesel and standard diesel fueled internal combustion engine” by I. Yildiz, H. Caliskan, K. Mori, Energy and Environment 31(8) (2020) 1303–1317

This rebuttal letter reports some physical facts, which are contradictory with known physical facts, in the article entitled “Exergy analysis and nanoparticle assessment of cooking oil biodiesel and standard diesel fueled internal combustion engine” by I. Yildiz, H. Caliskan, K. Mori, Energy and Environment 31(8) (2020) 1303–1317.

Emergent fault friction and supershear in a continuum model of geophysical rupture

Important physical observations in rupture dynamics such as static fault friction, short-slip, self-healing, and the supershear phenomenon in cracks are studied. A continuum model of rupture dynamics is developed using the field dislocation mechanics (FDM) theory. The energy density function in our model encodes accepted and simple physical facts related to rocks and granular materials under compression. We work within a 2-dimensional ansatz of FDM where the rupture front is allowed to move only in a horizontal fault layer sandwiched between elastic blocks. Damage via the degradation of elastic modulus is allowed to occur only in the fault layer, characterized by the amount of plastic slip. The theory dictates the evolution equation of the plastic shear strain to be a Hamilton–Jacobi (H-J) equation, resulting in the representation of a propagating rupture front. A Central-Upwind scheme is used to solve the H-J equation. The rupture propagation is fully coupled to elastodynamics in the whole domain, and our simulations recover static friction laws as emergent features of our continuum model, without putting in by hand any such discontinuous criteria in the formulation. Estimates of material parameters of cohesion and friction angle are deduced. Short-slip and slip-weakening (crack-like) behaviors are also reproduced as a function of the degree of damage behind the rupture front. The long-time behavior of a moving rupture front is probed, and it is deduced that equilibrium profiles under no shear stress are not traveling wave profiles under non-zero shear load in our model. However, it is shown that a traveling wave structure is likely attained in the limit of long times. Finally, a crack-like damage front is driven by an initial impact loading, and it is observed in our numerical simulations that an upper bound to the crack speed is the dilatational wave speed of the material unless the material is put under pre-stressed conditions, in which case supersonic motion can be obtained. Without pre-stress, intersonic (supershear) motion is recovered under appropriate conditions.

Effect of Grain Size on the Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Ice Forming with Different Wind Speeds in a Cold Laboratory

This study investigated the uniaxial compressive strength of distilled water ice prepared in a low-temperature laboratory at −30 °C at varying wind speeds of 0 m/s, 1 m/s, 2 m/s, 4 m/s, 6 m/s, and 8 m/s. The crystal structure and grain size of the ice were measured. The results indicated that, during the ice forming period, the higher the wind speed, the lower the grain size. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted parallel to the ice crystal long axis direction within a strain rate range of 10−6 s−1 to 10−2 s−1. The experimental temperature was controlled at −10 °C. Stress–strain curves were generated, elucidating the mechanical properties and failure modes of the ice. The results suggest that the uniaxial compressive strength of ice is related to the strain rate by a power–law function and shows a linear correlation with −1/2 power of grain size. The results explain the physical fact that the strength of ice is higher when the ice is formed in low-temperature and high-wind-speed environments. Additionally, this highlights how wind speed influences ice strength by controlling grain size during ice forming.

Realismo, Relatividad General y el Gato de Schrödinger

The present work examines the nature of reality, including the possibility of freedom, in the framework of modern physics. Additionally, it proposes a reform for the metaphysics of realism.For realism, the world is the way it is independent of the mind. However, general relativity supposesthat the speed of objects and the temporal order of events depend on the frame of referenceadopted. Which frame of reference is adopted depends on human interests. However, there are still physical facts independent of the frame of reference: the speed of light, spacetime distance,and the equivalence of matter and energy, amongst others. On the other hand, the CopenhagenInterpretation supposes that quantum states are in a superposition that is only realized at themoment of observation, leading to the implication that Schrödinger’s cat is both alive and deaduntil observed. However, less incredible realist possibilities are analysed. Modern physics, whetherdeterminist or indeterminist, also threatens the possibility of freedom. The compatibility of freedom as self-government and modern physics is analysed and developed. Although central aspectsof realist metaphysics are conserved, a philosophical-scientific conception of the universe that integrates mental beings within it emerges, which supposes a reform for standard scientific realism. The existence of facts independent of what we happen to think is saved alongside ineliminable mental phenomena.

Scientific Objectivity and Its Limits

Measurement outcomes provide data for a physical theory. Unless they are objective they support no objective scientific knowledge. So the outcome of a quantum measurement must be an objective physical fact. But recent arguments purport to show that if quantum theory is universally applicable then there is no such fact. This calls for a reappraisal of the notions of fact and objectivity. If quantum theory is universally applicable the facts about the physical world include a fact about each quantum measurement outcome. These physical facts lack an ideal kind of objectivity but their more modest objectivity is all that science needs.

A new paradigm for the efficient inclusion of stochasticity in engineering simulations: Time-separated stochastic mechanics

AbstractAs a physical fact, randomness is an inherent and ineliminable aspect in all physical measurements and engineering production. As a consequence, material parameters, serving as input data, are only known in a stochastic sense and thus, also output parameters, e.g., stresses, fluctuate. For the estimation of those fluctuations it is imperative to incoporate randomness into engineering simulations. Unfortunately, incorporating uncertain parameters into the modeling and simulation of inelastic materials is often computationally expensive, as many individual simulations may have to be performed. The promise of the proposed method is simple: using extended material models to include stochasticity reduces the number of needed simulations to one. This single computation is cheap, i.e., it has a comparable numerical effort as a single standard simulation. The extended material models are easily derived from standard deterministic material models and account for the effect of uncertainty by an extended set of deterministic material parameters. The time-dependent and stochastic aspects of the material behavior are separated, such that only the deterministic time-dependent behavior of the extended material model needs to be simulated. The effect of stochasticity is then included during post-processing. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated for three different and highly non-linear material models: viscous damage, viscous phase transformations and elasto-viscoplasticity. A comparison to the Monte Carlo method showcases that the method is indeed able to provide reliable estimates of the expectation and variance of internal variables and stress at a minimal fraction of the computation cost.

A Symmetric Form of the Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Bridgman once reflected on thermodynamics that the laws of thermodynamics were formulated in their present form by the great founders of thermodynamics, Kelvin and Clausius, before all the essential physical facts were in, and there has been no adequate reexamination of the fundamentals since. Thermodynamics still has unknown possibilities waiting to be explored. This paper begins with a brief review of Clausius's work on the second law of thermodynamics and a reassessment of the content of Clausius's statement. The review tells that what Clausius originally referred to as the second law of thermodynamics was, in fact, the theorem of equivalence of transformations (TET) in a reversible cycle. On this basis, a new symmetric form of Clausius's TET is proposed. This theorem says that the two transformations, i.e., the transformation of heat to work and the transformation of work from high pressure to low pressure, should be equivalent in a reversible work-to-heat cycle. New thermodynamic cyclic laws are developed on the basis of the cycle with two work reservoirs (two pressures), which enriches the fundamental of the second law of thermodynamics.

The effects of roselle extract addition on physical properties and organoleptic preferences of sorghum noodles

This research is intended to study the effect of roselle extract addition on physical, hedonic preferences, and nutrition facts of the sorghum noodles. The research is conducted using a Completely Randomized Design one factor with the concentrations of roselle extract were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%. The analysis conducted were water absorption, color value, and organoleptic analysis with one-way ANOVA test followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for statistical analysis. The results showed that addition of roselle extract significantly affect the physical and organoleptic properties of sorghum noodles. The high concentration of roselle extract caused an increment in rehydration power, redness value, yellowness value, and decrement in lightness value. The rehydration power of sorghum noodles was 65 to 115%, lightness 43.10 to 63.78, redness -5.57 to 0.50, and yellowness 22.71 to 30.96. Based on the organoleptic preference test, roselle extract concentration of 30% has the best organoleptic properties with the liking scores of color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall liking of 3.40, 3.47, 3.50, 3.53, and 3.53, from the range of 1-5 respectively. From the nutrition fact prediction, sorghum noodle with 30% roselle extract has the higher calcium, and potassium than sorghum noodle without roselle extract. Therefore, 30% roselle extract addition on sorghum noodles showed was the best result in physical properties and organoleptic preferences.

Are Mathematical Explanations Causal Explanations in Disguise?

AbstractThere is a major debate as to whether there are non-causal mathematical explanations of physical facts that show how the facts under question arise from a degree of mathematical necessity considered stronger than that of contingent causal laws. We focus on Marc Lange’s account of distinctively mathematical explanations to argue that purported mathematical explanations are essentially causal explanations in disguise and are no different from ordinary applications of mathematics. This is because these explanations work not by appealing to what the world must be like as a matter of mathematical necessity but by appealing to various contingent causal facts.

Distinctively generic explanations of physical facts

Distinctively generic explanations of physical facts

What Counts as Cheating? Deducibility, Imagination, and the Mary Case

In The Matter of Consciousness, in the course of his extended discussion and defense of Frank Jackson’s famous knowledge argument, Torin Alter dismisses some objections on the grounds that they are cases of cheating. Though some opponents of the knowledge argument offer various scenarios in which Mary might come to know what seeing red is like while still in the room, Alter argues that the proposed scenarios are irrelevant. In his view, the Mary case is offered to defend the claim that phenomenal facts cannot be a priori deduced from physical facts. Thus, a proposed scenario constitutes an objection to the knowledge argument only if it presents a case in which Mary’s learning inside the room comes about via a priori deduction from physical facts. Call this the deducibility standard. In what follows, I’ll explore a series of relevant cases in an effort to clarify this standard. Doing so enables us to better understand how cheating should be assessed in this context and thereby also to get clearer on the argumentative dialectic surrounding the Mary case.

(Nano)Granules-Involving Aggregation at a Passage to the Nanoscale as Viewed in Terms of a Diffusive Heisenberg Relation.

We are looking at an aggregation of matter into granules. Diffusion plays a pivotal role here. When going down to the nanometer scale (the so-called nanoscale quantum-size effect limit), quantum mechanics, and the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, may take over the role of classical diffusion, as viewed typically in the mesoscopic/stochastic limit. A d-dimensional entropy-production aggregation of the granules-involving matter in the granule-size space is considered in terms of a (sub)diffusive realization. It turns out that when taking a full d-dimensional pathway of the aggregation toward the nanoscale, one is capable of disclosing a Heisenberg-type (diffusional) relation, setting up an upper uncertainty bound for the (sub)diffusive, very slow granules-including environment that, within the granule-size analogy invoked, matches the quantum limit of h/2πμ (μ-average mass of a granule; h-the Planck's constant) for the diffusion coefficient of the aggregation, first proposed by Fürth in 1933 and qualitatively foreseen by Schrödinger some years before, with both in the context of a diffusing particle. The classical quantum passage uncovered here, also termed insightfully as the quantum-size effect (as borrowed from the quantum dots' parlance), works properly for the three-dimensional (d = 3) case, making use of a substantial physical fact that the (nano)granules interact readily via their surfaces with the also-granular surroundings in which they are immersed. This natural observation is embodied in the basic averaging construction of the diffusion coefficient of the entropy-productive (nano)aggregation of interest.

The Significance of Philosophical Anthropology in Determining the Methodology of Modern Scientific Research

Purpose. This research involves revealing the methodological significance of the anthropological understanding of values for conducting modern scientific research. Theoretical basis. Philosophical anthropology acts as an epistemological basis for answers to ontological questions that are part of the structure of such problems in modern science as the construction of a scientific picture of the world, the ordering of data of natural attitude, and anthropocosmism. The ontological basis for the formation of the anthropological theory of values is the teaching of Wilhelm Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, Rudolf Lotze, and Martin Heidegger. Originality. The creation of a scientific picture of the world, the research of natural attitude, and an anthropological approach to cosmology carried out from the viewing angle of the philosophy of values show the close mutual conditioning of these scientific issues. A successful determination of one’s value positions by a scientist-researcher is impossible without his/her agreeing with his/her picture of the world with the prevailing ideas about the world in their society. Such ideas are studied by anthropocosmism, which researches not so much the world in itself, but a view of this world from the standpoint of the existing state of society and the main intentions of its development. Conclusions. The value attitude of scientists at a certain stage of the development of scientific knowledge forms their picture of the world, which has the form of self-explanatory scientific provisions. The facts of modern physics must always, one way or another, receive their legitimation through the world of the human natural attitude. Even the unobservable characteristics of the microcosm are explained by appealing to knowledge about the observable characteristics of the world. The anthropocentric nature of cosmology is determined by the fact that in modern philosophy, the values of a person explain not only the way of one’s cognition but also the way of one’s inclusion in the world.

QUİNCKE DİSEASE İN EARTHQUAKE ZONE

Quincke's Disease or isolated uvular angioedema was described in 1882 by German physician Heinrich Quincke. It is a rare angioedema that only affects the upper airway.[1] It is characterized by swelling of the uvula, which rests on the tongue.When I worked in an earthquake zone, there were 2 Quincke's disease applications within a month. Two men, aged 37 and 41, were the patients. They applied to the emergency room with a complaint of foreign body swelling in the throat.There was no fever on physical examination in both of them. Respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were normal. Both were conscious, GKS 15, oriented and cooperative. There was no exposure to any allergens or medication use. No allergy-triggering factor could be identified in their history.They did not have any disease. It was learned that one of them had previously had the same attack on Mount Ararat, while the other patient had the first attack in his life. After 2 repeated doses of dexamethasone (8 mg), chlorpheniramine maleate and inhaled corticosteroid treatment, the patients' uvula edema resolved. Epinephrine was not administered to both patients. After eight hours of follow-up, they were discharged with a completely normal physical examinationThe fact that we encountered 2 cases of Quincke edema, a rare allergic reaction, within 1 month in a district public hospital with a low number of daily patient admissions in the period after the earthquake, made us think that asbestos and other substances that increased after the earthquake could trigger Quincke edema.

The Temporal Dimension of Surveillance

This article places the temporal dimension of surveillance under the spotlight. Surveillance studies examines multiple dimensions of surveillance: Who surveilles whom; what practices are applied; how, where, and why are they executed; and the dynamics, effects, and meanings of various forms of surveillance. Time is too often taken for granted. A given surveillance setting, such as a biometric system, CCTV, or collecting cellular-based location data, comprises several time vectors: the timeline and pace of events where time is a physical fact, technological temporal affordances, government time, legal time, and perhaps others. These separate time vectors often progress at different paces. Thus, the multiplicity of time vectors enables prioritizing them differently, offering different temporal narrations and, perhaps, discursive manipulations. When the government or a regulator explains a surveillance system or a court reviews it, they offer their view of the interaction of the time vectors and frame its temporality. This is the social construction of time. This article proposes a critical temporal analysis of surveillance. Along with identifying temporal aspects of a given surveillance setting, we should search for the temporal elements in the discourse about surveillance. This inquiry may enlighten how a particular surveillance apparatus was justified or rejected. This article illustrates the relevance of critical temporal inquiry for surveillance studies through a case study from Israel, where mass state surveillance was implemented for contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic. I examine three Supreme Court cases that scrutinized this apparatus, exposing how the judicial portrayal of the different time vectors affected its legitimacy.

Modelling of droplet multiple breakage accounting for entire energy spectrum bottleneck effect and eddy-droplet discrepancy

This work focused on the contribution of the two aspects of entire energy spectrum bottleneck effect and eddy-droplet discrepancy to droplet multiple breakage simulation. The droplet breakage mechanism model was closured by more accurate turbulent parameters determined by accounting for the bottleneck effect and a formula was proposed to consider the effect of the eddy-droplet discrepancy. The influences of the two aspects on collision/interaction frequency density, breakage probability, breakage frequency and daughter size distribution (DSD) were analyzed. The proposed model agreed well with the measured breakage frequency, relative proportion of multiple breakage modes and DSDs from single droplet experiments and drop swarm experiments. The predicted size distribution evolution also exhibited a better agreement with experimental data by comparing with other models. An obvious quantitative prediction difference on whether to consider the two aspects proved the necessity and advantage of model development.The bottleneck effect represents a physical phenomenon fully validated by experimental data and direct numerical simulation results. Ignoring bottleneck effect hinders the acceptable reproduction of longitudinal velocity gradient skewness, while considering it obviously increases the quantitative prediction accuracy of turbulence parameters. Considering the physical fact that turbulent eddies will disappear, the eddy-droplet discrepancy neglected by existing mechanism model is used to characterize the impact of eddy lifetime on eddy-droplet collision/interaction. To summarize, the improvements of this work are beneficial for consolidating the breakage model physical foundation.

Grounding physicalism and the knowledge argument

AbstractStandard responses to the knowledge argument grant that Mary could know all of the physical facts even while trapped inside her black‐and‐white room. What they deny is that upon leaving her black‐and‐white room and experiencing red for the first time, Mary learns a genuinely new fact. This paper develops an alternate response in a grounding physicalist framework, on which Mary does not know all of the physical facts while trapped inside the room. The main thesis is that Mary does not know certain phenomenal facts while trapped inside the room, whereby these facts classify as physical due to being wholly and fully metaphysically grounded in the underlying fundamental facts which are themselves entirely physical.

Attempts to Communicate the Transcendent in Contemporary Art: An Artist’s Point of View

The article investigates attempts in contemporary art to convey transcendent realities through the lens of the artist. This study examines three key moments of the artistic creative process: intuition, asceticism, and silence. The article assesses silence or stillness as a specific mental state that enables us to evaluate reality with a heightened awareness of our own length, fragility, and the infinite that awaits us on the other side of existence. In artistic practice, silence is a prerequisite for authenticity, believability, and creativity. The article explores the possibility of uncovering and revealing the transcendent via matter through the author’s own artistic inquiry. It discusses art as a master of transforming material, psychological, and physical facts into shapes that hint at what is beyond what the eye or ear can perceive. Art can lead to the sublime and open the mind, eyes, and heart to that which is beyond. The expression of the transcendent through artistic action is observed by analyzing the relationship between the artist and intuitive knowledge in the artistic practices of contemporary and modern artists. Along with the qualitative method of narrative research, research methodologies specific to the artistic field (visual arts) were predominately used, expanding the boundaries of qualitative research by taking a holistic approach closer to the very nature of the artistic process and allowing for a more complete understanding of the process itself.