Abortion Factors Research Articles

Aquaporin 9 causes recurrent spontaneous abortion by inhibiting trophoblast cell epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and invasion through the PI3K/AKT pathway†.

Invasion of the endometrium by trophoblast cells is a key event during pregnancy, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Aquaporin 9 (AQP 9) is expressed in many eukaryotes and is associated with cell invasion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the significance of AQP9 in recurrent spontaneous abortion. We screened the GSE22490 dataset and further differentiated aquaporin 9 expression in villi. AQP9 was evaluated as one of the key factors in abortion by injecting AQP9 overexpressed plasmid into the uterus of CD1 mice. Trophoblast cells were transfected with AQP9-overexpressing plasmid or siAQP9 to measure cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Western blot was used to measure changes in the expression of invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation process, and PI3K/AKT pathway. Finally, the role of AQP9 in PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was determined using the PI3K/AKT inhibitor, LY294002, and activator, 740Y-P. AQP9 is highly expressed in recurrent spontaneous abortion villus. Intrauterine injections of AQP9-overexpressing plasmid into CD1 mice resulted in atrophy and blackness of the gestational sac and increased the absorption rate, it is the causative factor of abortion. AQP9 upregulation inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation process in vitro of trophoblast cells and increased cell apoptosis. The opposite result was observed after silencing AQP9. AQP9 overexpression also inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway. LY294002 and 740Y-P partially recovered AQP9-induced trophoblast invasion and migration via the PI3K/AKT pathway. AQP9 reduces the invasive ability of trophoblast cells by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, participating in recurrent spontaneous abortion.

Factors influencing abortion decision making among undergraduate females at the University of Calabar, south-south Nigeria

Abortion procurement among adolescents is a major health challenge in developing nations. Not only because of the stringent abortion legislation in most of these nations but also because of the dangers of unsafe abortions. To examine the factors influencing abortion decisions making among young adults in Calabar. A stratified sampling method was used to select three hundred and ninety (390) female students from 8 faculties of the university of Calabar, Nigeria. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS-23TM. Frequency tables and Chi-square test was used for analysis. The level of significance was kept at a p-value < 0.05. 91 (23.70%) indicated that their friends constituted a pressurising factor in abortion, and 12 (3.13%) were influenced by their family members. 20 (14.71%) indicated that they were threatened, and 80 (58.82%) reported that their educational aspirations were a factor that led to an abortion. 76 (55.88%) indicated that the anticipated financial burden and the unintended responsibility of child-rearing was a factor. The poor relationship with the potential father was a factor for 48 (35.29%).

Expression Level of the mip, pmp18D, and ompA Genes in Chlamydia abortus Isolated from Aborted Ewes

In this manuscript, we report the proteins macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip, CAB080), major outer membrane protein (momp, CAB048), and polymorphic outer membrane protein (pmp18D, CAB776) that are expressed in different times of pregnancy in mice infected with Chlamydia abortus. Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE) by C. abortus, an obligate intracellular pathogen, is a critical zoonotic disease-causing significant economic loss to livestock farming globally. This study was carried out for the detection and characterization of macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip, CAB080), major outer membrane protein (momp, CAB048), and polymorphic outer membrane protein (pmp18D, CAB776) using RT-qPCR. These proteins are believed to be expressed as virulence factors in C. abortus isolated from aborted ewes. BALB/c mice (pregnant and nonpregnant) were used as an animal model to be injected intraperitoneally with C. abortus culture in Vero cells since the endometrial lymphoid tissues of these animals resembles that of ewes. Also, the short duration of pregnancy in mice makes them a suitable animal model for obstetric studies. Tissue samples were taken from the mice after 10, 15, and 20 days of pregnancy to compare the expression of the genes mip, pmp18D, and ompA. Transcription level was quantified using RT-qPCR, the GAPDH transcription quantification, as a normalization signal. Abortion occurred in pregnant mice, and apparent differences between the transcriptional levels of the mip, pmp18D, and ompA genes in the samples taken during different time intervals of pregnancy were not observed (p > 0.05). The result indicated that the three bacterial genes, mip, pmp18D, and ompA, play a role as virulence factors in abortion and are differentially expressed in pregnant and nonpregnant animals. Inactivation of the genes is suggested to confirm the hypothesis.

Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh.

Background and Aim:Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for the major cause of congenital diseases, abortion, and stillbirth in humans and farm animals. Primary infection in pregnant goats due to T. gondii leads to abortion and significant economic losses in the livestock industry. Moreover, very few studies have been performed for the identification of T. gondii from aborted fetuses of goats. The study was conducted for the molecular identification of Toxoplasma gondii from aborted fetuses of goats in Chattogram, Bangladesh.Materials and Methods:Twenty aborted fetuses of goats were collected from 52 farms in the study area. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the B1 gene was performed, and a positive sample yield of 197 bp amplified DNA products consistent with T. gondii.Results:The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the aborted fetus of goats was 35%. Heart muscle, liver, brain, and placenta showed positive PCR results. The risk factors related to the does age, presence of cats in farms, and aborted fetus age were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). Our results showed that T. gondii is a major possible causal factor for abortion and reproductive failure in goats. The high prevalence of T. gondii infection in aborted fetuses of goats revealed that T. gondii could be imperative in causing reproductive failure in goats.Conclusion:Active or congenital toxoplasmosis was shown by the presence of T. gondii in fetal tissues, which is a matter of concern as this parasite has zoonotic significance and causes economic hazards to the livestock industry by causing various reproductive problems. Therefore, proper control measures and strategies are needed to reduce the rate of abortion in goats, ultimately saving the livestock industry.

The Role of P53 Serine 46, Burkitt Cell Lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), and Cysteinyl Aspartate Specific Proteinase 3 (Caspase 3) Proteins as Risk Factors in Abortion

An Incomplete abortion is one of the complications that often occur during pregnancy, but the biomolecularmechanism is still unknown. It has proven to be an increase in apoptosis activity that is controlled by avariety of proteins, including p53 Ser 46, Bcl-2, and caspase 3, in uteroplasenta and reproductive organs. Theaim of the study is to measure the level of protein p54 Ser 46, Bcl-2, and caspase 3 in abortion and normalpregnancy. A case control study conducted in 38 cases of incomplete abortion and 38 normal pregnancies asa control. The level of protein of Ser 46, Bcl-2, and caspase 3 examined by ELISA independent/Duplo. Thehigher level of p53 Ser 46 (&gt; 0,09 U/mL) led to higher risks of abortion with OR 8.52; 95% CI, 2.65 to 28.6.The higher level of Bcl-2 led to higher risks of abortion with OR 3.75; 95% CI, 1.24 to 11.68. The higherlevel of caspase 3 (&gt; 7 mg/mL) and p53 Ser 46 (&gt; 0,09 U/mL) led to higher risks of abortion with OR 71.15;95% CI, 8.74 to 578.92; with the result of series p, p, 0.001; p &lt; 0.008; and p = 0.001. Level of protein p53Ser 46 and caspase 3 in abortion is higher than normal pregnancies, while the Bcl-2 protein levels in abortionis lower than normal pregnancies.

Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus in First Trimesteric Spontaneous Abortion: A Prospective Serological and Molecular Case–control Study

Aim: To measure the prevalence and assess the risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in women diagnosed with first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Comparison Methods: This was a prospective case-control study; a total of 551 women were recruited from two Maternity and Children Hospitals (Makkah and Jeddah cities) in the Western province of the kingdom between March 2013 and June 2016 Serum and products of conceptions were collected prospectively from 201 women diagnosed with first-trimester spontaneous abortion. Another set of serum samples and placental tissues were collected from 350 healthy pregnant women at the time of normal vaginal delivery. CMV IgM and IgG antibodies were measured serologically by ELISA while viral DNA was detected in tissue specimens by PCR. Socio-economic data were analysed to identify potential risk factors of abortion and/or CMV infection. Results: The overall prevalence was 88.4%, 13.6% and 10.1%, for IgG+, IgM+ and PCR+, respectively. IgG+ frequency was comparable between cases (89%) and controls (88%). Both exclusively IgM+ (7.9% vs. 0.6%) and dual IgM+/IgG+ (22.4% vs. 3.4%) antibodies were significantly more prevalent in abortion (P &lt; 0.01). PCR+ was also significantly higher (P &lt; 0.01) in abortion (25.4% vs. 1.4%). Women with exclusive IgM+ (OR 17.1; 95%CI [3.38 – 86.68]; P = 0.001) and those who were positive for all tests (OR 29.3; 95%CI [6.52–131.71]; P &lt; 0.001) had a significantly increased risk for abortion. Conclusions: The majority of the study sample of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia were previously exposed to CMV. First trimester CMV infection appears to be an independent risk for spontaneous abortion and viral spread to the intrauterine cavity was associated with the highest risk for miscarriage. More studies are required to measure the precise prevalence of CMV and its associated sequelae during pregnancy in the kingdom.

Evaluation of Neospora caninum-Associated Abortion in a Seroepidemiological Study of Cattles Using IFAT Method

Background: Neospora caninum is a cyst forming coccidian parasites and one of the important factors in abortion of cows and neurologic disease in dogs around the world. This study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy cows of Tabriz city using immunofluorescence method and related risk factors. Methods: In this study conducted in 2018, 100 samples from industrial cattle farms and 100 samples from traditional cattle farms of Tabriz were randomly collected. By fixing tachyzoites cultured in a culture medium, the kit was prepared in this study and the slides were examined by fluorescence microscopy (Zeiss). The results obtained in relation to the study variables (type of farming system, age, contact with dogs, and abortion history) were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square test. Results: Neospora caninum antibodies were detected in 33 samples (16.5%). The relationship of positive serums with abortion and contact with dogs was significant statistically (P&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Due to the significant relationship of infection rate in cows with abortion history and contact with dogs, further studies are needed to determine the exact role of Neospora in abortion of cows.

Study of Causes, Methods and Complications of Early and Late Miscarriage due to Intentional Abortion in Women referred to Health Centers covered by Shahid Beheshti University

Abstract Introduction: Induced abortion is a major threat to women’s fertility health. In particular, in developing countries and the societies where abortion is illegal, abortions are commonly carried out under unsanitary conditions, causing maternal complications, dangers to maternal health, and women’s future infertility. These consequences are especially evident in Iran where at least 80,000 illegal abortions are done annually. The current study aimed to examine the reasons for abortion, methods of abortion, and its short-term and long-term complications. Methods: This study, which adopted a descriptive design, was conducted among the women who had already carried out abortion and referred to one of the health, therapeutic, and educational centers affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The participants (N = 360) were selected the data were gleaned through a self-designed questionnaire and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17. Results: The results of analyzing the data collected through the 369 questionnaires revealed that the mean age of participants was 26 years (SD = 7.2 years). The main reason for abortion was financial problems. With regard to marital status, 91.3% of the participants were married. Also, considering their job, 74.2% of the respondents were housewives, while 15.5% were employed in office jobs. Further, in 55.3% of the cases, abortion had been carried out as a result of the husband’s encouragement. The most common method of abortion was prescribing chemical medications, while the least popular method was intrauterine manipulations (with only 197 women reporting this abortion method). Moreover, 114 participants reported that they had accomplished curettage in a specialist physician’s office without anesthesia. The short-term complications of abortion included abdominal pain after abortion and incomplete abortion. On the other hand, long-term complications entailed visceral injury (1%), complications in the next pregnancy, bleeding in early pregnancy (10.7%), preterm delivery (7.9%), and ectopic pregnancy (7.4%). Conclusions: Scientific and religious education through appropriate procedures along with preventing unwanted pregnancy is a decisive factor in abortion.

Interaksi Sosial dalam Kejadian Abortus Provokatus Kriminalis di Kabupaten Bulukumba Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

Background: Many factors influence the decision to commit abortions, among all are marital status and educational status which most are still in school, economic pressure, multiparity or contaception failure. The social interaction is a connection between t the people who perform abortion and their suggestive environment.Objective: to observe the social interaction that happend among the person who perform abortion and the surrounding society.Method: This research makes use of qualitative method to understand the motives behind abortion practice, through an indepth interview. The sample collection is performed on H. A. Sulthan Dg Radja Hospital and Daffiku Hospital Bulukumba.Result and Discussion: Subject who performed abortion was influenced by internal and external factors. The internal factors include anxiousness, financial worrisome to support the child and fear of embarrassing the family in an unmaried women. As for the external factor includes pressure from families and friends who insist on performing abortion and the help from traditional healer on performing abortion. These two factors are not independent, and between them there are interactions to materialize abortion practice.Conclussion: Social interaction between individuals and between individual and the environment are an important role against abortion in decision making to have an provocative abortion. Keywords: Social interaction, abortion, factors for abortion

Risk factors of increased abortions in dairy herds - a statistical analysis

To examine whether dairy herds with and without abortion problems differ in their management and prevalence of antibodies against various pathogens, through collecting and analysing data from these herds. Data on management parameters, clinical examinations and serological results were obtained from 48 dairy herds in middle Hessen. Information on the extent of stock renewal, form of animal housing, type of herd occupancy and use of a maternity pen was compiled. A random sample was taken from every herd, consisting of a minimum of three healthy non-lactating cows, three clinically sound puerperal animals, three animals having had an abortion and three clinically healthy pregnant heifers. In these animals, the body condition score was evaluated and a clinical gynaecological examination was performed. Additionally, these animals were serologically examined for the presence of antibodies against the bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Coxiella, Listeria and Neosporacaninum. A comparison between the herds with and without an abortion problem was performed. Data of 591 animals from 48 farms was compiled. Thirty-eight herds had an abortion problem. In the affected farms, a maternity pen was used significantly more often and cattle were significantly more frequently housed in free stalls when compared to farms without an abortion problem (p<0.05). The number of animals serologically positive for Coxiella was significantly higher in herds with abortion problems (p=0.03). No significant difference was found between the occurrence of antibodies against Listeria and Neospora caninum in herds with or without abortion problems, respectively (p>0.05). It was identified that in addition to infectious agents, management/husbandry factors that promote the spread of disease are a risk factor for abortion in dairy cattle. Besides taking steps against pathogens, farms with abortion problems have to implement measures to minimize the spread of infection between animals. A critical control point is likely to be the maternity pen.

Current Status, and Correlates of Abortion among Rural Women of Gonji Kollela District, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Evidences indicate that unsafe abortion is one of the most important causes of maternal mortality in Ethiopia. Ethiopia strives to curb maternal mortality. Hence, current data on abortion, and its correlates are required. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of abortion among women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) in rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 611 women in six rural kebeles of Gonji Kolela District, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic and obstetric histories. The data were checked for completeness and cross-checked for accuracy and consistency. Result: The overall prevalence of abortion was 12% (10.9% spontaneous and 1.1% induced). Of these, 12.3% of them had experienced abortion more than once. Most of abortion took place at home, no medical care. The most important predictor of abortion was educational status. Those women whose educational attainment was primary and above were 2.4 times more likely to experience abortion than those who were not able to read and write (AOR [95%CI] = 2.4 [1.13 - 5.10]). Most women attributed abortion to work overload. Conclusion: Abortion is high among rural women. Recommendation: Mechanism should be devised to educate the community about care to pregnant women. Why abortion is high among women who have visited school warrants further research.

Bovine abortion Part 2: Appraising the laboratory evidence to identify the risks on-farm

A small hill farm milked 80 Friesian-cross cows: it reared most of its dairy replacement heifers, but bought-in a few mature cows from auction each year. All breeding cattle were vaccinated once yearly against bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv), bovine herpesvirus-1 and Leptospira hardjo. During a six week period at the beginning of 2011, four cows aborted and a full investigation was carried out on the last of these. Radiological examination of the fetal tibia showed the pregnancy had been disrupted first about five weeks before the cow aborted. The fetus died from hypoxia, probably associated with multiple focal myocarditis of either viral or parasitic origin. Results from serological examination of acute and convalescent blood samples obtained from the dam, interpreted within the context of her previous vaccination history, suggested that recrudescence of N. caninum infection together with re-exposure to BVDv were the main risk factors for abortion occurring in this case.

Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States, 1995-1996

In the 1980s, the number of abortion providers in the United States began to decline, and more recently, so has the number of abortions performed. Whether the decline in service providers, which was last documented in 1992, is continuing and whether this influences the availability and number of abortions is of public interest. In 1997, the Alan Guttmacher Institute conducted its 12th survey of all known abortion providers in the United States. The number and location of abortion providers and abortions were tabulated for 1995 and 1996, and trends were calculated by comparing these data with those from earlier surveys. Limited data were also gathered on types of abortion procedures. Between 1992 and 1996, the number of abortions fell from 1,529,000 to 1,366,000, and the abortion rate decreased from 26 to 23 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. The number of providers fell 14%, to 2,042, with the greatest decline among hospitals and physicians' offices rather than clinics. Eighty-six percent of counties had no known abortion provider, and 32% of women aged 15-44 lived in these counties. Of the country's 320 metropolitan areas, 89 had no known abortion provider, and for an additional 12, fewer than 50 abortions each were reported. Seventy percent of abortions were performed in specialized clinics and only 7% in hospitals. In the first half of 1997, early medical abortions were being offered in about 160 facilities, virtually all of which were also providers of surgical abortions. While abortion services in some areas of the country have declined since 1992 and many women continue to have limited access to providers, other factors have probably had more influence on the level of abortions performed. Early medical abortion methods are too new to be a measurable factor in abortion access.

Psychological factors in abortion. A review.

Psychological research is increasingly involved in debates regarding abortion. While recognizing the diversity of ethical and moral issues intertwined with abortion, the American Psychological Association (APA) has focused its involvement on psychological factors, most recently by appointing an expert panel to review the literature on psychological effects. This article notes the history of APA involvement and reports on the panel's conclusions. It presents evidence that abortion is not likely to be followed by severe psychological responses and that psychological aspects can best be understood within a framework of normal stress and coping rather than a model of psychopathology. Correlates of more negative responses following abortion are also discussed.

Psychological factors in abortion: A review.

Psychological factors in abortion: A review.

Blood groups and abortions

Although fetal loss has an established relationship to ABO incompatibility, the question has been whether the loss is due to infertility or to abortion. The hypothesis has been presented that the outcome of an incompatible pregnancy is determined by the mother's antibody titer. As a first step in testing this hypothesis, blood groups of aborted tissues were tested. A distribution of blood groups of the aborted tissues different from that of the general population would imply that ABO incompatibility is a factor in abortion. A method has been described whereby tissue ABO antigens can be identified in secretors. Tissue antigens agglutinate the corresponding antibodies from serum of known titer: a fall in titer indicates the blood group of the tissue. Testing of the fetal side of the placenta appears to give the blood group of the fetus. Analysis of results for whites and Negroes showed an unusually large proportion of abortuses having B antigen, supporting the hypothesis that ABO incompatibility is a cause of spontaneous abortion. Analysis of 27 mother-abortus pairs showed a relatively large proportion to be ABO incompatible. Particularly outstanding was the large number of incompatibilities due to antigen B, a finding which may contribute to the concept of balanced polymorphism of blood groups.

The Rh factor in abortion

1 x THE literature on the clinical importance of the Rh factor there are many intimations that this factor in the blood is a relatively common cause of abortion. However, only Schwartz and Levine and Javert discussed this possibility in detail. Levine noted that t,he blood of only one in nine women who had experienced two or more spontaneous abortions was Rh negative. Javert studied twelve cases of habitual abortion (number of pregnancies not stated) and found the blood of nine (75 per cent) of the women concerned to be Rh positive. He concluded that “unless additional evidence shows the contrary, early habitual abortions should not be attributed to (Rh factor) iso-immunization.”

Progesterone Therapy and Progestin Metabolism in Abortion1

The council on pharmacy and chemistry of the American Medical Association recently stated: ‘It is indeed difficult to conclude from the available data whether or not progesterone or active corpus luteum extracts are of value in the treatment of habitual and threatened abortion’ (1). The accurate evaluation of therapy, of necessity, must remain difficult until we have a better understanding of the etiologic factors in abortion. Diagnosis of threatened abortion has been rendered uncertain by the fact that biologically active prc gestin is identified in human tissues and fluids in only small quantities by the present methods of bioassay. Some of the more recent and more sensitive of these methods have not been applied to clinical studies. Venning's (2) method for the determination of pregnanediol, an excretion product of progestin metabolism, aroused much enthusiasm. It was hoped that, at last, there was a diagnostic implement by which significant alterations in intrinsic progestin levels might be determined.

Etiological Factors in Abortion: A Study of 100 Cases

Etiological Factors in Abortion: A Study of 100 Cases