Social Stratification Factors Research Articles

The Existence of Silariang Customary Delik In The Customary Law of Kajang Kab. Bulukumba Against Indonesian Law

The factors that cause the occurrence of Silariang based on the customary law of the Kajang tribe are social stratification factors, where there are degrees of class. The factor of the lack of education and the occurrence of complex thoughts following the times so that sometimes they tend to forget their own culture without any interference from parents or from the family. Economic factors sareals overy influential for the two people to live independently so that what they do is considered not to violate applicable customs. And the promiscuity factor is then the lack of parental attention. Then the legal consequences for Silariang perpetrators, according to the people of Batunilamung Village, are the forms of sanctions that apply in Batunilamung Village, which are divided into three parts, namely: First, Principal Babbala means the most severe sanctions, fines for palaku as much as Sampulonrua reala or in Indonesian currency equivalent to one million two hundred thousand rupiahs is converted into Sibilangan angruangpulo reala in Indonesian currency equivalent to eighty million rupiahs. Second, Tangnga Babbala means that a medium or medium sanction is fined as much as Karua real equivalent to eight hundred thousand rupiahs which is changed to Karua pulo reala (eight million rupiahs) and approximately sixty million rupiahs for now. Third, Cappa Babbala means the lightest sanction is Annan reala equivalent to six hundred thousand rupiah in Indonesian currency converted to Annanpulo reala (six million rupiah) and equivalent to forty million rupiahs if it is equal to the current currency value plus one roll of cloth. White. So to give sanctions to perpetrators of customary violators depending on the violation.

The Existence of Silariang Customary Delik In The Customary Law of Kajang Kab. Bulukumba Against Indonesian Law

The factors that cause the occurrence of Silariang based on the customary law of the Kajang tribe are social stratification factors, where there are degrees of class. The factor of the lack of education and the occurrence of complex thoughts following the times so that sometimes they tend to forget their own culture without any interference from parents or from the family. Economic factors sareals overy influential for the two people to live independently so that what they do is considered not to violate applicable customs. And the promiscuity factor is then the lack of parental attention. Then the legal consequences for Silariang perpetrators, according to the people of Batunilamung Village, are the forms of sanctions that apply in Batunilamung Village, which are divided into three parts, namely: First, Principal Babbala means the most severe sanctions, fines for palaku as much as Sampulonrua reala or in Indonesian currency equivalent to one million two hundred thousand rupiahs is converted into Sibilangan angruangpulo reala in Indonesian currency equivalent to eighty million rupiahs. Second, Tangnga Babbala means that a medium or medium sanction is fined as much as Karua real equivalent to eight hundred thousand rupiahs which is changed to Karua pulo reala (eight million rupiahs) and approximately sixty million rupiahs for now. Third, Cappa Babbala means the lightest sanction is Annan reala equivalent to six hundred thousand rupiah in Indonesian currency converted to Annanpulo reala (six million rupiah) and equivalent to forty million rupiahs if it is equal to the current currency value plus one roll of cloth. White. So to give sanctions to perpetrators of customary violators depending on the violation.

LIFE POSITION OF STUDENTS’ PARENTS: ON THE ISSUE OF THE SOCIAL SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT

To clarify the characteristics of the infl uence of parents’ emotional and value orientations on the socialization of modern schoolchildren, a study was conducted. The analysis of the answers obtained in the course of anonymous questionnaire surveys of   students in grades - of general education schools from  regions and   parents from  regions of the Russian Federation, (surveys /) was carried out. The report analyzes answers to questions related to three indicators of life position: value orientations, emotional assessment of the success of one’s future prospects, assessment of the personal signifi cance of certain social threats. The infl uence of demographic (gender, age) and social stratifi cation factors (fullness of the family) is considered. As a result of a special factor analysis, three bipolar factors were identifi ed, explaining ,% of the total variance. Factor F “social recognition, doubt – social well-being, optimism” with the positive pole determined by values: the presence of close friends, the respect of others, an increase in the level of education, which correlate with doubts about one’s future success. At the negative pole the values of material well-being, a happy family life, a positive assessment of future prospects is found. Military confl icts and unemployment are mentioned among the main threats to the implementation of these orientations. Factor F is “self-realization, pessimism – physical well-being”. Here, the positive pole is determined by the values of creative and professional realization, self-reliance and independence. Such life attitudes are associated with pessimistic assessments of one’s success in life. The negative pole of the factor is represented by the value of physical well-being (“health”). Factor F is “the desire for spirituality – objective threats to existence”. Its positive pole is determined by the values of spiritual and physical intimacy with a loved one, an increase in the cultural level, correlated with the threats of extremism and the tightening of the regime in the country. The negative pole is determined by threats caused by natural phenomena like “epidemics”, etc. The features of parents and students subsamples, taking into account their marital status, gender and age in the space of factors F and F, are considered. It has been established that mothers and fathers from complete families are characterized by an orientation towards family and material well-being. Boys from complete families in the period of study, both in primary and in high school, have doubts about their social success. Girls from complete families studying in primary and high school experience not only doubts about social recognition but also about success in self-realization. A special position is occupied by mothers from single-parent families: they transmit pessimism in relation to their social success and self-realization to the child, which is also refl ected in the life position of high school students from single-parent families.

К вопросу о межпоколенческих различиях в социальном самочувствии подростков: жизненная позиция и оценка значимости угроз

The article examines the specifics of social well-being in teenagers based on the opinions of 4,837 middle and high school students obtained during an anonymous questionnaire survey in 2020. The questionnaire included closed questions about priorities in life values, emotional assessment of future prospects, plans for the future and assessment of the significance of threats from the social environment. When analyzing the empirical material, the influence of demographic and social stratification factors is considered. Special attention is paid to identifying the relationships between values, the clarity of plans, the assessment of life success and possible social threats, taking into account the influence of gender and age characteristics. Based on the data comparison of a monitoring questionnaire for students of grades 9 and 11 conducted in 2010 (993 respondents) and 2020 (1327 respondents), using mathematical procedures of factor analysis, the characteristic changes in the social well-being of adolescents were identified that have occurred over the past 10 years. Modern teenagers plan their future more carefully, and the complex of life values associated with self-realization in the educational, cultural and professional spheres is more significant to them. At the same time, the values associated with successful implementation in family life have become less significant; the possibilities to provide for oneself are assessed as real social risks, and the tendencies of infantilization are increasing. In general, the set of indicators of social well-being used in this work can be used in psychological and pedagogical programs to study the sociocultural features of socialization in students of adolescent and young age.

An Integrated Look at Well-Being: Topological Clustering of Combinations and Correlates of Hedonia and Eudaimonia.

Subjective measures of well-being are increasingly seen by scholars and policy makers as valuable tools to assess quality of life. Hedonic accounts focus on people's experience of life in positive ways while eudaimonic accounts are concerned with realization of personal potential. However, to what extent do an "enjoyable" and a "flourishing" life overlap? Using an innovative clustering-and-projection technique (Self-Organized Map), the joint distributional patterns of multiple hedonic and eudaimonic well-being indicators were examined in a nationally representative longitudinal study of US adults (MIDUS). Results show that the two accounts largely converged with about 70% of the sample observations registering high/low scores in both well-being dimensions. However, the remaining 30% of respondents experienced divergent well-being levels. Association between these combined profiles and a series of socio-demographic characteristics and social stratification factors were investigated. Findings showed that chances of uniformly high well-being increase with age, while higher income, educational level, marriage, and being a female are linked to lesser probabilities of experiencing joint low well-being patterns. Experiencing a combination of high hedonic / low eudaimonic well-being was more frequent for less educated individuals, and men. Finally, the persistence over time of these combined well-being profiles was more frequent in case of convergent hedonic/eudaimonic levels. For divergent patterns we revealed substantial changes over a 10-year period with respondents registering low hedonic / high eudaimonic well-being at time t having greater chances of upward movement toward improved well-being compared to individuals who experienced high hedonic / low eudaimonic levels in the first time period.

Analysis of Social Deixis in the Madness of King George Movie

This research was aimed at finding out the kinds of social deixis and to explain the social stratification factors in each kind of social deixis in The Madness of King George movie. The type of this research was descriptived qualitative research. Instrument of research that used in this research is the documentation (library research). The matrix table used to collect the data about social deixis in the Madness of King George Movie. According to the matrix table, there are 965 kinds of Relational Social Deixis and 504 kinds of Absolute social deixis used in this movie. The dominant type of Relational Social Deixis is first personal pronoun which refers to the speaker itself. It was used 279 times from total of social deixis used in this movie. In Absolute Social Deixis category, the dominant type was “Sir” which was used 144 times. It was also explained that Relational Social Deixis category is dominant with the frequency of usage around 965 times more than Absolute Social Deixis with the frequency of usage around 504 times from total of social deixis used in this movie. Third, there were three factors of social stratification used in all utterances contained social deixis in this movie. It was found that the dominant social deixis, whether Relational or Absolute Social Deixis, refered to the male characters than the female characters. Because in the 19th century, the man held more power to lead the society and dominant in public relations, especially in Kingdom territory.

Social Welfare Transfers and Poverty Transitions in Hong Kong: Evidence from Two-Wave Panel Data

This study is the first attempt to examine poverty transitions and their correlates in Hong Kong, which has a high poverty rate despite being one of the world’s wealthiest societies. By classifying the respondents into pre-transfer non-poor, non-transfer poor, post-transfer non-poor and post-transfer poor, factors that were associated with the probability of moving out of (into) poverty due to the receipt (absence) of social welfare transfers were identified. The examination of poverty transitions with consideration for social welfare transfers has important implications on development of effective policies for poverty alleviation. Two types of factors were included: social stratification factors and life-course events. We draw data from the 2015 and 2017 Hong Kong Panel Survey for Poverty Alleviation. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used to examine factors associated with poverty transitions. The results showed that employment factors (number of employed household members and increased employment ratio) were the only factors that help people move out of poverty. Demographic factors (number of children in the household and increased dependency ratio) increased the risk of falling into post-transfer poor. Immigrants were more likely to transit from post-transfer poor to non-transfer poor. More policy efforts should be devoted to helping the working poor and single parent households, and to reducing stigma against immigrants receiving welfare benefits.

Manifestations of Aggression in the Adolescent Environment

The article discusses the peculiar features of physical aggression among adolescents and the main motives that encourage them to resort to violence. It is based on the materials obtained by the researchers of the Center for Sociology of Education of the Institute of Education Management of the Russian Academy of Education in the course of an anonymous questionnaire survey of 2983 students in grades 7, 9 and 11 of Moscow schools. The analysis of the influence of gender, age, and social stratification factors reveals motivational dominants that determine the characteristic features of the adolescents’ participation in fights depending on gender and age. Special focus is given to physical aggression in the walls of an educational organization, and namely the prevalence of fights on school grounds and the adolescents’ opinions about their teachers’ reactions to fights between their students. A fairly high level of prevalence of fights among girls indicates a significant deformation of traditional gender-role behaviors in the adolescent subculture. The research results in the conclusion that manifestations of physical aggression are related to both social mechanisms of the adolescent subculture functioning and mental characteristics of adolescence

Knowledge of the Human Papillomavirus by Social Stratification Factors.

Social determinants of health explain most health inequities. Intermediate determinants dictate differences in the exposure and vulnerability of people based on social stratification. Vulnerable women (lower education level, older age, uninsured, etc.) have lower adherence to recommended Pap smear screening guidelines. However, a gap remains concerning the effect of social determinants on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the level of knowledge about HPV infection and HPV vaccines with education level and residential setting among a sample of Spanish women. A cross-sectional study at six primary care centers (Cantabria, Spain) was performed. All women >21 years consecutively attended by midwives for routine follow-up were invited to participate during the study period (2015-2016) until a convenience sample was recruited. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire addressing sociodemographic variables (age, education level, and residential setting) and the level of knowledge regarding HPV infection, including general knowledge about infection and knowledge about the HPV vaccine. Associations between education level (primary, secondary, and university) and residential setting (urban, semiurban, and rural) with the level of knowledge of HPV infection and HPV vaccine were calculated using adjusted logistic regressions. Dose-response associations were estimated based on p-trend. Compared to university women, a lower education level was associated with limited or no knowledge of either HPV infection or the HPV vaccine. Women living in rural areas poorly identified "promiscuity" as a risk factor of HPV infection and "the use of condoms" as a protective factor. Moreover, living in rural areas was associated with limited or no knowledge of HPV infection and HPV vaccine. There were significant dose-response trends; those who were more educated and living in more urban areas had more knowledge about either HPV infection or the vaccine. In our sample, the level of knowledge of HPV infection and HPV vaccine was high. However, vulnerable women, defined by a lower education level and living in rural areas, presented a greater lack of knowledge regarding HPV infection and the HPV vaccine.

EDUCATION AS A FACTOR OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

The constituent element of every society is its structure. It grows on the basis of multiple factors and constitutes a specific context of human behavior, and more specifically the behavior of individuals of particular groups. On the one hand, human action always has a specific internal logic, but it is also externally conditioned; it takes place within a concrete framework, which are called structures.
 The structures are therefore a systematized pattern constituting specific frames defining the ways of human interaction. Among social structures, social stratification is at the forefront, understood as a system of structured, socially important inequalities. Within them, individuals or categories of people have unequal access to socially appreciated values.In modern society, education is one of the most important factors of social stratification. It is within the framework of the education process that individuals prepare to fulfill social roles. Considering the fact that some roles are described as important and desirable, they are also better paid, and moreover, they are given higher social prestige. As a consequence, they become an important factor of social stratification. On the other hand, unequal access to education for any reason, makes it difficult for individuals to promote themselves and places them lower in the hierarchy of layers. In this way, education becomes an important factor in social stratification.

Особенности межпоколенных различий в жизненной позиции подростков

In the context of the problems of intergenerational differences, the article considers the peculiarities of changes in the emotional assessment of the success of life perspectives, the formation of future plans and priorities in life values of students in primary and high schools. The work is based on a comparison of the results of monitoring questionnaires that were conducted by the staff of the CSE RAO from 1991 to 2017. The sample of respondents in 1991 was 1162 respondents, in 1996 — 1604, in 2002 — 2978, in 2017 — 11 803. When analyzing the materials, gender, age and social stratification differences are taken into account. The data were processed using mathematical statistics methods (criteria for significant differences, factor analysis). Results show that schoolchildren’s emotional assessment of the success of life prospects, the formation of future plans and value preferences largely depend on economic and political transformations in society. Using the factor analysis, five generalized oppositions have been identified, which allow an intergenerational comparison of the characteristics of students’ life positions with regard to gender, age and social stratification factors.

Seeing the Destination AND the Path: Using Identity‐Based Motivation to Understand and Reduce Racial Disparities in Academic Achievement

African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans aspire to do well in school but often fall short of this goal. We use identity‐based motivation theory as an organizing framework to understand how macrolevel social stratification factors including minority–ethnic group membership and low socioeconomic position (e.g., parental education, income) and the stigma they carry, matter. Macrolevel social stratification differentially exposes students to contexts in which choice and control are limited and stigma is evoked, shaping identity‐based motivation in three ways. Stratification influences which behaviors likely feel congruent with important identities, undermines belief that one's actions and effort matter, and skews chronic interpretation of one's experienced difficulties with schoolwork from interpreting experienced difficulty as implying importance (e.g., “it's for me”) toward implying “impossibility.” Because minority students have high aspirations, policies should invest in destigmatizing, scalable, universal, identity‐based motivation‐bolstering institutions and interventions.

К вопросу о педагогическом авторитете

The paper focuses on Mikhail Kondratyev’s contributions to the exploration of pedagogical authority. Basing on the survey of 3056 students of 5—9 classes of Moscow schools the paper analyzes adolescents’ attitudes towards teacher as a referent adult: evaluations of his/her significance as a role model, descriptions of his/her social status with regard to the usefulness of the information received by the adolescent. It also reviews some features of interpersonal relationships within the teacher-student interaction: the adolescents’ reactions to criticisms, their evaluations of the significance of various reasons underlying conflicts with the teacher. The attitude of the students toward their teacher is analyzed through the lens of the educational process, including such parameters as the students’ physical and mental state during the lesson (authori- tarian/democratic style of the teacher’s behavior); the students’ trust in the teacher as the source of credible evaluations of their learning success; the impact of the teacher on the students’ interest in the school subject. The outcomes of the survey are reviewed in the context of the influence of certain demographic and social stratification factors. Special attention is drawn to the impact of academic achievements and the adolescent’s status in the group on his/her attitudes towards the teacher as the authoritative adult.

Sociology of Preschool Childhood: Age Dynamics of the Child's Play

The article presents the results of a poll of 1936 parents, who's preschool children visit Moscow kindergartens, about organization of child's play activity. It continues a cycle of works about preschool sociology conducted by researchers of Institute for Sociology of Education RAE. Special attention is given to the consideration of place of joint play of parents with their child in general structure of family leisure time and involvement of parents in child's play. Besides we analyze representations of parents about game preferences of preschoolers: what toys and games are preferred by their children. The analysis is conducted on the impact of a number of demographic (gender, age) and social stratification factors (material status, education level, composition of the family, etc.).

Method of Property Acquisition and Social Status in Post-Communist Society

The article is dedicated to peculiarities of social stratification in post-communist society. The nature of relations between the subjective social status and possession of property objects depends on the method of their acquisition. The expensive property objects, which often do not correspond to an individual’s financial position but are acquired on his or her own initiative, have the capacity for differentiating people by status indication. Instead, the unintentional acquisition of property under the effect of outer factors has no essential influence on the social status. In the course of privatization of state habitation and land, most Ukrainians became homeowners and landowners. However, property objects acquired on the initiative of government have not become the factors of social stratification. Only with real institutional transformations in economy, liberalization of land market, and legitimation of the institute of private property will the acquired property objects become full-value material assets affecting status characteristics of an individual.

Cleavage Theory and Elections in Post-Soviet Russia

This paper presents a detailed technique for identifying links between the electoral cleavages and political divides, on the one hand, and between the electoral cleavages and factors of social stratification, on the other. The described methodology is subsequently used for studying the political and social content of the electoral cleavages in post-Soviet Russia (1993–2011). Two ‘full’ long-term electoral cleavages are detected that can be interpreted both politically and socially: (1) ‘pro-market modernists versus anti-market traditionalists’; (2) ‘authorities versus community’. The first cleavage defined the political development of the country in the 1990s, the second determined it for the period after 2000. The first cleavage has strong correlation with left-right (socioeconomic) and ‘modernist–traditionalist’ political dimensions, the second with the ‘authoritarian-democratic’ division. Both cleavages are conditioned socially first of all by urban–rural differences or, what is the same, the economic successfulness of different territories. The ‘pro-market modernists versus anti-market traditionalists’ cleavage also has a strong connection to the level of sociocultural development of the territories, the ‘authorities versus community’ cleavage to their demographic characteristics (particularly, ethnic composition).

Archaeobotanical remains from late 6th/early 5th millennium BC Tel Tsaf, Israel

This study illustrates how archaeobotanical information is a key line of evidence for investigating the emergence of social complexity in the southern Levant during the late 6th/early 5th millennium BC. The ability of emerging elites to produce surplus agricultural produce was an important factor in social stratification. Excavations at the site of Tel Tsaf (5200–4600 cal BC) in the central Jordan River Valley, Israel revealed four courtyard buildings each containing a number of large storage silos indicating that the inhabitants of the site had the ability to store large amounts of comestibles. The results of the archaeobotanical analysis indicate the presence of barley (Hordeum sp.), wheat (Triticum sp., Triticum dicoccum, Triticum monococcum), lentil (Lens culinaris), and pea (Pisum sativum) throughout the site. Analysis of flotation samples from the silos indicate that cereals were stored relatively free of processing debris, but that weeds mimicking crops (wild grasses of a similar size to the cultivars) had not been removed. This suggests a relatively high degree of labor organization due to the large amount of work involved in cleaning cereals of processing debris post-harvest.

A multilevel dyadic study of the impact of retirement on self-rated health: does retirement predict worse health in married couples?

This study examined the effects of retirement on self-rated health for married couples, using interdependence and social stratification theoretical frameworks. Dyadic multilevel modeling of data (N = 2,213 non-Hispanic couples) from 1992 to 2010 of the Health and Retirement Survey. Retirement was associated with worse self-ratings of health (SRH) short term (ST) for both husbands and wives during the first couple of years of retirement. In addition, the longer the husbands (but not wives) were retired, the worse was their SRH. Cross-spouse effects varied by gender: When wives retired, their husbands' SRH improved ST, but when husbands retired their wives' SRH improved long term. Spouse education moderated the relationship between years since spouse's retirement and SRH for wives. Practitioners can use this information to help married couples through retirement planning and transitions. Results suggest that models of retirement in couples should pay greater attention to gender and other social stratification factors, spousal interdependence, and length of time since retirement.

The Relationship between the Professonal Status of Elementary School Teaching Profession and Professional Traits: An Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Social Stratification Factors

The Relationship between the Professonal Status of Elementary School Teaching Profession and Professional Traits: An Analysis of the Mediating Effect of Social Stratification Factors

Who Votes Left after the Fall of Communism?: The Czech Republic in Comparative Perspective

The results of the Czech parliamentary election held in May 1996 were a surprise to many, due to a considerable increase of the proportion of votes cast for left-wing political parties, particularly for Czech Social Democracy. The principal objective of this paper is to examine the determinants of voting preferences for left-wing political parties in the Czech Republic compared to Hungary and Poland, countries in which the Left significantly improved its standing some time ago. The central hypothesis is that, though the effect of class on voting behavior has been gradually growing in post-communist countries, subjective factors of social stratification (subjective status and income mobility, perception of change in factors determining life-success) are still more important in explaining left-voting than one's objective location in the class structure and intragenerational class mobility between 1989 and 1993. The results and interpretations presented in this article do not take into account the changes in voting behavior in East-Central Europe that have occurred after 1996.