Factory Hands Research Articles

A Return to the Commons: An Eco-Marxist Reading of Jewett's “The Gray Mills of Farley” and Rebecca Harding Davis’ Life in the Iron Mills

A Return to the Commons: An Eco-Marxist Reading of Jewett's “The Gray Mills of Farley” and Rebecca Harding Davis’ <i>Life in the Iron Mills</i>

Louis Bromfield’s The Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg and The Rains Came in Francoist Spain

Louis Bromfield’s The Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg and The Rains Came in Francoist Spain Cristina Zimbroianu American writer Louis Bromfield (1896–1956) won the Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for his novel Early Autumn. Born in Mansfield, Ohio, a land that was a rich agricultural community a hundred years before his birth, Bromfield inherited his father’s love of farming. Unfortunately, around 1890, Mansfield developed into an industrial and commercial centre, and agriculture and farming became less important. His father Charles, a Democratic politician, was committed to opposing the city’s activities and maintained close relations with the remaining farmers in the hope that he would one day return to farming (Anderson 15). Charles instilled in his son a distrust of industry and a society that “deprived men of their manhood and made them bankers, bookkeepers and factory hands” (Anderson 15). Industrialization made some people rich and others poor: in the Flats below Mansfield, slums increased significantly, and farmers could barely survive (Anderson 15). In this context, Bromfield enrolled at Cornell to study agriculture after graduating from high school in 1914. However, he dropped out a year later to help when, for financial reasons, the Bromfield family was forced to sell their house in town and move to a farm. His mother, Annette Bromfield, convinced him that life on the farm would lead him “to hard work and oblivion,” so in 1916 he enrolled at Columbia University to study journalism (Anderson 24). Before the end of his studies, however, the United States was at war, and Louis Bromfield decided to enlist in the Army Ambulance Service, organized with the French Army, and travelled to France (Anderson 24). In the First World War, Bromfield served as a driver and interpreter with the French army, and he returned to New York to initiate his literary career in 1924 when he published his first novel, The Green Bay Tree. His early novels (1924–1930) treat the themes of industrialization and transformation from agriculture to industry. As a defender of the Jeffersonian tradition, Bromfield portrays the consequences of industrialism [End Page 455] and materialism on the human being both in his native land and abroad (Anderson). In The Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg (1928), Bromfield abandons his early themes, settings, contexts, and characters by introducing a mixture of sensuousness and mysticism that provide intentionally designed intensity and ambiguity (Anderson 56–61). Annie’s death, after having been considered a saint because she was marked by stigmata, and her apparently miraculous life give mysticism to the novel. The Rains Came (1937) is set in Ranchipur, India, and explores humanity’s potential to fight against miseries, poverty, religious prejudices, superstitions, diseases, and natural calamities. This is the first of Bromfield’s novels to introduce a large array of characters from both the West and the East who “battle on the sides of both light and darkness” (Anderson 100). However, the role of the church in The Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg and the events of Annie’s life and death may not have been well received by readers in Franco’s Spain, nor would elements of Western modernity such as certain love stories and attitudes about religion have been accepted by Franco’s censors. Thus, the methodology employed for the study of the reception of these two novels in Franco’s Spain is based on context-activated theories, as Janet Staiger presents in her extensive analysis of reception studies, Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema. The context is provided by the political and cultural environment of Francoist Spain, and the censorship apparatus that decided which books could reach readers. Therefore, the aim of this article is to examine the reception of Bromfield’s The Strange Case of Miss Annie Spragg and The Rains Came in Francoist Spain, focusing primarily on the response of the censors, whose evaluations were crucial in determining whether or not these two novels would be successful in Spain. This discussion involves an examination of the censorship archives located at the Administration General Archives (Archivo General de la Administración) in Alcalá de Henares, particularly the files that reveal whether or not The Strange Case of Miss...

Sources and Ways of Controlling Manufacturing Industrial Waste in the Northern Ghana

Manufacturing waste forms part of industrial waste which is also rooted in solid waste. In Ghana, the ruling government has a flagship project known as one district one factory (1d1f). Most of these factories that are established and yet to be established are manufacturing industries. No doubt that these industries will generate lots of waste which must be managed properly. Also, the more factories are built, the more waste will be created. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and try to control the exact sources of waste generation on the production line of manufacturing industries. The method used was literature review, and interview of industry players. From the literature review, it was found that several sources of waste have been established such as municipal sources of waste, medical/clinical sources, agriculture sources, end-of-life-of automobile, industrial sources of waste, construction/demolition sources, and electronic sources of waste (eschooltoday, 2020, amauomo and baird, 2016) whiles the results from the interview session revealed that the exact point on the manufacturing line of the industry, which can be termed as sources of waste are; at the beginning, and sometimes the end of the production line. Observation on the production line also confirmed the perception of the factory hands, that at the beginning, and the end. Once the sources are identified, it is possible to control it. In conclusion, it was revealed that factory hands do not make critical observation on the production line. They agreed that if the sources are identified and controlled, it will reduce the cost of production which will increase their profit margin. It is therefore recommended that manufacturing industries should take much interest in identifying the sources of waste creation on their production lines. Also, they should take measurement seriously when feeding raw materials into the production line.

Real Estate Questions

Abstract Historians of the United States have often described slavery as guided by the chattel principle. Yet in Black Reconstruction, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote, “No matter how degraded the factory hand, he is not real estate.” This article builds upon Du Bois’s description of slavery’s real estate basis and considers real estate as central to both slavery and territorial expansion in the nineteenth-century United States. Real estate formed the basis of slaveholder family stability and also enabled the intergenerational transfer of wealth. The article also considers the continuing influence of real estate after black emancipation. Real estate enabled post-slavery black dispossession and also facilitated the continuation of the United States as a settler empire.

From King Cane to the Last Sugar Mill: Agricultural Technology and the Making of Hawai‘i’s Premier Crop by C Allan Jones and Robert V Osgood

Reviewed by: From King Cane to the Last Sugar Mill: Agricultural Technology and the Making of Hawai‘i’s Premier Crop by C Allan Jones and Robert V Osgood A Kaipo T. Matsumoto From King Cane to the Last Sugar Mill: Agricultural Technology and the Making of Hawai‘i’s Premier Crop, by C Allan Jones and Robert V Osgood. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2015. isbn 978-0-8248-4000-6, xvi + 228 pages, notes, literature cited, index. Cloth, us$45.00. From King Cane to the Last Sugar Mill is a thorough interdisciplinary analysis of the agricultural technology used to cultivate sugarcane in the Hawaiian Islands, starting with the plant’s earliest cultivation by Polynesian settlers circa ad 500 and ending with the last remaining sugar company on the island of Maui in 2014. C Allan Jones and Robert V Osgood balance a detailed discussion of the technological advancements of the sugar industry with the broader social, political, and economic contexts that underpin the rise and fall of the industry in Hawai‘i. As agricultural scientists who worked for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, Jones and Osgood offer expert analysis of the industry’s technology and methods over time, discussing sugarcane varieties, irrigation infrastructure, plantation labor systems, fertilizers, and means of pest control. They argue that economic pressures forced the industry to reduce labor costs and implement technologies that increased production efficiency, resulting in the Hawaiian sugar industry’s rise as the most mechanized in the world. Further, they trace the decline of the industry over the past forty years, arguing that advanced technology, in the form of drip irrigation and new disease resistant varieties, allowed the last remaining sugar mill to survive into the twenty-first century. Jones and Osgood begin in chapter 1 by describing the indigenous agricultural infrastructure in conjunction with Hawaiian political organization prior to the arrival of Westerners in the eighteenth century. With the emergence of the first commercial sugar company in the late 1830s, the California gold rush, the US Civil War, and the decline of the whaling industry incentivized expansion of large-scale sugarcane cultivation. Due to the passing of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1876, the Hawaiian sugar industry boomed, increasing production twenty-fold between 1876 and 1896. During this time, sugar companies in Hawai‘i led the industry with ditch-irrigation technology, steam-powered machinery, and new fertilizers. Nearing the turn of the nineteenth century, powerful political interests, including prominent sugar industry leaders, staged a coup in 1893 to stabilize the sugar industry’s political and economic situation, overthrowing the Hawaiian monarchy and setting the stage for annexation later in 1898. As chapters 3 and 4 describe, the industry continued to grow rapidly during the period before the Great Depression and despite the Depression era’s low sugar prices due to improvements in irrigation infrastructure, hybrid varieties of sugarcane, and mechanized field and factory operations that reduced the need for labor. In light of major labor unrest and strikes by Japanese and Filipino workers, the industry continued to implement technology that increased production efficiencies, relying less [End Page 202] on field and factory hands. The same reliance on workforce-reducing technological advancements by the industry continued through the World War II era. The book ends by tracing the decline of the industry, starting in 1970, due to unstable domestic and international sugar prices. Unable to reduce production costs to meet the low market prices, and struggling to diversify crop productions, all but one commercial sugar company closed between 1970 and 2011. In 2014, the Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company (hc&s) faced legal challenges headed by water rights and environmental activists. A significant contribution to the interdisciplinary niche historicizing scientific progression in the agricultural industry in Hawai‘i, this book offers a highly detailed documentation and synthesis of technological history, both organizing and characterizing the progression of technology across multiple eras. Jones and Osgood demonstrate a masterful conversion of the archive of scientific company records into cohesive historical narrative. The primary strength and value of their work lies in the application of their scientific expertise to describe how agricultural technology evolved. Secondarily, Jones and Osgood historicize the role of...

Labor and World Development Through the Lens of Cotton: A Review Essay

Labor and World Development Through the Lens of Cotton: A Review Essay

Work and Wages at a Melbourne Factory, the Guest Biscuit Works 1870–1921

The story of wages in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Australia has largely been told through official published statistics and the experiences of skilled artisans and construction labourers. Utilising wage book data from an early successful manufacturing plant – a biscuit factory – we reveal the earning histories of several neglected groups of Australian workers. We specifically investigate the effects of the 1890s depression, the introduction of a wages board, and shifting demographics on the wages of unskilled factory hands, women, juvenile workers, and commercial clerks. We demonstrate that typical Australian wage series studies have misinterpreted the impact of these phenomena.

THE ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL DISTRIBUTION OF A CEMENT MANUFACTURING COMPANY IN THE MEIJI AND TAISHO ERA

With the resources left in Onoda Cement Company (established in 1881), this study examined the transition of a company organization in the Meiji and Taisho era. It focused especially on its hiring process and personnel distribution based on the each employee's credentials. The findings are as follows:1) After 1901, due to the complexity of the company organization, the administrative department was expanded to five different sections. One of them was the engineering office which controlled the manufacturing department.2) Shortly after the establishment of the company, the workers were assigned to two separate positions; “office worker” and “field worker.” The office workers were in charge of management and the field workers carried the labor work at the manufacturing sites.3) The field workers were categorized into “workman and so forth” and “roustabout.” Furthermore, the former was subdivided into “factory hand” who were the regular staff, “trainee” who had a possibility to be employed as regular staff in the near future , and “temporary workers” who were employed on a temporary basis. The specific qualifications were required for each position.4) The percentage of the staff in the position of “workman and so forth,” which was consisted of “factory hand” and “trainee”, was forty to fifty out of all of the field workers. The temporary workers accounted for forty to fifty percent, as well. The roustabouts accounted for ten percent. The female laborer accounted for ten to fifteen percent, but none of them was treated as regular staff.5) At the manufacturing sites, the personnel distribution was adjusted corresponding to the number of each equipment/duty that the workers handled.6) By introducing the continuous kilns (Dieztsch's one), the three eight-hour shift system was adopted. Furthermore, the personnel distribution of factory hands was determined based on both the fixed number of personnel and the present ones.

The Freedom of the Streets: Work, Citizenship, and Sexuality in a Gilded Age City

Gilded Age cities offered extraordinary opportunities to women - but at a price. As clerks, factory hands, and professionals flocked downtown to earn a living, they alarmed social critics and city fathers, who warned that self-supporting women were just steps away from becoming prostitutes. With in-depth research possible only in a mid-sized city, Sharon E. Wood focuses on Davenport, Iowa, to explore the lives of working women and the prostitutes who shared their neighborhoods. The single, self-supporting women who migrated to Davenport in the years following the Civil War saw paid labor as the foundation of citizenship. They took up the tools of public and political life to assert the respectability of paid employment and to confront the demon of prostitution. Wood offers cradle-to-grave portraits of individual girls and women - both prostitutes and respectable white workers - seeking to reshape their city and expand women's opportunities. As Wood demonstrates, however, their efforts to rewrite the sexual politics of the streets met powerful resistance at every turn from men defending their political rights and sexual power.

Radio, Race, and the Re-writing of Civil Rights

The expansion of civil rights history has been nothing short of phenomenal in recent years. Not so long ago the movement's story was told largely in biographical and organizational terms, with Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference claiming pride of place. Then came a spate of marvelously rendered case studies, from William Chafe's Greensboro to the Mississippi of Charles Payne and John Dittmer. In the 1990s historians pulled the movement back in time—into Franklin Roosevelt's Washington, into the embattled union halls of the New Deal South, into the workplaces and juke joints where infrapolitics was played. Now the scholarship is surg- ing across the Mason-Dixon Line, fl ooding across national borders, moving back into the 1920s and up to the 1970s, pushing into popular culture, intent, it seems, on shattering all the boundaries that once defi ned the movement's outer edges. 1 The transformation has pulled the literature in two directions. As its defi ni- tion of activism has widened, the movement's history has gathered in a stun- ning array of people, from factory hands to professional people, sharecroppers to celebrities. Even as historians draw more groups into the struggle, though, their evaluation of the movement has grown more critical, their conclusions more pessimistic. Not that the fi rst scholars to study the movement were wildly optimistic. But they tended to stress how much the movement accom- plished rather than how much was left undone. Now the balance has tipped the other way. The struggle may have been much wider than we previously imagined, the current literature suggests, but its actions were often limited, and its victories—great as they were—proved tragically incomplete. Brian Ward's Radio and the Struggle for Civil Rights in the South slips seam- lessly into the new history. As in his previous book, the award-winning Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations (1998), Ward painstakingly traces the connections between the entertainment

“Princesses and Sweated-Wage Slaves Go Well Together”: Images of British Sweated Workers, 1843–1914

Taking a long-term perspective, this article charts how sweating was represented in different ways in different periods. It examines the practical difficulties reformers faced when moving from portraying certain images exposing sweated labor to the advocacy of remedies for it. At the turn of the twentieth century, the explanation of sweating as a wider issue of poverty had changed considerably from the narrow definition of sweated labor dating back to the 1840s. Initially this identified needlewomen and male artisans in declining trades as the primary victims of sweating. Jews later stereotypically featured prominently as both exploiters and exploited. By the 1890s, women homeworkers were simultaneously foregrounded as passive victims as well as perpetuators of a degenerate sweated “underclass.” From 1906, those depicted in sensational exhibitions plying their trade of sweated labor were no longer designated as isolated “white slaves” but as exploited citizens denied a fair day's pay for a fair day's work. They were also viewed as a danger to national efficiency. Even so, a Liberal government was only prepared to concede one small anti-sweating measure in the form of the 1909 Trade Boards Act. This piece of legislation was gender neutral and covered homeworkers as well as factory hands. But it encompassed only the most notoriously low-paying industries and less then a quarter of a million workers. Successive British parliaments shied away from enacting a national minimum wage until 1999.

The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (review)

Voices. This book is full of the sound of voices. We hear the testimony of domestic servants, weavers, wheelwrights, coal miners, factory hands, farm laborers, shepherds, and hosts of others, telling in their own words of the lives they have lived in their minds. The sources are approximately two thousand autobiographical memoirs, published and unpublished, written by members of the British working classes over the last three hundred years or so. Almost all of the memoirists were concerned to discuss their intellectual development, for it was usually the sense of identity that they obtained from reading, discussion, experience of the arts, and engagement with political ideas that provided them with the impulse to write about themselves in the first place. Only gradually during the last decades of the twentieth century have social historians made the discovery that people whose inner lives had generally been regarded as at best a mystery and at worst something circumscribed and brutal actually spoke out in sufficient numbers to permit worthwhile generalizations. Memoir by memoir, in archives, private collections, and research libraries, the essential corpus was identified so that it could be listed and its content opened up to the diligent researcher. (See J. Burnett, D. Vincent, and D. Mayall, eds., The Autobiography of the Working Class: An Annotated Critical Bibliography, 3 vols. [New York: New York University Press, 1984-89].)

Men As Managers, Managers as Men: Critical Perspectives on Men, Masculinities and Managements

Breaking the Silence - David L Collinson and Jeff Hearn On Men, Masculinities and Managements Masculinities and Managements in the Transition from Factory Hands to Sentimental Workers - Wendy Hollway The Gender of Bureaucracy - David Morgan Technocracy, Patriarchy and Management - Beverly H Burris The Best Is Yet to Come? Searching for Embodiment in Managerial Work - Deborah Kerfoot and David Knights Entrepreneurialism and Paternalism in Australian Management - Rosslyn Reed A Gender Critique for the `Self-Made' Man Entrepreneurialism, Masculinities and the `Self-Made' Man - Kate Mulholland Quiet Whispers... Men Accounting for Women, West to East - Cheryl R Lehman Multinational Masculinities and European Bureaucracies - Alison E Woodward Gendering and Evaluating Dynamics - Patricia Yancey Martin Men, Masculinities and Managements `Seduction and Succession' - Michael Roper Circuits of Homosocial Desire in Management Managing Universities - Craig Prichard Is It Men's Work?

Bint Arab: Arab and Arab American women in the United States

Preface Introduction The First Wave, 1875-1925 Miriam Katreen Syrian Immigration Women Immigrants Peddlers Mill Girls, Factory Hands, and Entrepreneurs Students and Teachers Clubwomen Making a Match From Second Generation to Third Fighting Political Racism: Paula Reconnecting: Linda Women for Women: Cheryl Color and Religion: Khadija The Second Wave, 1945-Present Prologue Palestinians: Emily, Ihsan, Najeebi, Suhair, Suad, Nuha, and Nawal, Mona Collage Epilogue Appendix Bibliography Index

"Factory" at the Eli Whitney Museum, Hamden, Connecticut

Several museums of technology and industry have been integrating activities into their exhibits. The Eli Whitney Museum has done so very successfully in It is a small exhibit, only about 2,000 square feet, but it serves several different audiences well. Its three parts deal with the processes and products of industrial production: one part exhibits historic machine tools, the second treats New Haven's historic and contemporary industry, and the third is a participatory exhibit called the Toy Soldier Factory. A number of museums have made attempts to interpret industrial production. Some of them display a few machines, others operate historic machines in a museum gallery, still others create periodroom-like reconstructions of historic factory environments with no moving machinery, and still others replicate parts of a factory with operating machines. Of the four approaches, this last tactic seems most satisfactory. It has been used in many industrial museums, and it seems to provide a realistic experience of a historic factory setting. Nonetheless, such reconstructions cannot lead the visitor to an adequate historical understanding of the work experience for several reasons. Usually only a few machines are run, for brief periods, and often just one at a time. Furthermore, they are run not by experienced factory hands but by interpreters. In such settings, visitors cannot experience many of the authentic aspects of factory life that the environments are meant to recall. They cannot feel the satisfying skill and/or boring monotony of operating a machine day after day for years on end. They cannot enjoy the pleasure of cooperation in the workplace, nor can they know the stresses of trying to satisfy a demanding foreman or manager. Given these limitations, a good simulation activity can teach certain things better than a re-created industrial scene. Such an endeavor

Toolmarks and Peculiar Blunt Force Injuries Related to an Adjustable Wrench

A factory hand troubled a housewife with a money matter, and in the end he beat her to death with an adjustable wrench. The toolmarks found at the crime scene and the patterned injuries on the victim are shown in this article.

Peasant Labour and Capitalist Production in Late Colonial Indonesia: The ‘Campaign’ at a North Java Sugar Factory, 1840–70

The mid-nineteenth century saw the establishment in Java of one of the world's major sugar industries. Indeed, prior to the Great Depression of the 1930's, which reduced it to a shadow of its former opulance, the Java industry was second only to that of Cuba as a producer of cane sugar for the world's markets. It was essentially the creation of nineteenth-century Dutch colonialism. Sugar manufacture on a commercial scale had already been underway in Java a full two centuries earlier. However, the modern industry of large, centralized units of production and a massive ‘peasant’ workforce dated only from the inauguration of the state-sponsored Cultivation System by Governor-General Johannes van den Bosch in the 1830's. From then on, progress was rapid. Within less than a quarter century, some hundred or so sugar ‘factories’, solid stone places full of European machinery and Javanese ‘coolies’, had been established in the lowlands of Eastern and Central Java, and twenty-seven thousand hectares of peasant farmland requisitioned to provide them with cane. The whole enterprise dug deep into the innards of rural Java. As well as peasant land, the labour of the rural population was commandeered in unprecedented quantities. By the early 1860's, when sugar production under the auspices of the Cultivation System was reaching its peak, some 100,000 Javanese peasants were engaged in growing cane for the industry, and nearly that many again employed for between three and five months of the year, as cane-cutters, carters and factory hands during the manufacturing season or ‘Campaign’.

The Language of Class in Twentieth-Century America

In June of 1948, during the peak period of strike activity in the United States in the past fifty years, Philip Murray, President of the CIO, the most successful militant labor organization of the twentieth century, published an article giving his views on labor organization, democracy, and “our American system.” He argued that “if we pull together . . . we shall surmount the present crisis.” He felt confident about his prediction because, he said, “We have no classes in this country; that’s why the Marxist theory of class struggle has gained so few adherents. We’reallworkers here. And in the final analysis the interests of farmers, factory hands, business and professional people, and white-collar toilers prove to be the same” (Murray, 1948; quoted in Lipsitz, 1981: 143).

“Windows on the Works” at the Eli Whitney Museum, Hamden, Connecticut

“FACTORY” AT THE ELI WHITNEY MUSEUM, HAMDEN, CONNECTICUT STEPHEN K. VICTOR Several museums of technology and industry have been integrating activities into their exhibits. The Eli Whitney Museum has done so very successfully in “Factory.” It is a small exhibit, only about 2,000 square feet, but it serves several different audiences well. Its three parts deal with the processes and products of industrial production: one part exhibits historic machine tools, the second treats New Haven’s historic and contemporary industry, and the third is a participatory exhibit called the Toy Soldier Factory. A number of museums have made attempts to interpret industrial production. Some of them display a few machines, others operate historic machines in a museum gallery, still others create periodroom -like reconstructions of historic factory environments with no moving machinery, and still others replicate parts of a factory with operating machines. Of the four approaches, this last tactic seems most satisfactory. It has been used in many industrial museums, and it seems to provide a realistic experience of a historic factory setting. Nonetheless, such reconstructions cannot lead the visitor to an adequate historical understanding of the work experience for several reasons. Usually only a few machines are run, for brief periods, and often just one at a time. Furthermore, they are run not by experi­ enced factory hands but by interpreters. In such settings, visitors cannot experience many of the authentic aspects of factory life that the environments are meant to recall. They cannot feel the satisfying skill and/or boring monotony of operating a machine day after day for years on end. They cannot enjoy the pleasure of cooperation in the workplace, nor can they know the stresses of trying to satisfy a demanding foreman or manager. Given these limitations, a good simulation activity can teach certain things better than a re-created industrial scene. Such an endeavor Dr. Victor is an assistant director at tile Association of Yale Alumni and an interpretive planning consultant with a special interest in industrial history. His recent projects include educational activity centers at the Baltimore Museum of Industry and the Tsongas Industrial History Center in Lowell, Massachusetts. He was formerly director of the American Silver Museum in Meriden, Connecticut.© 1992 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/92/3302-0004J01.00 336 “Factory” at the Eli Whitney Museum, Hamden, Connecticut 337 might provide a more authentic and meaningful experience than real machinery in a re-created context in which visitors cannot operate the machines. A well-planned simulation can lead the visitor to a deeper understanding of important aspects of industrial history. In this respect, the Eli Whitney Museum’s factory exhibit emphasizes the principles of specialization and flexible mass production, topics that are difficult to see in a real factory and certainly in a re-created one. To provide a context for the simulation activity, the exhibit begins with a brief discussion of the American System of Manufactures, which the museum defines as a combination of resourceful adaptation of machines, division of labor, specialization of machines, systematic organization, and a passion for innovation. Another label on the legend of Eli Whitney places him modestly within the context of American manufacturing innovation. The historic machine tools, most borrowed from other institutions, occupy places beneath overhead line shafting (fig. 1). Museum guides set the line shafting in motion and demonstrate the machine tools, types that are fundamental to metalworking at the site and in Connecticut—lathes, milling machines, and drill presses. Small text labels provide information about the historic machine tools. By including belt-driven machine tools along with others in which hand or foot power plays a major role, the exhibit indicates that industrial production does not always require remote power provided by massive prime movers. One of the aims of the exhibit was to show the characteristics of the region’s historic and contemporary industry. Historic images of New Haven—area factories reflect the range of industry. Several large displays contain the products of some of the area’s major historic companies: clocks by Chauncey Jerome and the New Haven Clock Company; guns by Whitney, Winchester, and Marlin; educational toys and domestic...

Tobacco Men and Factory Hands: The Effects of Migration Turnaround and Decentralized Industrialization on the Social Lives of Older People in a Rural Kentucky County

John van Willigen is Associate Professor of Anthropology and Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky. Thomas A. Arcury is Research Associate, Center for Developmental Change, and member of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Kentucky. Robert G. Cromley is Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Connecticut. The research upon which this paper is based was supported by grant no. 1 POlAG01358-2 from the National Institute on Aging. The authors wish to thank Kathleen M. DeWalt and Billie R. DeWalt for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper.