Cognitive Processing Factors Research Articles

Investigating the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder in single- and multi-event trauma-exposed youth: Prevalence, course, prognosis, severity and functional impairment.

This study aimed, following both single- and multi-event trauma, to ascertain prevalence and course of the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD-DS) in youth; how well early PTSD-DS predicts later PTSD; and whether dissociation accounts for unique variance in post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and functional impairment over and above the effect of other post-trauma cognitive processing factors and PTSS respectively. This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Acute Stress Programme for Children and Teenagers study (n = 234) and the Coping in Care After Trauma study (n = 110) in which children had experienced single- and multi-event trauma respectively. PTSD-DS diagnosis was common in children with PTSD regardless of trauma experienced (>39.0%). PTSD-DS showed a similar trajectory of natural recovery to PTSD, and it was similarly predictive of later PTSD following single-event trauma. Finally, dissociation was a significant factor in PTSS and functional impairment. These results should be viewed in the context of several limitations including narrow sample of participants which reduces the generalizability of results, concerns around children's ability to conceptualize challenging concepts such as dissociation and the use of self-report measures to form diagnostic groups. The PTSD-DS diagnosis may offer clinical utility to the extant PTSD diagnosis in children and adolescents, as dissociation has been shown to be a contributory factor in the maintenance of both PTSS and functional impairment. Further research is required to inform further editions of the DSM and other diagnostic systems.

HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION: ENHANCING USER EXPERIENCE IN INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS

In this research, we investigate how human-computer interaction (HCI) can be used to improve the user experience (UX) of interactive systems. Studies in cognitive psychology, information processing, and human factors are examined as they relate to the development of HCI. It highlights how HCI has shifted its focus from functionality to user-friendliness, teaching ability, efficiency, enjoyment, and emotion. To better understand the current state of HCI and UX research, practice, and theory, a systematic literature study is performed. Focusing on users' goals wants, and characteristics at every stage of the design process is central to user-centered design (UCD) ideas and approaches, which are discussed at length in this article. We investigate usability testing as a crucial technique for bettering HCI, focusing on its advantages in pinpointing usability problems, boosting system efficacy, and boosting user pleasure. Methods for creating tests, finding participants, collecting data, and analyzing results are discussed. The importance of prototype methods in HCI and user-centric design is also emphasized in the study. This article delves into the practice of creating prototypes to collect user feedback, iterate designs, and perfect interactive systems. Techniques covered include paper prototyping, interactive wireframes, and high-fidelity prototypes. We propose interaction design frameworks like the User-Centered Design Process (UCDP) and the Double Diamond model to help designers prioritize users when developing interactive systems. The study also delves into how technologies like augmented reality, virtual reality, natural language processing, machine learning, and gesture-based interfaces have revolutionized HCI in recent years. The paper defends user-centric design's place in HCI, pointing out how UX affects user happiness, participation, and output. Researchers and practitioners in HCI and software engineering can greatly benefit from this paper's findings.

Factors in cognitive processing of Japanese loanwords by advanced Chinese Japanese-as-a-foreign-language learners.

Previous studies have highlighted the challenges faced by Chinese Japanese-as-a-foreign-language (JFL) learners (whose L2 is English) in acquiring L3 Japanese loanwords. These challenges arise from the linguistic characteristics of loanwords and the limited emphasis on teaching and learning them. However, there is a lack of research on the specific factors that influence the processing of Japanese loanwords among Chinese JFL learners. Significant motivation exists, therefore, to investigate these influencing factors as they provide valuable insight into the integration of phonographic and ideographic language systems, ultimately facilitating future lexical acquisition. In this study, an experiment was conducted on 31 Chinese JFL learners to investigate the effects of loanword familiarity, English vocabulary proficiency, English-Japanese phonological similarity, and context on the processing of Japanese loanwords. Data analysis, using a (generalized) linear mixed-effect model, provided the following insights: (1) the processing of Japanese loanwords is influenced by English-Japanese phonological similarity, loanword familiarity, context, and learner English proficiency. Among these four factors, familiarity has the most significant impact on Japanese loanword processing; (2) the effects of context and phonological similarity on the processing of Japanese loanwords are not consistently positive. As learners improve their proficiency in L3 Japanese, they tend to decrease their reliance on English knowledge and instead access loanword representations directly to conceptual representations. Based on the findings of this study, a processing model for Japanese loanwords among advanced Chinese JFL learners is proposed. The model emphasizes the critical importance of the characteristics of loanwords, including phonological similarity and familiarity. It is necessary to determine the specific circumstances in which context considerably enhances learner processing ability.

Intrinsic Structural Connectivity of the Default Mode Network and Behavioral Correlates of Executive Function and Social Skills in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Brain connectivity of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is heterogenous, as are the behavioral manifestations. The current study investigated brain-behavior relationships in the context of social skills and executive function profiles with data from the Autism Brain Imaging Database Exchange II. We calculated connectivity measures from diffusion tensor imaging using Bayesian estimation and probabilistic tractography. Subsequently, we performed structural equation modeling by regressing three latent factors, yielded from an exploratory factor analysis, onto total default mode network (DMN) connectivity. Both social regulation processing and self-directed cognitive processing factors moderately, negatively correlated with total DMN connectivity. Our findings indicate social regulation processing difficulties in youth with ASD may be attributable to impaired connectivity between the anterior and posterior DMN.

How Welfare Regimes Moderate the Associations Between Cognitive Aging, Education, and Occupation.

Previous studies have shown the importance of individual markers of cognitive reserve, such as education and occupation, for cognitive health in old age. However, there has been only little investigation so far on how this relationship varies across contexts. We analyzed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, using second-order latent growth models, to assess the moderating role of welfare regimes on the relationship between education and occupation skill level in explaining overall cognitive functioning and decline in old age. Our sample includes 13 European countries using data from 5 regular waves of the survey (2004-2007 and 2011-2015) and 2 retrospective ones (2008-2009 and 2017). Cognitive functioning was modeled as a latent variable measured by immediate and delayed recall, verbal fluency, and numeracy. 74,193 participants were included from the survey. Our analysis showed that the association of education with cognition was weaker overall in Scandinavian countries, but stronger in Southern European countries, relative to Bismarckian ones. However, educational differences in the decline of cognition were more pronounced only in Scandinavian compared to Bismarckian countries. Additionally, higher-skilled occupations in Scandinavian countries had better overall functioning compared to the same occupations in Bismarckian countries, but there was no difference in the decline in cognitive functioning. Our findings indicate that the associations of cognitive functioning and its decline with individuals' cognitive reserve markers (education and occupational skill level) vary according to welfare regimes, showing the importance of contextual factors in cognitive aging processes.

Be creative after work? The curvilinear relationship between cognitive detachment and creativity

The use of smart communicational technology and the work-from-home policies during the Coronavirus pandemic make it even harder for employees to cognitively detach from work. But literature has rare yet mixed results regarding the connection between cognitive detachment from work and employee creativity. Despite that previous scholars suggest a linear relationship, drawing on the Dual Pathway to Creativity Model and boundary theory, this research proposes a curvilinear relationship between cognitive detachment from work and employee creativity and further investigates how and when the cognitive detachment is beneficial for creativity. In a field study (N = 304), we found that the relationship between cognitive detachment from work and employee creativity is in an inverted U-shaped pattern via a mechanism of cognitive flexibility. And this curvilinear relationship will be more significant when employees have higher intrinsic motivation. The findings reveal the complex nature of cognitive detachment from work and underline the importance of cognitive processing and motivational factors involved in the connection between cognitive detachment and creativity.

The Role of Cognitive Processing Factors in Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Systematic Review.

Cognitive factors are conceptualized as playing a role in maintaining psychological disorders-including sexual dysfunction-by influencing the way in which individuals ascribe meaning, and ultimately respond, to sexual events. To systematically review and integrate the findings from studies on cognitive processing factors and sexual function and dysfunction in women and men. A systematic search of major electronic databases was conducted from inception to July 2019 to identify peer-reviewed studies examining cognitive processing factors associated with sexual function and dysfunction. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. The main outcome measure was the association of cognitive processing variables with women's and men's sexual function and dysfunction. From 122 studies, 67 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion. Studies demonstrated a consistent association between cognitive processing factors and dimensions of sexual functioning in women and men. The main cognitive processing factors associated with sexual functioning include cognitive distraction and attentional focus, automatic thoughts and sexual cognitions, causal attributions to negative sexual events, efficacy expectations, and perceived performance demands. Specific associations between cognitive processing factors and particular male and female sexual dysfunctions were identified and discussed. Overall, research supports the critical role of cognitive processing factors in predicting women's and men's sexual (dys)function. Evidence suggests that these dimensions should be systematically addressed during the assessment of sexual dysfunction and one of the main treatment targets of psychological interventions. Tavares IM, Moura CV, Nobre PJ. The Role of Cognitive Processing Factors in Sexual Function and Dysfunction in Women and Men: A Systematic Review. Sex Med 2020;8:403-430.

The opportunity of application of neurophysiological tests — schizophrenia endophenotypes for studying the role of genetic factors in cognitive processes in healthy subjects and in psychiatric diseases

The study of effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in dopamine (COMT, DRD2) and GABA (GAD1) activities in the prefrontal cortex on antisaccades (AS) and evoked potential P300 measures was conducted with participation of 55 healthy subjects and 72 schizophrenic patients. The significant interaction of genotype and disease was found for most of the studied AS and P300 measures. The worse task performance and decreased efficacy of cortical activation were revealed for the associated with schizophrenia risk polymorphisms.

Cognitive Predictors of Spoken Word Recognition in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorders.

This study examined the influence of cognitive factors on spoken word recognition in children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and typically developing (TD) children. Participants included 234 children (aged 7;0-11;11 years;months), 117 with DLD and 117 TD children, propensity matched for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and maternal education. Children completed a series of standardized assessment measures, a forward gating task, a rapid automatic naming task, and a series of tasks designed to examine cognitive factors hypothesized to influence spoken word recognition including phonological working memory, updating, attention shifting, and interference inhibition. Spoken word recognition for both initial and final accept gate points did not differ for children with DLD and TD controls after controlling target word knowledge in both groups. The 2 groups also did not differ on measures of updating, attention switching, and interference inhibition. Despite the lack of difference on these measures, for children with DLD, attention shifting and interference inhibition were significant predictors of spoken word recognition, whereas updating and receptive vocabulary were significant predictors of speed of spoken word recognition for the children in the TD group. Contrary to expectations, after controlling for target word knowledge, spoken word recognition did not differ for children with DLD and TD controls; however, the cognitive processing factors that influenced children's ability to recognize the target word in a stream of speech differed qualitatively for children with and without DLDs.

Bireysel Yenilikçi Davranışların Çalışma Arkadaşları ile Çatışma ve İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Üzerine Etkileri: Kamu Sektöründe Bir Araştırma

There is a scant literature on personal outcomes of innovative work behaviors, whereby it motivates us to understand the role of individual and organizational factors in cognitive and motivational processes underlying individual innovative behaviors. While the role of innovative work behaviors is studied as a gain for organizations, negative contingencies or dark side are neglected. To this end, a two-step study consisting of mixed methodology is conducted to identify effects of innovative work behaviors on conflict with co-workers and intent-to-leave. At first step, a survey, in which 186 employees participated, was employed in a public institution operating in defense industry. The study indicates that there is no significant effect of innovative work behaviorson conflict with co-workers, and intent-to-leave. In order to determine the motivators, a focus group study as a qualitative research method was performed.

Rumination, event centrality, and perceived control as predictors of post-traumatic growth and distress: The Cognitive Growth and Stress model.

The Cognitive Growth and Stress (CGAS) model draws together cognitive processing factors previously untested into a single model. Intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination, present and future perceptions of control, and event centrality were assessed as predictors of post-traumatic growth (PTG) and post-traumatic stress (PTS). The CGAS model is tested on a sample of survivors (N=250) of a diverse range of adverse events using structural equationmodelling techniques. Overall, the best fitting model was supportive of the theorized relations between cognitive constructs and accounted for 30% of the variance in PTG and 68% of the variance in PTS across the sample. Rumination, centrality, and perceived control factors are significant determinants of positive and negative psychological change across the wide spectrum of adversarial events. In its first phase of development, the CGAS model also provides further evidence of the distinct processes of growth and distress following adversity. Clinical implications People can experience positive change after adversity, regardless of life background or types of events experienced. While growth and distress are possible outcomes after adversity, they occur through distinct processes. Support or intervention should consider rumination, event centrality, and perceived control factors to enhance psychological well-being. Cautions/limitations Longitudinal research would further clarify the findings found in this study. Further extension of the model is recommended to include other viable cognitive processes implicated in the development of positive and negative changes after adversity.

Scaling the Equipment and Play Area in Children's Sport to improve Motor Skill Acquisition: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundThis review investigated the influence of scaling sports equipment and play area (e.g., field size) on children’s motor skill acquisition.MethodsPeer-reviewed studies published prior to February 2015 were searched using SPORTDiscus and MEDLINE. Studies were included if the research (a) was empirical, (b) involved participants younger than 18 years, (c) assessed the efficacy of scaling in relation to one or more factors affecting skill learning (psychological factors, skill performance and skill acquisition factors, biomechanical factors, cognitive processing factors), and (d) had a sport or movement skills context. Risk of bias was assessed in relation to selection bias, detection bias, attrition bias, reporting bias and other bias.ResultsTwenty-five studies involving 989 children were reviewed. Studies revealed that children preferred using scaled equipment over adult equipment (n = 3), were more engaged in the task (n = 1) and had greater self-efficacy to execute skills (n = 2). Eighteen studies demonstrated that children performed skills better when the equipment and play area were scaled. Children also acquired skills faster in such conditions (n = 2); albeit the practice interventions were relatively short. Five studies showed that scaling led to children adopting more desirable movement patterns, and one study associated scaling with implicit motor learning.ConclusionMost of the studies reviewed provide evidence in support of equipment and play area scaling. However, the conclusions are limited by the small number of studies that examined learning (n = 5), poor ecological validity and skills tests of few trials.

Aggression post brain injury: a social cognitive perspective

PurposeThe aim of the paper is to make a case to extend existing models of post brain injury aggression. The paper draws on the models of aggression from the general aggression literature and discusses how this is applicable to understanding aggression post brain injury. The paper discusses how the general aggression model applies to aggression post brain injury.Design/methodology/approachThe paper begins with a brief overview of existing models of aggression and the shortcomings inherent in these neurocognitive models. The paper makes a case for the use of the general aggression model as proposed by Anderson and Bushman. The paper integrates the social cognitive factors prosed by the model with known neurocognitive factors to provide an alternate view of model of aggression post brain injury.FindingsThe paper shows how social information processing models can be integrated into neurocognitive models of aggression to conceptualise aggression post brain injury.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper recommends that there is a greater need for research to focus on the social cognitive and social information processing factors that underpin aggression after brain injury.Practical implicationsThe paper argues that broadening the basis for understanding aggression post brain injury will result in the development of a broader range of interventions and arguably better outcomes.Originality/valueThis paper provides much needed elaboration of existing models of post brain injury aggression.

Assessing listening for academic purposes: Defining and operationalising the test construct

English language proficiency tests designed to assess the high-level listening skills required for academic purposes have a surprisingly long history, but recent developments in English language testing indicate a resurgence of interest in assessing academic literacy and aural/oral skills, including the listening skills needed in an academic context. Good quality assessment requires a theoretically-grounded and empirically oriented approach that accounts for both internal cognitive processing factors and external contextual factors relating to the setting and demands of academically oriented tasks. This paper briefly reviews past and present approaches to testing listening for academic purposes, showing how these reflected prevailing views of language knowledge and use. A socio-cognitive framework is used to analyse the nature of high-level listening ability in a study context, exploring how a construct of academic listening might be defined and how this can be operationalised in the form of valid, reliable and useful proficiency measures. The paper discusses the complex interplay of cognitive, context and scoring validity parameters that present theoretical and practical challenges for test designers and producers. Considerations and constraints associated with the opportunities offered by modern technology, and the implications of these for academic listening test design and format, are also addressed.

Internal psychological versus external market-driven determinants of the amount of consumer information search amongst online shoppers

Household penetration of the Internet continues to rise alongside increases in retail websites. A significant body of literature now explores online consumer behaviour including information search. This study extends the existing understanding of information search into the online environment and focuses upon the factors that drive the amount of Online Consumer Information Search (OCIS). A theoretical model is presented and validated via an empirical investigation amongst experienced online shoppers. Findings of the study indicate that internal cognitive processing and motivational factors may have a greater impact upon the amount of online search than external market-driven factors such as cost of search.

Identifying Work Organization Targets for a Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptom Prevention Program

While research linking work organization factors to work-related musculoskeletal disorders has been increasing, there is still a need to delineate specific dimensions to be targeted by intervention programs. The present cross-sectional investigation identified work organization risk factors for low back (LB) and upper extremity (UE) symptoms and determined the magnitudes of such associations. Questionnaires containing items on ergonomic, individual psychosocial, and occupational psychosocial factors were administered to a sample of workers (n = 248 U.S. Marines) in previously identified high-risk job categories for musculoskeletal disorders. Study participants were categorized into groups of either having LB symptoms only, UE symptoms only, concurrent LB and UE symptoms, or being asymptomatic on the basis of self-report. Additionally, measures of pain intensity, physical function, and mental health were obtained. Linear regression analyses adjusting for demographics, ergonomic factors, and individual psychosocial factors indicated that decision authority and experienced responsibility for work were significant correlates for pain intensity during the week. Logistic regression analyses indicated that ergonomic stressors were a risk factor for all symptomatic groups (OR = 1.02 per point increase; 95% CI: 1.0-1.1). Time pressure (OR = 1.2 per point increase; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4) was also a significant risk factor for all symptomatic groups, while cognitive processing placed workers at higher risks for concurrent LB and UE symptoms (OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.0-1.4). Interpersonal demands placed individuals at a lower risk for LB symptoms (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.5-1.0). Findings highlight the importance of intervention approaches that address time pressure, cognitive processing factors, and interpersonal demands at work. In light of past biobehavioral studies, these results also suggest that job redesign and interventions that address a worker's workstyle when faced with increased work demands may help reduce the likelihood of musculoskeletal symptoms and/or their intensity.

Scenario Development for Decision Support System Evaluation

This paper introduces a methodology for developing scenarios representative of the cognitive and collaborative challenges inherent in a domain of practice for evaluating Decision Support Systems (DSS). Explicit links are made between particular aspects of the DSS and specific cognitive and collaborative demands they are intended to support. The effectiveness of the DSS in supporting performance can then be systematically probed by creating scenarios that are informed by an understanding of individual and team cognitive processing factors, fundamental relationships within the domain, and known complicating factors that can arise in the domain to challenge cognitive and collaborative performance. This paper introduces a set of explicit artifacts to systematically create such scenarios to provide feedback on the viability of the DSS design concepts (e.g., are the hypothesized positive impacts of the DSS realized?), as well as feedback on additional unanticipated requirements for support.

A complex background in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders: developmental delay, dyslexia, heredity, slow cognitive processing and adverse social factors in a multifactorial entirety.

A consecutive cohort of 112 children, 42 girls and 70 boys, aged 5-17 years, receiving child psychiatric inpatient care, was investigated regarding the probability of a complex background of concomitant biological and social factors. Most of the subjects showed maladjustment and depressive states, school problems, problems with peers, psychosomatic complaints and anxiety. A very high rate of factors indicating neurodevelopmental dysfunctions was found particularly in boys, who exhibited developmental delay, dyslexia, heredity for dyslexia, and a slow complex reaction time (CRT) - suggesting slow cognitive processing - considered an impairment in itself. Further, many children obtained errors on the CRT task, indicating attention deficit and deterioration during the test, pointing toward exhaustion. The social background displayed frequent problems such as broken homes, care outside the biological home, and disordered and/or abusing parents. The biological and social factors created a complex web, predisposing the child to primary, secondary and/or comorbidity problems, and leading to an interactive process reducing the child's psychosocial capacity and competence. A pattern was developed of an impaired child, living in an inadequate/insufficient family milieu in a modern society, with increasing demands on children.

087 Family factors in cognitive information processing in epilepsy

087 Family factors in cognitive information processing in epilepsy

Exposure to child anxiety: Theory, research, and practice.

This article provides a brief overview of cognitive-behavioral theory and its application in understanding and treating anxiety in youths. Research investigations have examined the outcomes of cognitive-behavioral intervention, treatment generalizability, diagnostic issues, cognitive processing, social competence, and familial and parental factors. Issues surrounding the transportability of empirically evaluated treatment to community-based clinics are considered.