Factorial Randomized Block Design Research Articles

Effects of Different Doses of Nitrogen on Growth and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Berekum Municipality of Ghana

Background: Adequate and balanced use of plant nutrients could increase crop performance and reduce adverse environmental effects. Farmers in Berekum have little information on the specific rate of nutrient, especially nitrogen application for hybrid and open pollinated maize varieties. Methods: A field experiment was carried out in Berekum Municipality of Ghana to determine the effects of different doses of N fertilizer (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1) on growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of Pannar 12 (hybrid) and Omankwa (open-pollinated) maize varieties. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice. Result: Experimental results revealed that incremental doses of nitrogen significantly impacted vegetative growth and NUE of maize. The studies indicated that the growth response in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant and stem diameter of Omankwa was better than that of Pannar 12. It was found that in the main cropping period of 2019, the maximum NUE of 14.58 kg/kg was gained when Pannar 12 was grown with 150 kg N ha-1, while the highest NUE (15.91 kg/kg) was recorded when Omankwa was grown with 90 kg N ha-1. In the minor season of 2019, NUE was highest (13.54 kg/kg) when Pannar 12 was grown with 150 kg N ha-1, while application of 120 kg N ha-1 to Omankwa resulted in the highest NUE (10.85 kg/kg). The studies indicated that application of nitrogen at 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1 improved NUE in maize. However, NUE was optimized in Pannar 12 due to application of 150 kg N ha-1, while application of 90 kg N ha-1 was enough to optimize NUE in Omankwa.

Effect of Quality Attributes of Potato by Using Biochar and NPK Fertilizers with Biozyme Granules

The present study, which took place at the central Research Farm of Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, spanned across the years 2022-2023 and 2023-2024. Throughout this study, an experiment was meticulously conducted utilizing a variety of Kufri badhash under the Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) design. This experiment included three replications, each encompassing three levels (2.5, 5, 7.5 t ha-1) of Biochar and three levels (50%, 75%, 100%) of Inorganic fertilizers. Additionally, two levels (25 and 50 kg ha-1) of Biozyme granules were also part of this comprehensive research design. The results obtained regarding various quality parameters in the years 2022-23 and 2023-24, such as moisture content (80 and 81 100g-1), tuber dry matter content (20.98% and 21.96 %), starch content (13.54% and 14.12%), reducing sugar (0.28% and 0.30%), non-reducing sugar (0.35% and 0.37%), and total sugar (0.58% and 0.59%) were notably elevated with the application of T16. Notably, the maximum protein content (2.07 and 2.31%), carbohydrate (14.58% and 14.85%), and total soluble solid (6.44% and 6.77%) were observed with the application of T18 in accordance with the recommended practices. Conversely, the minimum values were recorded for T1, showcasing the significant impact of the application techniques on the various parameters studied.

Effect of Mineral Fertilizer on Yield, Quality and Nutrient Uptake of Black Sesame [Sesamum radiatum (L.)

A field study aimed to evolve efficient nutrient management for improving yield and quality of sesamum was conducted during pre-rabi season of 2022. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design replicated thrice with twelve treatments. Treatments consisting of two levels of nitrogen (25 and 50 kg/ha), two levels of phosphorus (12.5 and 25 kg/ha) and three levels of sulphur (0, 20 and 30 kg/ha). Seed and stover yield as well as total nutrient uptake were recorded significantly higher with the application of 50 kg/ha N, 25 kg/ha P and 30 kg/ha S. The application of 50 N and 30 kg S was recorded significantly higher oil content and oil yield over the rest of the nitrogen and sulphur levels. N content in seed (3.13%) and stover (1.226%) were found significantly influenced by 50 kg/ha N. Phosphorus @ 25 kg/ha was recorded significantly higher P content in seed (0.493 %) and stover (0.392%).S content in seed (0.325%) and stover (0.171%) were found significantly influenced by 50 kg/ha S. Significantly higher available nitrogen (281.22 kg/ha) was found under application of nitrogen @ 50 kg/ha. Significantly the higher residual phosphorus (28.81 kg/ha) was obtained with the application of 25 kg P/ha. Significantly the higher residual sulphur (7.63 mg/kg) was obtained with the application of 30 kg S/ha.

Determining the effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

The experiment was carried out entitled “effect of interaction between nitrogen and sulphur on growth and yield of mustard (Brassica juncea L.)” at the Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.), India, during Rabi (winter) season of 2021-22. The experiments were conducted in Factorial randomized block design which comprised of 25 treatment combinations in which five levels of Nitrogen (0,40,80,120 and 160 kg N ha-1) and five levels of sulphur (0,25,35,45 and 55 kg S ha-1). The experiments were laid out in the two factors RCBD with three replications, The plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, seed and stover yield increased with increasing N level of 160 kg N ha-1 which was at par with 120 kg N ha-1 and while significantly superior over rest of the levels of nitrogen. On the other hand, with increasing S levels plant height, increased significantly up to 55 kg S ha-1. However, the number of branches plant-1 and seed yield and shoot yield increased up to the highest dose of S (55 kg S ha-1). Considering the combined effect of N and S, the treatment combination (120 kg n ha-1 and 45 kg S ha-1) produced the maximum seed yield (21.32 q ha-1).

Efek Temperatur dan Waktu Seduh terhadap Karakteristik Kimia dan Sensori Liang Teh Pontianak

<em>Liang tea Pontianak consists of herbal ingredients (Dicliptera chinensis leaves, Tradescantia spathacea leaves, Origanum vulgare Wilder leaves, Pandanus amarillifolius leaves and skin of Aloe vera chinensis) and tea ingredients (Caesalpinia sappan wood). Technological developments for preparing tea burrows in fresh form have turned into dry ingredients so that they are practical in preparation. The process of serving liang tea Pontianak by brewing, but currently it is not known when and the brewing temperature that produces the best physicochemical characteristics of the burrow has not been studied. The target of this research was to obtain the temperature and brewing time that produces the best chemical and sensory characteristics of Liang tea Pontianak. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 2 treatment, namely the brewing temperature of 70±3°C, 85±3°C and 100°C while the second factor was the length of brewing, consisting of 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The results of this study found that the chemical and sensory characteristics of Liang tea Pontianak were brewed at 100°C for 20 minutes. The physicochemical characteristics of Liang teh Pontianak have antioxidant activity of 73.81%, total phenol content of 97.58 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 217.28 mg QE/g. Based on sensory characteristics, the best brewing Liang Teh Pontianak was 70±3°C for 20 minutes with color attribute values of 4.28, aroma 3.80, and taste 3.64. Determination of the best treatment using the value of the effectiveness index.</em>

Productivity and Economics of Hydroponic Fodders as Influenced by Harvesting Time

Productivity and Economics of Hydroponic Fodders as Influenced by Harvesting Time

Effect of Different Spacing and Corm Size on Growth and Corm Production of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) cv Punjab Dawn under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh

The present experiment was carried out at Bahadari research farm of College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (Madhya Pradesh) during rabi season of 2020-21 with an aim to find out the effect of different spacing and corm size on growth and corm production of gladiolus, using the three spacing’s (S1 30 × 30 cm, S2 30 × 20 cm and S3 20 × 20 cm) and three corm sizes (C1 <3.0 cm, C2 3.0-4.0 cm and C3 >4.0 cm). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications. The result revealed that, the plant produced from wider spacing with larger corm size (30 × 30 cm + >4.0 cm) was superior in days taken to sprouting (9.07 days), number of sprouts per hill (3.07), plant height at 60 DAP (62 cm), number of leaves per hill at 60 DAP (20.73), length of longest leaf at 60 DAP (46.47 cm), width of longest leaf at 60 DAP (2.85 cm), number of corms per hill (3.47) and weight of corms per hill (71.20 g) at maturity stage.

Application of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) to Improve the Quality of MD2 Pineapple Seedlings from Crown Shoots and Sapling Shoots

This aim of this research is to determine the effect of Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration to the origin of the planting material and their interaction on the growth and development of Millie Dillard-2 (MD2) variety pineapple seedlings so that quality pineapple seedlings with good performance and rooting are obtained. The research was conducted from May to December 2023, experimentally using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor is IBA concentration of 0 ppm, 200 ppm, 400 ppm, and 600 ppm. The second factor is the origin of the crown shoots and sapling shoots. Thus, there were eight treatment combinations; each treatment was repeated three times, so there were 24 experimental units. Each experimental unit used 3 plant samples. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results were tested further using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) test at the 5% level. Observation were carried out on seedlings aged 30 Day After Planting (DAP) and 100 DAP with observation variables consisting of the root fresh weight aged 30 DAP and 100 DAP, total primary roots and increase in number of leaves. The research results show that giving a concentration of IBA of 400 ppm and seedling shoot planting material is the best treatment combination to be applied to MD2 pineapple seedlings.

Effect of Sowing Direction and Wheat Cultivars on Growth and Yield in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season where different wheat cultivars (PBW-343, HUW-234 and NW-1012) and direction of sowing (E-W and N-S) were taken in Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated four times. All the yield attributing characters like number of effective tillers, spike length, number of grains spike–1, grain weight spike–1 were significantly higher under East-West direction of sowing over North-South direction of sowing. Among the all cultivars PBW-343 was found significantly superior over NW-1012 and HUW-234. The grain yield, straw yield and light intensity were increased significantly under East-West direction of sowing and among the cultivars PBW-343 recorded significantly higher value of above characters over NW-1012 and HUW-234. Maximum heat unit requirement and days taken to 50% ear emergence and maturity was recorded under North-South direction of sowing and among the cultivars it was found maximum in PBW-343. The maximum net return and B:C ratio were obtained in E-W direction of sowing along with PBW-343 cultivar. Thus it may be revealed that sowing in East-West direction with cultivar PBW-343 was found most suitable for cultivation under Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.

Effect of feeding durian fruit peel in kacang goats on production performance and physiological parameters

The durian fruit (Durio zibethinus Murr.) peels can be used as animal feed. This study aimed to determine the effect of feeding durian fruit peel on body weight, feed conversion ratio and physiological parameters and reproduction performance of female kacang goats. The research method uses the 3 x 3 factorial randomized block design (RBD). The main components were dose D1 = ASP dose of 100 g/liter of water; D2 = ASP dose of 200 g/liter of water, and D3 = ASP dose of 300 g/liter of water, and the next variable is the soaking time, namely: P1 = Soaking durian rind for 24 hours; P2 = Soaking durian rind for 48 hours; and P3 = Soaking durian rind for 72 hours and each repeated four times as a group. The analysis of variance showed that giving durian fruit peels soaked in rice husk ash filtrate solution at different doses did not give a significant difference (p>0.05) in body weight gain, use of dry matter and the effectiveness of using proportions, breath waves and heartbeat waves of female kacang goats, but had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the edible carcass weight and very significant (p<0.01) on the non-edible carcass level of female kacang goat giving durian fruit peels by immersing rice husk ash filtrate solution with different soaking time variations had a significant effect (p<0.05) on body weight gain and productivity using the proportion of female kacang goats, did not have a large effect (p>0.05) on physiological parameters. Durian skin waste has the potential to be used as animal feed, has nutritional content, and can increase the body weight of kacang goats, but requires further processing such as soaking in a solution of rice husk ash filtrate.

Effect of nitrogen and zinc fertilizer on Zn biofortification in pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum)

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2011–12 at Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh to study the response of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] to nitrogen and zinc on Zn biofortification in this crop. The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design, with 3 replications, comprising 4 nitrogen (N) levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg N/ha) and 3 levels of zinc (0, 5 and 10 kg Zn/ha) with constant rates of phosphorus and potassium at 40 and 30 kg/ha respectively. Application of 60 kg N/ha and 10 kg Zn/ha resulted in the maximum grain yield, N content and uptake by grain and stover of pearlmillet. Zinc content in grain linearly enhanced with sole application of N and Zn levels up to 20 kg N/ha and 5 kg Zn/ha. Combined application of 5 kg Zn/ ha × 20 kg N/ha was found optimum for enhancement of Zn content in grains of pearlmillet. Agronomic nitrogen and zinc efficiency decreased with the increasing nitrogen and zinc levels.

Fertigation-Driven Optimization of Growth Characters in Banana (Musa acuminate AAA) cv. Red Banana

The main aim of the study was to standardize the fertigation schedule and nutrient levels for growth enhancement in red banana. The study was conducted at the Department of Fruit Science College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during 2021-2023. The statistical design used was factorial Randomized Block Design replicated thrice with 12 plants per plot at a spacing of 2.1m x 2.1 m laid out with 12 treatment combinations of 4 different nutrient levels (60%, 80%, 100%and 120% RD of N and K) and 3 fertigation schedule (equal splits at weekly interval, at fortnightly interval, and according to the growth stage of the crop) and a control (KAU POP recommendation). Soil test based on fertilizer recommendation was derived based on KAU POP (200:200:400 g plant-1 year-1). Farm yard manure was applied as organic source at 10 kg plant-1) and P (200 g plant-1) to all treatments as basal. Water soluble fertilizers used included Urea as nitrogen source and Muriate of Potash as potassium source;. Data was collected from pseudo stem height, girth, number of leaves, leaf index, leaf area, days to shooting, time taken from shooting to harvest and crop duration. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance. The highest pseudostem height (310.53 cm) and girth (89.30 cm) was observed with the interactive effect of 120% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) which was on par with F2S3(80% of the recommended dose of N and K applied according to the crop growth stage) at flowering stage. The total functional leaf area was maximum on F3S3 at the flowering (23.86 m2) and harvest stage (21.50 m2). Data on days to shooting (363 days), shoot to harvest (89 days) and total crop duration (452 days) in red banana showed that the interaction effect F2S3 has taken the least number of days. In conclusion the growth characters were observed to be better at 80% recommended dose of N and K with split application according to the growth stage of the crop .

Response of growth and tuber seed production of G0 potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv Medians in medium lands of Jatinangor to biochar composition and retardant type

Potatoes are the third most consumed food in Indonesia. The availability of high-quality potato tuber seeds is still low which affects potato production. Potato planting in the highlands is limited, so it needs to be expanded into medium lands. The modification that can increase the production of G0 potato tuber seeds on medium lands is the use of biochar and retardant. The purpose of this research was to determine the composition of biochar and the type of retardant to increase the G0 tuber seed yield of potato cv Medians in the medium lands of Jatinangor. The research was conducted from August 2022 to February 2023 at the Station Ciparanje, Jatinangor, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. The experiment used Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the biochar compositions: b1 (100% compost), b2 (80% compost + 20% rice husk biochar), b3 (80% compost + 20% coconut shell biochar), and b4 (80% compost + 10% biochar husk rice + 10% coconut shell biochar). The second factor was the retardant type: r1 (without retardant), r2 (100 ppm paclobutrazol), and r3 (100 ppm prohexadione-Ca). The experimental results showed that there was no interaction effect of biochar compositions and retardant type on the growth and yield of G0 potato tuber seeds. Treatment of 80% compost + 20% coconut shell biochar suppressed plant height but increased the number of tubers. Treatment of 100 ppm paclobutrazol resulted in lower plant height but total chlorophyll content, percentage of stolon forming tubers, the number of tubers, and tuber weight per plant were higher compared to treatments without retardant and with 100 ppm prohexadione-Ca.

Response of growth, yield, and seeds quality of G0 potato on different potassium fertilizer doses and retardant concentrations in Jatinangor medium land

This study aims to determine the best interaction of potassium (K) fertilizer dose and retardant concentration on the growth, yield, and seed quality of G0 potato grown in the medium land of Jantinangor. The experiment was conducted at Screen House Station Ciparanje, Jatinangor, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran from November 2022 until January 2023 at an elevation of ± 685 meters above sea level. The experimental design used was the Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the K fertilizer dose including 50%, 100%, and 150%. The second was the retardant concentration including without retardant, 100 ppm paclobutrazol, 100 ppm prohexadione-Ca, and 150 ppm prohexadione-Ca. The experimental results showed that there was an interaction effect between the K dose and retardant concentration. The interaction effect of 150% K and 100 ppm prohexadione-Ca showed the highest percentage of L class seed tuber and the lowest tuber weight loss. Independently, 150% K improved growth rate, number of tubers (6.67 knol/plant), and weight of tubers (73.33 g/plant). Independently, 100 ppm paclobutrazol concentration increased the chlorophyll content index. 150 ppm prohexadione-Ca concentration suppressed leaf area and plant height but increased stomatal conductance, fast emergence shoot time, and shoot length. 100 ppm prohexadione-Ca concentration produced the highest number of tubers and the weight of tubers, i.e., 6.78 knol/plant and 74.33 g/plant, respectively.

Effect of Soil and Foliar Applications on Growth and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

The field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season (Nov - Jan) of 2023-2024 in the experimental farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. To study “Effect of soil and foliar applications on growth and productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L).” Factorial Randomized Block Design was used with two factors and 3 replications. The treatment combination consists of 10 treatments viz., T1- 100 percent RDF+ Nano-DAP, T2 - 100 percent RDF + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T3 – 100 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T4 – 100 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T5 – 100 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T6 - 100 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T7 – 75 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T8 - 75 percent RDF + FYM at 10 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T9 - 75 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-DAP foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS, T10- 75 percent RDF + VC at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea foliar sprays at 30 and 45 DAS.The results indicated that the application of 75 percent RDF + Vermicompost at 5 t ha-1 + Nano-Urea increased the growth parameters (plant height and Leaf Area Index), physiological parameters (Crop Growth Rate and Chlorophyll Index) and yield (grain and stover yield) of pearl millet.

Study of Physiological Growth Indices and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to Soil and Foliar Application Through Integrated Nutrient Management Practices

An investigation was conducted in Rabi season of 2023-24 at the instructional farm of Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, to evaluate the performance of physiological indices on chickpeas under soil and foliar application. The experiment was established on a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD). The treatments were soil application of NPK 100 percent (A1), NPK 100 percent + FYM 10 t ha-1 (A2), NPK 100 percent + Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 (A3), NPK 75 percent + FYM 10 t ha-1 (A4) and NPK 75 percent + Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 (A5) combined with foliar applications, viz., Nano-DAP (B1) and Nano-Urea (B2). The results of the study revealed that morpho-physiological attributes of chickpeas were statistically increased by the application of soil (NPK 75 percent + Vermicompost 5 t ha-1) combined with foliar (Nano-urea) nutrient management practices resulting in maximum grain yield of 15.64 q ha-1 and stover yield of 30.49 q ha-1. The results of this study underscore the importance of integrated nutrient management practices involving soil and foliar applications in enhancing the physiological indices of chickpeas.

Effect of Plant Spacing and Nutrient Levels on Growth and Yield of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of plant spacing and nutrient levels on the growth and yield of red cabbage. This experiment involved three distinct spacing configurations (45cmx30cm, 45cmx45cm, and 45cmx60cm) and nutrient levels (75% NPK, 100% NPK, and 125% NPK). The experiment was designed as a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRCBD) and carried out at the Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru, during the 2021-22 period. This study infers that spacing and nutrients promote the vegetative growth of plants. The spacing configuration of 45cm X 60cm with 125% NPK resulted in the most significant outcomes, including the highest number of leaves (28.93), maximum plant height (36.71 cm), maximum fresh weight of the head (1421.80 g) and highest head volume (1360.19 cc) which could be because of wider spacing and higher nutrient doses. Conversely, the spacing configuration of 45cm X 30cm with 75% NPK demonstrated the early head initiation (45.60 days) and the most compact head formation (0.38). The highest yield per hectare (74.43 t) was achieved with the spacing configuration of 45cmx30cm using 125% NPK which improved greater availability of nutrients and, as a result, boosted the vegetative development.

Effect of Pruning and Nutrient Levels on Plant Growth of Guava (Psidium guajava) cv. Allahabad Safeda under Meadow Orcharding Allahabad

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of pruning and nutrient levels on growth and yield of guava cv. Allahabad Safeda. The treatment consists of four different levels of pruning P0: 00.0cm (Un-pruned plants/ Without Pruning), P1: Pruned at 30cm of the shoot length, P2: Pruned at 40cm of the shoot length and P3: Pruned at 50cm of the shoot length and four different levels of nutrients (NPK) viz., F1: NPK (260:320:260 g/plant) (Control), F2: NPK (220:280:300 g/plant), F3: NPK (300:360:300g/plant) and F4: NPK (340:400:340g/plant). The experiment comprising 16 treatment combinations was laid out in 2-factor Factorial Randomized Block Design (f-RBD) having three replications during 2014-2015 & 2015-2016. Among the different treatments T16:P3(P3: 50cm x F4: 340:400:340 g/plant) was best dose for optimum vegetative growth parameter viz., plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, plant spread (n-s & e-w), stem diameter (mm), stem length (cm) and days to taken new shoot emergence of guava cv. Allahabad safeda.

Study on Sensory Evaluation and Chemical Changes Occurred in Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) Flower Burfi during the Storage

In the present study, the cow milk was standardized to 4% fat. The Burfi was prepared by addition of crushed dried Mahua flowers in the proportion of 100:0 (T₁), 90:10 (T₂), 85:15 (T3), 80:20 (T4) and 75:25 (T5) with 30 % sugar was added. The objectives of the present investigations were to study the chemical and sensory changes during storage of the selected treatment i.e. T4 (80% khoa: 20% crushed dried Mahua flower) at room temperature and refrigerated temperature at the interval of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 days. The study aimed to investigate the quality of the burfi during storage. The data obtained was statistically analyzed by Factorial Randomized Block Design. Sensory evaluation studies were conducted by a panel of judges and it was found that the burfi prepared by using 20 parts of crushed dried Mahua flowers and 80 parts of khoa was having the highest overall acceptability scores. The overall acceptability scores of selected treatment were decreased from 5th days onwards. But burfi was acceptable up to 15 days and 25 days onwards at room temperature and refrigerated temperature, respectively. The results regarding the chemical analysis revealed that the fat, protein, lactose, ash, titratable acidity and total solids content of burfi was increased after 0th day to 25th day in both room and refrigerated condition. While, moisture and solids not fat content reported decrease in trend in both room and refrigerated temperature. The rate of changes was found more in room temperature conditions.

Technical feasibility and economic benefit of combined shallot seedlings techniques in Indonesia

Abstract One of the important factors in the success of True Seed of Shallot (TSS)-based shallot production is the right seeding technology. The study aimed to obtain appropriate nursery techniques for producing high-quality seedlings to increase shallot productivity. The experiment was conducted in Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia, from May to October 2021, using a factorial randomized block design with three treatment factors and three replications. They consisted of shallot varieties (V) (Trisula, Bima, Lokananta, and Maserati); seedlings age (U) (45 and 60 days); and seedling population density (P) (5, 7.5, and 10 g m−2 of TSS). The results revealed that seedling performance was negatively correlated to the bulb yield and revenue cost ratio (R/C). The use of young seedlings enhanced bulb production and R/C ratio in all varieties but had varied effects on cluster alterations in Maserati, Bima, and Trisula varieties. Young Lokananta seedlings prepared in the nursery at a seed density of 7.5 g m−2 proved to be the best treatment to generate the highest bulb production (39.92 t ha−1) and the highest R/C (3.62). Farmers are expected to implement seedling preparation techniques using young seedlings and managing seed populations in diverse varieties to maximize bulb production and R/C.