Factorial Design Of Analysis Research Articles

Influence of Machining Parameters on the Dimensional Accuracy of Drilled Holes in Engineering Plastics.

This paper explores the interaction between cutting parameters and the geometric accuracy of machined holes in a variety of engineering plastics, with the aim of improving manufacturing processes in the plastic processing industry. In the context of fast and precise manufacturing technology, the accuracy of drilled holes in polymers is of paramount importance, given their essential role in the assembly and functionality of finished parts. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of cutting speed and feed rate on the diameter and cylindricity of machined holes in six diverse types of plastics using a multilevel factorial design for analysis. The key message conveyed to the reader highlights that careful selection of cutting parameters is crucial to achieving high standards of accuracy and repeatability in plastic processing. The methodology involved structured experiments, looking at the effect of changing cutting parameters on a set of six polymer materials. A CNC machining center for drills and high-precision measuring machines were used to evaluate the diameter and cylindricity of the holes. The results of ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between cutting parameters and hole sizes for some materials, while for others the relationship was less evident. The conclusions drawn highlight the importance of optimizing cutting speed and feed rate according to polymer type to maximize accuracy and minimize deviations from cylindricity. It was also observed that, under selected processing conditions, high- and medium-density polyurethane showed the best results in terms of accuracy and cylindricity, suggesting potential optimized directions for specific industrial applications.

Pengaruh Proses Menulis dan Kognitif terhadap Kemampuan Menulis Teks Naratif Siswa

This study aimed to investigate the aspects of an individual's writing process that play an important role in improving the quality of writing products, as well as the role of individual cognition on the quality of writing products. A factorial analysis design was used in this study. The results of this study, first, the aspects of spontaneous revision and vocabulary revision affect the quality of writing. In addition, it was also found that students with better reading ability tended to do more intensive online revision. Second, the process aspects that affect the quality of students' narrative writing are spelling ability and the number of revisions. In addition, students' cognitive abilities also have a significant influence on their writing ability. The aspects of cognitive ability that influence are oral language ability, reading, vocabulary selection, capitalization, and spelling. The process aspects that play an important role in improving narrative writing skills are spelling and reading cognitive abilities. The processes that contributed significantly to improving writing quality were oral language ability, attention, and working memory.

The Role of Writing Process Components and Cognitive Components in Improving the Quality of Narrative

This study aims to study the relationship between the writing process through an online learning system and students' writing products. This study also studied cognitive factors in the process component and the final product of writing. The study used a factorial analysis design because it aims to determine what factors contribute significantly to narrative writing skills. The students who became the sample were 125 students comprising 60 males and 65 females. The research findings show that the writing process component has a significant contribution to the quality of students' narrative writing. The process components that affect the quality of narrative writing are spelling ability and the number of revisions made by students. Cognitive components that affect students' writing skills are oral language skills, reading skills, selective attention, capitalization, and spelling. Thus, this component of the process of writing narrative text is only correlated with the cognitive abilities of spelling and reading, in contrast to the quality of the final product which is correlated with spoken language skills, attention, and working memory. The implication of this research is to strengthen the cognitive role in narrative writing; teachers must encourage students to be active in spoken language and optimize reading teaching in the learning process.

Combined incentive actions, focusing on primary care professionals, to improve cervical cancer screening in women living in socioeconomically disadvantaged geographical areas: a study protocol of a hybrid cluster randomised effectiveness and implementation trial- RESISTE

IntroductionCervical cancer (CC) causes thousands of deaths each year. Nearly 100% of cases are caused by oncogenic strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). In most industrialised countries, CC screening (CCS) is...

Analysis of student adjustment in dormitory based on type of school, cultural background and grade level

Adjustment is a process that includes mental and behavioral responses to achieve balance in meeting needs in accordance with environmental demands. However, it was found that students had difficulty adjusting, such as being unprepared to live in a dormitory, having difficulty being away from their parents, violating the dormitory rules, having difficulty getting along, and having intercultural disputes. This is thought to be related to differences in schools, cultural backgrounds and grade levels. This research aims to analyze the adjustment of students in the dormitory based on the type of school, cultural background, and grade level. This research method used is ex post facto with a factorial analysis design. The population was 200 students in the dormitory of Al-Faruqi Kampar, Riau. This research uses a self-adjustment instrument with Alpha Cronbach of 0.876. The data were analyzed using the technique Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the level of adjustment of students based on the type of school was in the high category and there were significant differences in the adjustment of students based on the type of school, the level of adjustment of students based on the cultural background was high category and there was no significant difference in the adjustment of students based on cultural background. The level of adjustment based on grade level high category and there is no significant difference in adjustment based on grade level, and there is no interaction between these variables in explaining the adjustment of students in the dormitory. The implications of the results of this research can be used as a reference for counselors in schools for the preparation of guidance and counseling service programs to improve student adjustment in dormitories.

The Influence of Problem Based Learning Model For Student Competence In Computer System Learning Eyes Reviewed From Class X Multimedia Achievement Motivation In Vocational School 10 Surabaya

The process of teaching and learning activities uses problems in daily life as a form of improving thinking skills and problem solving, as well as gaining important concept knowledge by using student achievement motivation on computer systems subjects on computer system attitude competencies, computer system knowledge competencies, and competency skills computer system. Teachers at SMKN 10 Surabaya on average use the STAD cooperative model and students' competencies are taught low while researchers use the Problem Based Learning model and make student competencies increase.The design of this study uses 2 x 2 factorial analysis design with independent variables Problem Based Learning models and STAD cooperative models, moderating variables of high achievers motivation and low achievers motivation, and dependent variables competency in computer system attitudes, computer knowledge of computer systems, and computer system skills competencies.The results of this study in Multimedia 10 class students who were taught using PBL learning models were very significant competency compared to STAD cooperatives

The Effect of PDEODE Learning Model on Competency of Electronic and Electronic Basics Lessons Reviewed From The Ability of Formal Reaching Students of Class X TITL A In Raden Rahmat Mojosari Vocational School

Improving student competence is very dependent on the learning model and students' formal reasoning abilities. This study aims to: (1) analyze differences in competencies between students taught with the PDEODE learning model and students taught using direct learning models in DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari, (2) analyze differences in competencies between students who have TKPFT and students who have TKPFR on DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari, (3) analyze the interaction between the use of learning models and TKPF on student competencies on DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari. This research is a type of experimental research that uses factorial analysis design. Data collection instruments were in the form of passive component social attitude competency observation sheets, passive component knowledge competency test sheets, passive component skills competency performance test sheets and formal reasoning ability test sheets for students. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that: (1) there are differences in competencies between students taught using the PDEODE learning model and students taught using direct learning models in DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari, (2) there are differences in competencies between students who have TKPFT and students who have TKPFR on DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari, (3) there is an interaction between the use of learning models and TKPF on student competencies in DLE subjects at SMK Raden Rahmat Mojosari.

Manufacturing of gypsum–sisal fiber composites using binder jetting

Among additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, binder jetting (BJ) produces workpieces that could be used in a great variety of applications, such as decorative parts, prototypes, foundry molds, bone implants, and others. This technique includes the powder deposition to form the layers, binder application, and post-processing to enhance mechanical properties. Fibers can be mixed with traditional raw material powder in order to produce composite parts that are stronger. Sisal fibers are considered to be a promising reinforcement in composites because of their low cost, high strength, and lack of risk to human health. In Brazil, sisal fibers are abundant and there has been no previous study on the application of this fiber in binder jetting. This article proposes the production of gypsum–sisal fiber parts using BJ and the analysis of the effects of some manufacturing parameters, such as the presence of fiber, printing orientation, and post-processing. A material characterization is performed on raw materials and printed parts in the form of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A complete 24 factorial design for analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the mechanical strength and porosity of the manufactured parts. It was observed that the fibers had a positive influence on the mechanical strength of the infiltrated parts, but a loss of strength was verified on the green parts. The reason for a loss of mechanical strength correlated with the increase in porosity caused by the fiber during the printing process; however, this increased porosity contributed to a more efficient infiltration post-processing.

Factores que inciden en la aplicación de números racionales en educación básica secundaria en una zona de frontera.

Este artículo es resultado de la investigación; cuyo objetivo fue identificar los factores que inciden en el aprendizaje de lasoperaciones básicas con los números racionales en el área de matemáticas en el grado sexto de educación básica secundaria en la zona defrontera. A través de un enfoque cuantitativo apoyado en enfoque cualitativo con un diseño de análisis factorial, muestra 32 estudiantes, edadescomprendidas entre 11 y 14 años. Se utiliza como instrumento la observación directa, test aplicados a estudiantes, padres de familia y docentes.Resultados: variables asociadas a errores en la solución de problemas que involucran números racionales son hábitos de estudio, desinteréshacia el área de matemáticas, perfil inadecuado del docente, nivel académico alcanzando por madre de familia, apoyo al seguimiento académico,diferentes entornos familiares. En conclusión, existen cuatro factores asociados: motivación hacia las matemáticas, Características de la madrede familia, características emocionales del niño, acompañamiento en casa.

Analysis of variance to assess statistical significance of Laplacian estimation accuracy improvement due to novel variable inter-ring distances concentric ring electrodes.

Concentric ring electrodes have shown promise in non-invasive electrophysiological measurement demonstrating their superiority to conventional disc electrodes, in particular, in accuracy of Laplacian estimation. Recently, we have proposed novel variable inter-ring distances concentric ring electrodes. Analytic and finite element method modeling results for linearly increasing distances electrode configurations suggested they may decrease the truncation error resulting in more accurate Laplacian estimates compared to currently used constant inter-ring distances configurations. This study assesses statistical significance of Laplacian estimation accuracy improvement due to novel variable inter-ring distances concentric ring electrodes. Full factorial design of analysis of variance was used with one categorical and two numerical factors: the inter-ring distances, the electrode diameter, and the number of concentric rings in the electrode. The response variables were the Relative Error and the Maximum Error of Laplacian estimation computed using a finite element method model for each of the combinations of levels of three factors. Effects of the main factors and their interactions on Relative Error and Maximum Error were assessed and the obtained results suggest that all three factors have statistically significant effects in the model confirming the potential of using inter-ring distances as a means of improving accuracy of Laplacian estimation.

More Powerful Tests of Simple Interaction Contrasts in the Two-Way Factorial Design

ABSTRACTFor the two-way factorial design in analysis of variance, the current article explicates and compares three methods for controlling the Type I error rate for all possible simple interaction contrasts following a statistically significant interaction, including a proposed modification to the Bonferroni procedure that increases the power of statistical tests for deconstructing interaction effects when they are of primary substantive interest. Results indicate the general superiority of the modified Bonferroni procedure over Scheffé and Roy-type procedures, where the Bonferroni and Scheffé procedures have been modified to accommodate the logical implications of a false omnibus interaction null hypothesis. An applied example is provided and considerations for applied researchers are offered.

Propofol can Protect Against the Impairment of Learning-memory Induced by Electroconvulsive Shock via Tau Protein Hyperphosphorylation in Depressed Rats.

To explore the possible neurophysiologic mechanisms of propofol and N-methyl-D- aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist against learning-memory impairment of depressed rats without olfactory bulbs. Models of depressed rats without olfactory bulbs were established. For the factorial design in analysis of variance, two intervention factors were included: electroconvulsive shock groups (with and without a course of electroconvulsive shock) and drug intervention groups [intraperotoneal (ip) injection of saline, NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and propofol. A total of 60 adult depressed rats without olfactory bulbs were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10 per group): ip injection of 5 ml saline; ip injection of 5 ml of 10 mg/kg MK-801; ip injection of 5 ml of 10 mg/kg MK-801 and a course of electroconvulsive shock; ip injection of 5 ml of 200 mg/kg propofol; ip injection of 5 ml of 200 mg/kg propofol and a course of electroconvulsive shock; and ip injection of 5 ml saline and a course of electroconvulsive shock. The learning-memory abilities of the rats was evaluated by the Morris water maze test. The content of glutamic acid in the hippocampus was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The expressions of p-AT8Ser202 in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot analysis. Propofol, MK-801 or electroconvulsive shock alone induced learning-memory impairment in depressed rats, as proven by extended evasive latency time and shortened space probe time. Glutamic acid content in the hippocampus of depressed rats was significantly up-regulated by electroconvulsive shock and down-regulated by propofol, but MK-801 had no significant effect on glutamic acid content. Levels of phosphorylated Tau protein p-AT8Ser202 in the hippocampus was up-regulated by electroconvulsive shock but was reduced by propofol and MK-801 alone. Propofol prevented learning-memory impairment and reduced glutamic acid content and p-AT8Ser202 levels induced by electroconvulsive shock. Electroconvulsive shock might reduce learning-memory impairment caused by protein Tau hyperphosphorylation in depressed rats by down-regulating glutamate content.

Analysis of Dimensional Performance for a 3D Open-source Printer Based on Fused Deposition Modeling Technique

In this paper an analytical dimensional performance evaluation and comparison is illustrated, done on benchmarks manufactured using two different 3D FDM printers: an industrial system, and an open-source one (a modified Fab@Home Model 1 printer).Using a factorial analysis design of experiment (DOE), optimum process parameters were found to improve dimensional accuracy on rectangular test specimens, minimizing changes in length, width and height. Fab@Home printer demonstrated to be a good platform, simple, flexible and inexpensive. Video abstract [Display omitted]

Interactional effects of corticosterone and stress in the formation of PTSD-like memory impairment rats

Objective To investigate the interactional roles corticosterone and stress played during the PTSD-Like memory impairment. Methods First we established the model of PTSD-like memory using three levels of electric shock: 0 mA, 0.8 mA and 1.4 mA. The freezing time percent of each group were calculated 24 hours later in order to find which group of rats obtained the PTSD-like memory, and generalizing tests was used to verify it. After the model was established, rats received adrenalectomy (ADX) were operated bilaterally in order to investigate the effect of corticosterone and fed with corticosterone in the drinking water 7 days before fear conditioning. These rats were divided into four groups: control group (no corticosterone supplement, 0 mA shock), Cort group (corticosterone supplement, 0 mA shock), shock group (no corticosterone supplement, 1.4 mA shock), Cort-shock group (corticosterone supplement, 1.4 mA shock). A two-way factorial analysis of variance was used to determine whether there was a significant interaction between corticosterone and shock. Results The freezing time percent of group 0.8 mA raised compared with the group 0 mA, whereas the freezing time percent of group 1.4 mA showed reversely and the generalizing effects appeared, compared with group 0.8 mA. In two-way factorial analysis design, the freezing time percent of Cort-shock group significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with other groups, and there was no significant variance among the other groups. Corticosterone (F=6.464, P<0.05) and stress (F=53.419, P<0.01) played parts in the formation of PTSD-like memory impairment, and they interacted with each other (F=11.580, P<0.05). Conclusion PTSD-like memory impairment can be induced on rats with high (1.4 mA) electrical shock, and they have interactional effect with each other in the process. Key words: PTSD-like memory impairment; Stress; Corticosterone; Fear memory

Factorial analysis of the trihalomethane formation in the reaction of colloidal, hydrophobic, and transphilic fractions of DOM with free chlorine

This study focuses on the factors that affect trihalomethane (THMs) formation when dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions (colloidal, hydrophobic, and transphilic fractions) in aqueous solutions were disinfected with chlorine. DOM fractions were isolated and fractionated from filtered lake water and were characterized by elemental analysis. The investigation involved a screening Placket-Burman factorial analysis design of five factors (DOM concentration, chlorine dose, temperature, pH, and bromide concentration) and a Box-Behnken design for a detailed assessment of the three most important factor effects (DOM concentration, chlorine dose, and temperature). The results showed that colloidal fraction has a relatively low contribution to THM formation; transphilic fraction was responsible for about 50% of the chloroform generation, and the hydrophobic fraction was the most important to the brominated THM formation. When colloidal and hydrophobic fraction solutions were disinfected, the most significant factors were the following: higher DOM fraction concentration led to higher THM concentration, an increase of pH corresponded to higher concentration levels of chloroform and reduced bromoform, higher levels of chlorine dose and temperature produced a rise in the total THM formation, especially of the chlorinated THMs; higher bromide concentration generates higher concentrations of brominated THMs. Moreover, linear models were implemented and response surface plots were obtained for the four THM concentrations and their total sum in the disinfection solution as a function of the DOM concentration, chlorine dose, and temperature. Overall, results indicated that THM formation models were very complex due to individual factor effects and significant interactions among the factors. In order to reduce the concentration of THMs in drinking water, DOM concentrations must be reduced in the water prior to the disinfection. Fractionation of DOM, together with an elemental analysis of the fractions, is important issue in the revealing of the quality and quantity characteristics of DOM. Systematic study composed from DOM fraction investigation and factorial analysis of the responsible parameters in the THM formation reaction can, after an evaluation of the adjustment of the models with the reality, serves well for the evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability in the THM formation in dependence of DOM. However, taking into consideration the natural complexity of DOM, different operations and a strict control of them (like coagulation/flocculation and filtration) has to be used to quantitatively remove DOM from the raw water. Assuming that this study represents a local case study, similar experiments can be easily applied and will supply with relevant information every local water treatment plant meeting problems with THM formation. The coagulation/flocculation and the filtration stages are the main mechanisms to remove DOM, particularly the colloidal DOM fraction. With the objective to minimize THMs generation, different unit operation designed to quantitatively remove DOM from water must be optimized.

Effects of estrous synchronization on response to nitric oxide donors, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, and endothelin-1 in vitro

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors on bovine luteal function in vitro. In experiment 1, estrus in Brahman cows was synchronized with Synchro-Mate-B (SMB) and day-13–14 corpora luteal slices were weighed, diced and incubated in vitro. Treatments (100 ng/ml) were: vehicle, N ϖ-nitro- l-arginine- l-methyl ester ( l-NAME), N G -monomethyl- l-arginine acetate ( l-NMMA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), DETA-NONOate, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or ET-1. In experiment 2, estrus was synchronized with Lutalyse, a Controlled Intravaginal Progesterone Releasing Device (CIDR), or cows were not synchronized. Corpora lutea were collected, weighed, and luteal slices were weighed, diced and incubated in vitro with treatments. Treatments (100 ng/ml) were: vehicle, l- NAME, l-NMMA, DETA, DETA-NONOate, sodium nitroprusside, S-nitroso- N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or endothelin-1. Tissues were incubated in M-199 for 1 h without treatments and for 4 and 8 h in both experiments with treatments in both experiments. Media were analyzed for progesterone, prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α (PGE 2, PGF 2α) by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Hormone data in experiments 1 and 2 were analyzed by 2 × 7 and 3 × 2 × 8 factorial design for analysis of variance (ANOVA), respectively. Luteal weights in experiment 2 were analyzed by a one-way ANOVA. Concentrations of progesterone in media were similar ( P ≥ 0.05) among treatments within experiments. Concentrations of PGE 2 in media in experiment 1 were undetectable in 90 and 57% of the samples at 4 and 8 h, respectively. PGF 2α increased ( P ≤ 0.05) with time, but did not differ ( P ≥ 0.05) among treatments. Secretion of PGF 2α was not affected by treatments ( P ≥ 0.05). In experiment 2, luteal weights of the induced estrous cycle were decreased ( P ≤ 0.05) by Lutalyse. Concentrations of PGE 2 and PGF 2α increased ( P ≤ 0.05) with time in control of all three synchronization regimens. DETA-NONOate, SNAP, sodium nitroprusside (NO donors) and ET-1 increased ( P ≤ 0.05) PGE 2 except in the CIDR synchronized group ( P ≥ 0.05). No treatment increased ( P ≥ 0.05) PGF 2α in any synchronization regimen. It is concluded that either SMB containing norgestomet or a CIDR containing progesterone alters luteal secretion of PGE 2, Lutalyse lowers luteal weights in the induced estrous cycle, and NO or ET-1 given alone are not luteolytic agents. It is suggested that NO and ET-1 could have indirect antiluteolytic/luteotropic effects via increasing PGE 2 secretion by luteal tissue rather than being luteolytic.

Physiotherapy for anterior knee pain: a randomized controlled trial. (City Hospital Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom) Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:700-704.

This observer blind, prospective, factorial design randomized controlled trial determined the efficacy of the individual components of physiotherapy in subjects with anterior knee pain. Eighty-one young adults with anterior knee pain were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: (1) exercise, tapping, and education; (2) exercise and education; (3) taping and education; and (4) education alone. Each group received 6 physiotherapist-led treatments over 3 months. Follow up took place at 3 months using the following outcomes measures: Patient satisfaction; a visual analogue pain score; the WOMAC lower limb function score; the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD); and quadriceps strength. At 12 months the WOMAC and HAD were assessed by postal questionnaire. All groups showed significant improvements in WOMAC, visual analogue, and HAD scores; these improvements did not vary significantly between the four groups or between exercising/nonexercising and taped/nontaped patients at 3 and 12 months. However, patients who exercised were significantly more likely to be discharged at 3 months than nonexercising patients. Taping was not significantly associated with discharge. Significantly greater improvements in WOMAC, visual analogue, and the anxiety score were seen in patients who were discharged than in those who were referred. Conclude the proprioceptive muscle stretching and strengthening aspects of physiotherapy have a beneficial effect at 3 months sufficient to permit discharge from physiotherapy. These benefits are maintained at 1 year. Taping does not influence the outcome. Comment by Phillip S. Sizer Jr., MEd, P.T. The investigators evaluated a total of 81 patients (36 female and 45 male) between the ages of 16 and 40 years with a history of anterior knee pain of more than three months. Patients were evaluated through history, locomotor examination, WOMAC score and Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD). In addition, isometric quadriceps strength and power were measured before and after treatment. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four different groups: (1) exercise, taping, and education; (2) taping and education; (3) exercise and education; and (4) education alone. Each patient received six treatments over a three-month period. Through a 2 × 2 factorial analysis design, the investigators discovered that the group participating in exercise were significantly more likely to be discharged than non-participants. Additionally, they found that taping alone was not significantly associated with discharge. Furthermore, they observed no difference between groups for the WOMAC score and the visual analogue pain score. Finally, they found that education alone resulted in the sufficient improvement of 60% of those subjects without need for other intervention, supporting the value of therapist contact and simple advice. These investigators embarked upon the evaluation of a controversial condition whose etiology is not well understood.1 Recent investigators have revealed alternative explanations for persistent anterior knee pain, including increased patelo-femoral joint stress2,3 and receptor neuro-sensitization within the lateral retinaculum.4 These outcomes may reflect the influence of exercise on those factors and support the use of physical therapy in the treatment of anterior knee pain.

Secondary geochemical dispersion in the Precambrian auriferous Hutti–Maski schist belt, Raichur district, Karnataka, India. Part II. Application of factorial design in the analysis of secondary dispersion of As

The study uses the technique of factorial design for analysis of factors governing secondary dispersion of As in an auriferous Archean greenstone belt. Details of the sampling procedure and analytical techniques used for As in groundwater and soil of the Hutti–Maski schist belt are discussed in Part I of the paper in this issue. The main effects and interactions of topographic slope, drainage texture, proximity to lineament, depth of water table and soil types have been considered. The study shows that secondary dispersion of As is governed by proximity to lineament and factors that govern drainage and ground water movement. The factors retained were used to predict As values using a response surface model obtained by least square fitting using orthogonal polynomials. The goodness of fit of the model shows that the factors identified explain the secondary dispersion of As adequately.

Competitive sorption of heavy metal by soils. Isotherms and fractional factorial experiments

Competing ions strongly affect heavy metal sorption onto the solid surfaces of soil. This study evaluated competitive sorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn on three soils: Calcixerollic Xerochrept, Paralithic Xerorthent and Lithic Haplumbrept. Monometal and competitive sorption isotherms were obtained at 25°C. The individual effect of ions on retention of the others was ascertained by a fractional factorial analysis design. Most of the sorption isotherms belonged to type L subtype 2 in the classification of Giles. In competitive sorption the initial linear part was shorter and the knee sharper when compared with monometal sorption isotherms. Parameters related to sorptive capacity, such as Point B, Langmuir monolayer and Freundlich distribution coefficient, were higher in monometal than in competitive sorption, and in basic soils than in acidic soil. Calcium desorbed at different points of the sorption isotherms indicated that cationic exchange with Ca was the main retention mechanism in calcareous soils. For Pb, the ratio Ca desorbed/Pb sorbed was close to one; for Cu, Ni and Zn the ratio ranged from 1.20 to 1.37, probably due to partial dissolution of calcium carbonates by hydrolytic processes during retention. On the other hand, Cd had a ratio around 0.6 reflecting another additional retention mechanism, probably surface complexation. Fractional factorial design confirmed that the presence of the cations investigated reduced the amount of the five metals retained, but the presence of Cu and Pb in the system depressed Ni, Cd and Zn sorption more than the inverse. Cation mobility was enhanced when equilibrium concentration increased and the effect was higher in Ca-saturated soils.

被服心理学 服装の評価に及ぼす提示試料の背景・相貌の有無の影響

When clothing is estimated by photograph and slide, the effects of figure and background have not been discussed satisfactorily. The effects of presence of background and figure on estimation of clothing were studied in this paper by selecting four kinds of clothes such as ordinary wear, street clothes, working clothes and party dress and 317 subjects of women students using 20 scale items of estimation.The effects were investigated by two-way layout or factorial design of analysis of variance. The obtained results showed the presence of background and figure had a great influence on valuation of clothing, although there were differences among the kinds of clothing.