Delay Factors Research Articles

A cycle slip detection and repair method based on generalized-cross-validation regularization for BDS-3 quad/pent-frequency data

Abstract Multi-frequency (quad/pent-frequency) observations improve the success rate for BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) cycle slip detection and repair. Three factors are comprehensively considered: the combination of observation wavelength, the amplification factor of ionospheric delay, and the insensitivity, to select the optimal combination coefficients for BDS-3 multi-frequency cycle slip detection. Due to the ill-conditioned equation in multi-frequency cycle slip repair, the generalized-cross-validation regularization auxiliary LAMBDA method is proposed. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed detection and repair method under different observation environments, two stations are selected for the test. Using real data, the effectiveness of the selected optimal combination coefficients and the proposed method are tested. The conclusions are as follows: (1) for quad-frequency, one geometry-free and ionosphere-free (GFIF) combination [−1, 2, −4, 3] and three linearly independent geometry free carrier phase (GF) combinations [−1, 1, 0, 0], [−1, 1, 1, −1], and [−1, 2, −1, 0] are employed to detect cycle slips. For pent-frequency, one GFIF combination [−2, 2, 1, −2, 1] and four linearly independent GF combinations [−1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, −1, 1, 0], [0, 0, −1, 0, 1], and [0, −1, 1, 1, −1] are adopted for cycle slip detection. (2) The algorithm proposed in this paper has been demonstrated to achieve a quad/pent-frequency cycle slip detection success rate of 99.99% and 100% in the coastal environment, and both 100% for quad/pent-frequency detection success in the urban environment. (3) The success rate of repair were 99.27% and 99.94% for the coastal stations, and 99.83% and 100% for the urban stations, respectively. The proposed algorithm offers a dependable approach for the identification and rectification of multi-frequency cycle slips, while also providing a point of reference for the future advancement of multi-frequency cycle slip repair techniques.

Development of gross motor skills in children under the age of 3 years: a decision tree approach

BackgroundThe early years of life are critical for gross motor development (GMD). This study utilized decision tree modeling to examine the influences on gross motor development in children under the age of 3 years and to rank the key factors affecting their development.MethodsBased on randomized stratified sampling, 9,507 children aged 0–3 years in Shenzhen were included in this study. The Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were utilized for the assessment of gross motor development. The chi-square test was used to compare groups, and variables were screened using univariable and multivariable regression analyses. Decision tree modeling was employed to rank the importance of statistically significant variables.ResultsThe research found a prevalence of gross motor developmental delay of 1.41% among the respondents. The accuracy of the decision tree model is 70.96%. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between seven variables affecting the gross motor development of children, which were ranked based on importance: age, whether to provide supplementary food, average time spent interacting with children, family type, feeding method, mode of delivery, and birth order.ConclusionThe risk of gross motor developmental delay increases with age. Furthermore, supplementary food and interacting with other children are critical factors in improving children’s GMD delay. It is therefore imperative to enhance the monitoring of children’s gross motor skills through regular developmental assessments that detect potential GMD delays. Moreover, family type, feeding method, mode of delivery, and birth order were also predictive factors of GMD delay.

Performance Evaluation of HTTP, DHCP and DNS Protocols of Data Packets for Vulnerabilities Using the Isolation Forest Algorithm

In the contemporary digital landscape, network security is paramount to safeguard data integrity and prevent unauthorized access as data have been structured in the network through protocols. In term of data structure IPv6 protocol has extended data size due to the robust addresses of 128 bits as compare to 32 bits of IPv4. Due to the improved security data structure of IPv6, the study focuses on identifying vulnerabilities in HTTP, DHCP, and DNS packets using the Isolation Forest algorithm approach, a machine-learning technique designed for anomaly detection. By analyzing packet lengths, size, payload and addressing, the study visualizes normal and anomalous behavior, providing insights into potential security threats in IPv4 network structure. The results highlight the effectiveness of Goodput, Quality of service and risk as essential factors in the network, using Little's theorem analysis and the Isolation Forest in detecting anomalies across these different network protocols, offering valuable implications for network security structures, due to IoT in recent networks. The time response determination in this paper explained details information on the time the treats entered the network, the duration of the vulnerabilities within the network, leading to a certain threshold, and traffic delay factors due to deviation of packet length and other social engineering activities. Sensitive multipurpose security devices are involved; MikroTik routers were configured and installed in the network under evaluation. Which the normal DPI technique was unable to effectively and efficiently addressed. ADPI principles and operations where the needed security measures adopted to detect those vulnerabilities which were eventually addressed and have contributed to recent measures of network security.

The Perspective of Haitian Parents on Heritage Language Maintenance in Children With Speech-Language Disorders

Purpose: This study is part of a larger study that explores the beliefs and attitudes of Haitian parents in the United States regarding heritage language maintenance. The study sought to understand Haitian parents' perspective of heritage language maintenance when the parent has a child with a communication disorder. Method: Semistructured interviews were conducted with seven Haitian parents of children who have or had a speech-language disorder. The interviews were conducted virtually through videoconferencing. A thematic analysis was used to explore the data and determine recurring themes. Results: Participants desired to preserve the heritage language; however, fear of further language delay and sociolinguistic factors influenced their language choice. Furthermore, the results revealed that the lack of Haitian Creole language maintenance led to a communication breakdown with family and parental regret on the missed opportunity to pass on the heritage language. Conclusion: The findings from this study demonstrate a need for continued education with physicians, SLPs, and other related service providers on the issues related to bilingual language development, language maintenance, and counseling families regarding home language practice. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27190611

Time delayed fractional diabetes mellitus model and consistent numerical algorithm

The diabetes mellitus model (DMM) is explored in this study. Many health issues are caused by this disease. For this reason, the integer order DMM is converted into the time delayed fractional order model by fitting the fractional order Caputo differential operator and delay factor in the model. It is proved that the generalized model has the advantage of a unique solution for every time t. Moreover, every solution of the system is positive and bounded. Two equilibrium states of the fractional model are worked out i.e. disease free equilibrium state and the endemic equilibrium state. The risk factor indicator, R0 is computed for the system. The stability analysis is carried out for the underlying system at both the equilibrium states. The key role of R0 is investigated for the disease dynamics and stability of the system. The hybridized finite difference numerical method is formulated for obtaining the numerical solutions of the delayed fractional DMM. The physical features of the numerical method are examined. Simulated graphs are presented to assess the biological behavior of the numerical method. Lastly, the outcomes of the study are furnished in the conclusion section.

Stability and computational analysis of Influenza-A epidemic model through double time delay

Delay factors demonstration has a significant role in controlling a strain of infectious disease instead of a pharmaceutical strategy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 3–5 million cases are reported annually and approximately 290,000 to 650,000 respiratory deaths annually. So, in the present study, we develop a delayed mathematical model based on delay differential equations (DDEs) for the influenza epidemic using a deterministic approach by introducing double delay parameters. The four distinct sub-populations are considered susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered. For the rigorous analysis, the fundamental properties of the model like positivity, boundedness, existence, and uniqueness, were studied. The influenza-free equilibrium (IFE) and influenza-existing equilibrium (IEE), are the two nonnegative equilibrium points that the model demonstrates. Both locally and globally, the asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points of the model is established and shown under specific situations of reproduction number. Additionally, investigated the model's parameter sensitivity and determined the relative sensitivity of each parameter. Both standard and nonstandard methods—such as Euler, Runge-Kutta, and nonstandard finite difference with a delayed sense—are presented to make computational analysis support a dynamical analysis and the best visualization of results. The stability of the non-standard finite difference scheme is thoroughly analyzed around the steady states of the model. Additionally, the results show that the nonstandard finite difference approximation is an efficient, cost-effective method, independent of time step size, to solve such highly nonlinear and complex real-world problems.

Relationship between self-reported challenges with social determinants of health and delayed time-to-treatment initiation for gynecologic malignancies.

90 Background: Delays in time to treatment initiation (TTI) for gynecologic malignancies have been associated with worse survival. Worsened outcomes and presentation with more advanced disease are more common for gynecologic cancer patients who come from socioeconomically disadvantaged populations and whose healthcare is negatively impacted by their social determinants of health (SDoH). There is a need to characterize the particular social determinants of health that are associated with delays in treatment initiation in patients with gynecologic malignancy, particularly in underserved urban populations. Methods: Retrospective cohort study at an urban community-based academic center. Participants were 257 patients with primary gynecologic malignancy either of the cervix, ovary, uterus, vulva/vagina or NOS diagnosed between January 2017 and August 2022, identified through the Montefiore Medical Center Cancer Registry. The primary exposure was TTI, defined as the duration between histopathological diagnosis and initial treatment. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between delays in TTI and SDoH. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to obtain hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with TTI. Results: Among 257 patients with gynecologic malignancy (median [IQR] age 63 [56-72] years), 205 patients were treated within 45 days of diagnosis, and 52 were treated at or after 45 days. Predictors of delayed TTI (defined as ≥45 days) included positive SDoH screening in univariate logistic regression (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.39-6.98, p = 0.0061) and in multivariate logistic regression (OR = 3.06, 95% CI 2.62-3.57, p<0.001) as well as increased age in multivariate logistic regression (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 1.02-1.03, p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that protective factors for delayed TTI were Non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.99, p = 0.0351), non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity (OR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.30-0.46, p<0.001), inpatient stay within 30 days of diagnosis (OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.88, p=0.001) and AJCC clinically late stage (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.50-0.66, p<0.001). Conclusions: In patients with gynecologic malignancies, greater SDoH burden increases risk for delays in treatment ≥ 45 days from diagnosis. Non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, inpatient stay within 30 days of diagnosis and clinically late-stage diagnoses are protective factors for expedited treatment initiation. Identification of predictive and protective factors for treatment delay will help identify at-risk patients and facilitate earlier intervention in hospitals with underserved populations.

Empirical Study on Delays in Highway Projects: A Comparative Analysis of Small and Large Projects

Delays in National Highway projects, regardless of their geographical location, have exerted a substantial impact on project performance and yielded unfavourable economic consequences. The majority of these projects in India are implemented by Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), which use a wide range of contract types, including traditional ones such as item rate contracts and bills of quantity, in addition to more modern alternatives such as build operate transfer, engineering procurement and transfer, and recently developed hybrid models. This study examines and compares the reasons of critical delays in national highway projects in Himachal Pradesh with project characteristics. This mixed-methods study gathered comprehensive data from project participants using qualitative analysis and a survey questionnaire. Interviews and document analysis identified delay factors, which were then assessed through a structured questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of project participants. The findings highlight critical delay factors in National Highway projects in Himachal Pradesh and offer insights into the unique challenges faced by large PPP projects and small traditional projects. Despite the small sample size of 134 survey responses, the findings are significant but may have limited applicability to other infrastructure projects due to socio-economic and geographic variations. This suggests a research gap indicating that further analysis is needed to understand the challenges in EPC and PPPs for large hilly road projects, along with a focused study on organizational culture to assess highway project performance. This study contributes empirical data to the literature about the steep National Highway projects in Himachal Pradesh. Policymakers, project specialists, and stakeholders may ascertain the reasons of delays and formulate targeted actions to enhance project efficiency.

Method of generating potential evapotranspiration with high precision and resolution

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key factor in hydrological cycle and energy balance and plays an important role in drought and global climate change response. Existing observational and modeling methods for PET retrieval have their limitations, such as low precision and poor spatial resolution, which becomes the focus of this study. A hybrid PET fusion (HPF) method is proposed by fusing station- and grid-based PET, in which the PET expression is determined by considering the factors of location, temperature, and zenith total delay (ZTD). In addition, an improved Helmert variance component estimation method is introduced to determine the optimal weights of the HPF model. Corresponding data, which include monthly Thornthwaite (TH)-derived PET data with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° and Penman–Monteith (PM)-derived PET data at 704 meteorological stations, over the past 60 years from 1959 to 2018 in China are selected. The 10-fold cross-validation method is introduced to evaluate the internal and external accuracies of the proposed HPF method. Statistical result shows that the average root mean square (RMS) of the proposed HPF method is 13.98 mm, with an average RMS improvement rate (IR) of 46.71 % compared with TH-derived PET, when PM-derived PET is regarded as a reference. Moreover, the performance of the HPF-derived standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is evaluated at different time scales, and the average RMS is 0.3, with an average RMS IR of 26.33 % compared with TH-derived SPEI. Such results verify the good performance of the proposed HPF model and enrich the methods for obtaining PET with high precision and resolution.

Factors that Influence the Self-Efficacy of Former Drug Addicts to Stop Using Drugs: A Scooping Review

A common problem among ex-drug users is relapse. Addiction in former drug users can be caused by self efficacy factors. This study aims to get a clear picture of the factors that influence the self-efficacy of former drug addicts to stop using drugs. Methods: Researchers used the scoping review method. The literature search was conducted using the search keywords "self efficacy" AND "relapse" OR "abstinence" AND "drugs". The databases used were Sciencedirect, Scopus, and Pubmed. The inclusion criteria were articles reviewed from publications in the last 5 years (2019-2023), articles that were in English, quantitative and/or qualitative research with a study population of former drug addicts who experienced relapse, and the full article was accessible. Stepwise screening was conducted and documented according to the PRISMA flowchart. Results: based on identification, there are 212 articles from search engines from sciencedirect, scopus, and pubmed. The final results obtained are 6 articles that match the criteria after going through the selection process. Self efficacy has many factors that can affect it such as negative emotions, apathy, shame and guilt, psychological, and delay factors predicting recurrence, as well as age. The researcher used the PEO (population, exposure, outcome) question format to find related research articles. Based on the analysis of 6 literatures, it can be concluded that former drug addicts have more serious challenges to stop using drugs.

DELAY RED FLAG CONSTRUCTION COMPANY: CONTROL ANALYSIS WITH FOUR LEVER OF CONTROL

Despite extensive research on construction delays, this persistent issue continues to challenge the global construction industry. This case study aims to enhance the theoretical and practical understanding of management control systems (MCS) in construction firms by identifying the primary causes of project delays and examining the MCS components involved. A qualitative case study was conducted at a national private construction company (Jakons) to identify delay factors and propose solutions by linking them to MCS. The study focused on two Jakons projects that experienced delays, with primary data collected through interviews with five key informants directly engaged in MCS for the projects. Analysis of the interviews revealed common delay causes related to the project owner, consultants, labor, and materials. These causes were then connected to MCS practices and assessed using the four Levers of Control (LoC) framework, including Belief, Boundary, Diagnostic, and Interactive control systems. The study identified areas for improvement in MCS related to communication management, coordination, competence, and risk management that impact schedule delays. These findings provide valuable guidance for construction practitioners in planning and managing projects and offer insights to reassess MCS strategies to mitigate delays and achieve timely project completion.

Diagnostic delays in familial Mediterranean fever: a Juvenile Inflammatory Rheumatism (JIR) cohort study.

Several studies reported that Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) diagnosis may be missed or delayed even in countries with a high FMF prevalence. Our aim was to study on a large cohort of European FMF patients the frequency and associated factors of diagnosis delay. Clinical data were extracted from the Juvenile Inflammatory Rheumatism (JIR)-cohort. All FMF patients fulfilled Livneh Criteria and had been sequenced for MEFV exon 10. FMF-diagnostic delay (d-FMF) was defined as the duration between the onset of the symptoms and the diagnosis of more than 10years. 960 FMF patients were enrolled: delayed diagnosis (d-FMF) was noted in 200 patients (20%). d-FMF patients were significantly older compared to non d-FMF with a median age of 46.4years old vs. 15.5 (p < 0.0001). Women displayed more d-FMF compared to men (56 vs. 47%, p = 0.03). Clinical presentation during attacks was not statistically significant except for erysipelas-like erythema, which was higher among d-FMF patients (33 vs. 22%, p = 0.0003). The presence of one or two pathogenic MEFV mutation was not different between patients. Compared to other FMF, d-FMF patients displayed significantly more AA amyloidosis (10 vs. 2.6%, p < 0.0001) and received more biotherapy (18 vs. 3.8%, p < 0.0001). Twenty percent of FMF patients had a diagnostic delay >10years, including more women. The differential diagnosis of abdominal attacks with menstrual pain may be an explanation, and erysipelas-like erythema may not be recognized as FMF by all practitioners.

Assessment of Delay Factors in Construction Projects: A Chronological Analysis with Insights from Iraq

Assessment of Delay Factors in Construction Projects: A Chronological Analysis with Insights from Iraq

Evolutionary Algorithm for the Earliness - Tardiness Project Scheduling Problem

Completing too early or too late can cause damage to the project. For example, in transporting goods to the seaports, if the shipping arrives too early, it will take time and cost to stay at the dock. In the other case, shipping too late will reduce the quality of the product and break the contract. The goal of this paper is to minimize the tardiness and earliness of those projects. First, some related studies are briefly introduced, thereby showing the role and practical applications of the MS-RCPSP (Multi-Skill Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem) problem and the two factors of earliness and delay in scheduling problems. The roles of earliness and tardiness in scheduling problems are also described. At the same time, the new contribution of this research is also highlighted, which is the proposal for the latest problem E-RCPSP (Earliness tardiness MS-RCPSP). This problem is the first problem in the MS-RCPSP family that considers the sum of earliness and tardiness as the objective, which has never been considered in previous studies. Then, the mathematical model of the proposed E-RCPSP problem, which includes the objective function, project components and constraints is introduced. To solve the proposed problem, two approximate algorithms based on the evolutionary algorithms GA (Genetic Algorithm) and DE (Differential Evolution) are introduced. In the last section of the article, the performance of these two algorithms is verified and compared with each other through experiments conducted on the iMOPSE benchmark dataset.}\Keywords{Network Resources Management, Earliness-Tardiness cost, Resource-constrained project scheduling, Evolutionary Algorithms, Differential evolution algorithms.

Delays Factors for Construction Projects in South of Iraq

This study seeks to identify and categorize the factors responsible for delays in construction projects in southern Iraq. Using a sequential research approach that includes a literature review, interviews, and surveys, data were collected from 115 industry professionals, including clients, consultants, project managers, contractors, and engineers. The analysis utilized both descriptive and conclusive statistical methods, with a specific emphasis on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient to verify the reliability of the delay factor rankings. The research identified 45 major delay factors, with the most critical being global and local economic crises, bureaucracy and corruption, public holidays, delays in securing municipal permits, and frequent change orders initiated by clients. These factors were further classified into eight categories: inaccuracies in the tendering process, technical performance management, government interference, rework in construction practices, among others. The results indicate strong consensus among the different respondent groups regarding the main causes of project delays, as demonstrated by high correlation coefficients and a Chi-squared test confirming the agreement's significance. The findings provide valuable insights for practical applications and academic research, supporting the selection of project leaders, anticipating potential delays, and improving project management practices in Iraq. The study suggests future research should focus on strategic economic planning, exploring alternative funding sources, combating corruption, and implementing regulatory reforms to address the identified delay factors.

Spatiotemporal distribution and risk factors for patient and diagnostic delays among groups with tuberculous pleurisy: an analysis of 5-year surveillance data in eastern China.

To understand and analyze the factors relating to patient and diagnostic delays among groups with tuberculous pleurisy (TP), and its spatiotemporal distribution in Zhejiang Province. Data of all tuberculous pleurisy patients were collected from the existing Tuberculosis Information Management System. A time interval of > 2 weeks between first symptom onset and visit to the designated hospital was considered a patient delay, and a time interval of > 2 weeks between the first visit and a confirmed TP diagnosis was considered a diagnostic delay. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore factors influencing patient and diagnostic delays in patients with TP. Spatial autocorrelation and spatiotemporal scan analyses were used to identify hot spots and risk clusters, respectively. In total, 10,044 patients with TP were included. The median time and interquartile range for patients seeking medical care and diagnosis were 15 (7-30) and 1 (0-8) days, respectively. The results showed that people aged > 65 years, retirees, and residents of Jinhua, Lishui, and Quzhou were positively correlated with patient delay, whereas retreatment patients, houseworkers, unemployed people, and residents of Zhoushan or Ningbo were positively correlated with diagnostic delay. Additionally, high-risk clusters of patient delays were observed in the midwestern Zhejiang Province. The most likely clusters of TP diagnostic delays were found in southeast Zhejiang Province. In summary, patient delay of TP in Zhejiang province was shorter than for pulmonary tuberculosis in China, while the diagnostic delay had no difference. Age, city, occupation, and treatment history were related to both patient and diagnostic delays in TP. Interventions in central and western regions of Zhejiang Province should be initiated to improve the early detection of TP. Additionally, the allocation of health resources and accessibility of health services should be improved in the central and eastern regions of Zhejiang Province.

Optimization for route selection under the integration of dispatching and control at the railway station: A 0‐1 programming model and a two‐stage solution algorithm

AbstractAt present, the mainstream studies on route selection optimization at the railway station rarely considered the overall punctuality of the operation plans and the seizing route resource between shunting operation and train running, which can endanger the running safety and reduce the efficiency at the station. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization method for the route selection under the integration of dispatching and control at the railway station. Firstly, the station‐type data structure, the route occupation conflict, and the operation task order were defined. Then, a 0‐1 programming model was constructed to minimize the total delay time and shorten the total travel time of all operations. Finally, a two‐stage solution algorithm based on depth‐first search algorithm and genetic algorithm was designed, and two actual cases of a technical station in China were designed. The instance verification results show that the algorithm can find the satisfactory route scheme in 250 iterations; different delay factors and travel coefficients will get different route schemes, which can provide decision support for dispatchers and operators to select routes. Through comparative analysis of algorithms, it is found that the two‐stage algorithm has higher solving efficiency than the individual depth‐first search algorithm and individual genetic algorithm.

Risk factors affecting delay of initiating adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colorectal cancer.

Delay in initiating adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) after curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported to lead to poor prognosis, but few studies have looked at associated factors. This study aimed to identify risk factors for delay in initiating AC. Data from 200 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection and AC for stage III CRC between 2013 and 2018 were retrospectively collected and analyzed. AC was initiated more than 8weeks after surgery in 12.5% of patients (the delay group). Compared to those with no delay (the non-delay group), patients in the delay group had significantly higher rates of synchronous double cancers (2.3% vs. 16.0%, p = 0.001), preoperative bowel obstruction (10.3% vs. 32.0%, p = 0.003), laparotomy (56.0% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.02), concomitant resection (2.9% vs. 24.0%, p < 0.001), and postoperative complications (32.0% vs. 56.0%, p = 0.02), and a significantly longer length of hospital stay (median 12 vs. 30days, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, synchronous double cancers (odds ratio 10.2, p = 0.008), preoperative bowel obstruction (odds ratio 4.6, p = 0.01), concomitant resection (odds ratio 5.2, p = 0.03), and postoperative complications of Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ IIIa (odds ratio 4.0, p = 0.03) were identified as independent risk factors for delay in initiating AC. Careful preoperative treatment planning for CRC patients with synchronous double cancers, preoperative bowel obstruction, and concomitant resection, and management for postoperative complication are necessary to avoid delay in initiating AC.

A Comprehensive Review of the Factors and Strategies to Mitigate Construction Projects Delays in Saudi Arabia

Background The construction industry in Saudi Arabia faces numerous challenges that hinder its progress due to frequent and prolonged project delays. Objective The specific objectives of this study are (1) (1) To analyze the factors contributing to construction project delays in Saudi Arabia, (2) To identify the risk of factors contributing to construction project delays, and (3) To propose strategies to mitigate construction project delays in Saudi Arabia. Methods The study reviewed 16 articles to identify and suggest solutions for construction project delays in Saudi Arabia. Results There are 140 factors of delay found and seven pose unacceptable risks including delays due to material delivery, delays in approval of submittals, design drawings, shop drawings, and sample materials (making decisions), delays related to subcontractors work, inflation and escalation of material prices (changes in price), lack of coordination with contractors, shortage of construction materials (non-availability of material), and equipment shortages. The risk assessment can be conducted using the Bowtie diagram, scenario analysis, MRM, and MCS separately or collectively to get a new and improved model. Conclusion This review will contribute to the development of strategies to enhance the performance of ongoing and future construction projects in the region. Additionally, decision-makers can utilize the outcomes to strategically allocate resources and improve construction project success.

A spectral collocation scheme for solving nonlinear delay distributed-order fractional equations

The basic purpose of this paper is to implement a variant of the Jacobi–Gauss collocation scheme for solving nonlinear delay (in difference format) fractional differential equations of distributed-order type. At the first stage of the solving procedure, the Legendre–Gauss quadrature rule is implemented to approximate the main problem by a difference delay fractional differential equation of multi-term type. So, one can apply the Jacobi–Gauss collocation approach for localizing the resulting multi-term fractional differential equation with the difference delay factor. Moreover, some special cases of Jacobi–Gauss quadrature rules can be used for approximating the involved integrals in the aforementioned problem. By considering the Lagrange interpolating polynomials, as the numerical solutions, the solution of the main problem can be approximated by solving the associated system of nonlinear algebraic equations in terms of unknown Lagrange multipliers. Convergence analysis of the problem is investigated rigorously under some mild conditions at a spectral rate. Extensive test problems are considered to justify the theoretical analysis.