Facility For Antiproton And Ion Research Facility Research Articles

Production of diamond using intense heavy ion beams at the FAIR facility and application to planetary physics

Diamonds are supposedly abundantly present in different objects in the Universe including meteorites, carbon-rich stars as well as carbon-rich extrasolar planets. Moreover, the prediction that in deep layers of Uranus and Neptune, methane may undergo a process of phase separation into diamond and hydrogen, has been experimentally verified. In particular, high power lasers have been used to study this problem. It is therefore important from the point of view of astrophysics and planetary physics, to further study the production processes of diamond in the laboratory. In the present paper, we present numerical simulations of implosion of a solid carbon sample using an intense uranium beam that is to be delivered by the heavy ion synchrotron, SIS100, that is under construction at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), at Darmstadt. These calculations show that using our proposed experimental scheme, one can generate the extreme pressure and temperature conditions, necessary to produce diamonds of mm3 dimensions.

Status of the FAIR facility in Darmstadt

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) is currently being built in Darmstadt, Germany. The SIS100 accelerator is at the heart of FAIR and will provide proton and heavy-ion beams for a variety of experiments. There are four main research pillars at FAIR specialized in the field of nuclear, hadron and elementary particle physics, atomic and antimatter physics, high density plasma physics, as well as applications in condensed matter physics, biology and the biomedical sciences. In these proceedings I briefly review the main research pillars of FAIR and the status of its realization.

Studies of equation of state properties of high-energy-density matter generated by intense ion beams at the facility for antiprotons and ion research.

The work presented in this paper shows with the help of two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations that intense heavy-ion beams are a very efficient tool to induce high energy density (HED) states in solid matter. These simulations have been carried out using a computer code BIG2 that is based on a Godunov-type numerical algorithm. This code includes ion beam energy deposition using the cold stopping model, which is a valid approximation for the temperature range accessed in these simulations. Different phases of matter achieved due to the beam heating are treated using a semiempirical equation-of-state (EOS) model. To take care of the solid material properties, the Prandl-Reuss model is used. The high specific power deposited by the projectile particles in the target leads to phase transitions on a timescale of the order of tens of nanosecond, which means that the sample material achieves thermodynamic equilibrium during the heating process. In these calculations we use Pb as the sample material that is irradiated by an intense uranium beam. The beam parameters including particle energy, focal spot size, bunch length, and bunch intensity are considered to be the same as the design parameters of the ion beam to be generated by the SIS100 heavy-ion synchrotron at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), at Darmstadt. The purpose of this work is to propose experiments to measure the EOS properties of HED matter including studies of the processes of phase transitions at the FAIR facility. Our simulations have shown that depending on the specific energy deposition, solid lead will undergo phase transitions leading to an expanded hot liquid state, two-phase liquid-gas state, or the critical parameter regime. In a similar manner, other materials can be studied in such experiments, which will be a very useful addition to the knowledge in this important field of research.

Commissioning of the ECR ion source of the high intensity proton injector of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR).

The CEA at Saclay is in charge of developing and building the ion source and the low energy line of the proton linac of the FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) accelerator complex located at GSI (Darmstadt) in Germany. The FAIR facility will deliver stable and rare isotope beams covering a huge range of intensities and beam energies for experiments in the fields of atomic physics, plasma physics, nuclear physics, hadron physics, nuclear matter physics, material physics, and biophysics. A significant part of the experimental program at FAIR is dedicated to antiproton physics that requires an ultimate number 7 × 1010 cooled pbar/h. The high-intensity proton beam that is necessary for antiproton production will be delivered by a dedicated 75 mA/70 MeV proton linac. A 2.45 GHz microwave ion source will deliver a 100 mA H+ beam pulsed at 4 Hz with an energy of 95 keV. A 2 solenoids low energy beam transport line allows the injection of the proton beam into the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) within an acceptance of 0.3π mm mrad (norm. rms). An electrostatic chopper system located between the second solenoid and the RFQ is used to cut the beam macro-pulse from the source to inject 36 μs long beam pulses into the RFQ. At present time, a Ladder-RFQ is under construction at the University of Frankfurt. This article reports the first beam measurements obtained since mid of 2016. Proton beams have been extracted from the ECR ion source and analyzed just after the extraction column on a dedicated diagnostic chamber. Emittance measurements as well as extracted current and species proportion analysis have been performed in different configurations of ion source parameters, such as magnetic field profile, radio frequency power, gas injection, and puller electrode voltage.

The heavy-ion program of the future FAIR facility

The Compressed Baryonic Matter (CBM) experiment will be one of the major scientific pillars of the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt. The goal of the CBM research program is to explore the QCD phase diagram in the region of high baryon densities using high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. This includes the study of the equation-of-state of nuclear matter at neutron star core densities, and the search for the deconfinement and chiral phase transitions. The CBM detector is designed to measure rare diagnostic probes such as hadrons including multi-strange (anti-) hyperons, lepton pairs, and charmed particles with unprecedented precision and statistics. Most of these particles will be studied for the first time in the FAIR energy range. In order to achieve the required precision, the measurements will be performed at very high reaction rates of 1 to 10 MHz. This requires very fast and radiation-hard detectors, a novel data read-out and analysis concept based on free streaming front-end electronics, and a high-performance computing cluster for online event selection. The physics program and the status of the proposed CBM experiment will be discussed.

Atomic physics experiments at the high energy storage ring

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), will offer unprecedented experimental opportunities. The Stored Particles Atomic Research Collaboration (SPARC) at FAIR aims at creating a worldwide unique research program with highly charged ions by utilizing storage ring and trapping facilities. The foreseen experiments will address physics at strong, ultra-short electromagnetic fields including the fundamental interactions between electrons and heavy nuclei as well as the experiments at the border between nuclear and atomic physics. In view of the staged construction of the FAIR facility, SPARC worked out an early realization scheme for experiments with highly-charged heavy-ions at relativistic energies to be conducted in the High-Energy Storage Ring.

Tracking with Straw Tubes in the PANDA Experiment

The PANDA spectrometer will be built at the FAIR facility at Darmstadt (Ger- many) to perform accurate tests of the strong interaction through ¯ pp andannihilation studies. The charged particle tracking at PANDA will be done using both solid state and gaseous detectors. Among the latter, two straw tube detector systems will be built (1). The cylindrical, central straw tube tracker features a high spatial and momentum resolu- tion for a wide range of particle momenta from about 8 GeV/c down to a few 100 MeV/c, together with particle identification in the momentum region below about 1 GeV/c by measuring the specific energy-loss. A new technique, based on self-supporting straw double layers with intrinsic wire tension developed for the COSY-TOF straw tracker (2), has been adopted for the PANDA trackers. The development of the readout electronics for the straw tubes is ongoing. Prototypes have been produced and used to instrument straw tube modules that have been tested with cosmic rays and proton beams. Design issues of the PANDA straw tubes, together with the results of the prototype tests are presented. The PANDA experiment (3) is one of four experiments planned for the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) (4) in Darmstadt, Germany. The scientific program of the PANDA Collaboration is oriented towards precise studies of strong interaction in the QCD transi- tion region between asymptotically free quarks and hadronic matter. The maximum available center of mass total energy in the PANDA experiment ( √ s= 5.46 GeV/c 2 ) will allow hadronic structures involving the charm quark degrees of freedom to be investigated. The PANDA detector will be in- stalled around the internal target of the High Energy Storage Ring (HESR), which will accumulate, accelerate and cool up to 10 11 antiprotons. In the experiment, the annihilation of antiprotons with

Atomic physics at the future facility for antiproton and ion research: a status report

The new international accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) which is currently under construction in Darmstadt has key features that offer a wide range of exciting new opportunities in the field of atomic physics and related fields. The facility will provide highest intensities of relativistic beams of both stable and unstable heavy nuclei, in combination with the strong electromagnetic fields generated by high-power lasers, thus allowing to widen atomic physics research into completely new domains. In the current contribution, a short overview of the SPARC (Stored Particle Atomic physics Research Collaboration) research programme at the FAIR facility is given. Furthermore, we present the current strategy for the realization of the envisioned SPARC physics programme at the modularized start version of the FAIR facility.

High energy density physics studies using intense particle beams at the FAIR facility at Darmstadt

High Energy Density (HED) physics spans over numerous areas of basic and applied physics, for example, astrophysics, planetary physics, geophysics, inertial fusion and many others. During the past fifteen years, great progress has been made on the development of bunched intense particle beams that have emerged as a novel tool for studying HED physics. In this paper we present two experiment designs that have been worked out for HED physics studies at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt. This facility has entered into construction phase and will provide one of the largest and most powerful particle accelerators in the world.

Application of intense heavy ion beams to study high energy density physics

Intense particle beams have emerged as an additional, very efficient and highly flexible tool to study high energy density (HED) physics in the laboratory. Theoretical work has shown that particle beams can be employed using two very different dynamic schemes to generate large samples of HED matter in the laboratory. First, by isochoric and uniform heating of the targets and second, by shock compression of matter. GSI Helmholzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung is a very well-known laboratory due to its unique accelerator capabilities. Construction of the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt will increase the beam parameters substantially. This will allow the scientists to perform new experiments in the field of HED physics in unaccessed regions of the parameter space. Over the past decade, extensive theoretical work that is based on sophisticated two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations as well as analytic modeling has been carried out to design new HED physics experiments for the FAIR facility. Four different experiments have been proposed so far and an overview of this work is presented in this paper.

High Energy Density Physics Studies at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research: the HEDgeHOB Collaboration

AbstractThe forthcoming Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, is going to be a unique accelerator facility that will deliver high quality, strongly bunched, well focused, intense beams of heavy ions that will lead to unprecedented specific power deposition in solid matter. This will generate macroscopic samples of High Energy Density (HED) matter with fairly uniform physical conditions. These samples can be used to study the thermophysical and transport properties of HED matter. Extensive theoretical work has been carried out over the past decade to design numerous dedicated experiments to study HED physics at the FAIR, which has provided the basis for the HEDgeHOB (High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams) scientific proposal. This work is still in progress as the feasibility studies for more experimental schemes are being carried out.Another, very important research area that will benefit tremendously from the FAIR facility, is the production of radioactive beams. A superconducting fragment separator, Super–FRS is being designed for the production and separation of rare radioactive isotopes. Unlike the HED targets, the Super–FRS production target should not be destroyed or damaged by the beam, but should remain intact during the long experimental campaign. However, the high level of specific power deposited in the production target by the high intensity ion beam at FAIR, could cause serious problems to the target survival. These HED issues related to the Super–FRS production target are also discussed in the present paper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Laboratory planetary physics using intense heavy ion beams at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research at Darmstadt: the HEDgeHOB collaboration

Development of ultra-high power lasers has lead to the very interesting and important field of Laboratory Astrophysics. Recent progress and expected near future developments in the technology of strongly bunched intense particle beams has opened up the possibility of studying planetary interiors in the laboratory which hopefully will eventually converge in the new field of Laboratory Planetary Physics. GSI Helmholzzentrum fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt is a well known laboratory worldwide due to its unique particle accelerator facilities. Construction of the new huge accelerator complex, the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR), will substantially improve the existing capabilities of the GSI. A dedicated program named, HEDgeHOB, that aims to study different problems in High Energy Density (HED) Physics at the FAIR facility, has been proposed. One of these proposed experiments LAPLAS (LAboratory PLAnetary Science), aim to study materials at extreme conditions as relevant for the interiors of giant planets. In this paper we present simulation results that show that various regions of the high-pressure phase diagram of water can be probed within the LAPLAS experiments. For instance, the plasma and the superionic phase are predicted to occur in the interior of water-rich planets such as Uranus and Neptune as well as in extrasolar planets such as GJ 436b.

Calculation of the Magnetic Interaction of Neighboring Magnets for the Future High-Energy Storage Ring at the FAIR Facility

The Forschungszentrum Ju?lich is responsible for the complete design and the construction of the High-Energy Storage Ring HESR , at the future Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) in Darmstadt, Germany. This includes the layout and provision of all magnets where the dipole, quadrupole and sextupole magnets are the most important. All magnets will be iron-dominated and normally conductive. The distance between the magnets is small due to the restricted space in the tunnel. In contrast to isolated magnets, differences are expected for the effective magnetic length as well as the integrated higher-order multipole contributions. In this publication, the results of magnetic-field calculations are presented that assess the magnetic interaction of neighboring magnets.

X-ray spectroscopy of highly-charged heavy ions at FAIR

In the current contribution, we give an overview of the envisioned X-ray spectroscopy program within the atomic physics research collaboration SPARC (Stored Particle Atomic Research Collaboration) at FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research). These activities comprise, among others, the investigation of relativistic collision dynamics, electron correlation in the presence of strong fields, the test of Quantum Electrodynamics in extremely strong electromagnetic fields, and ideas to test the predictions of fundamental theories besides Quantum Electrodynamics. The state of the art X-ray spectroscopy will be of key importance for realization of these challenging goals. The world-wide unique experimental conditions and opportunities offered by the future FAIR facility will be combined with advanced X-ray detection devices, i.e. large-area, segmented solid-state detectors, high-resolution crystal spectrometers, calorimetric detectors etc.

Atomic physics with highly-charged ions at the future FAIR facility: A status report

The key features of the future international accelerator Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) offer a range of new and challenging opportunities for atomic physics research in the realm of highly-charged heavy ions and exotic nuclei. Centred on use of FAIR, the Stored Particle Atomic Physics Research Collaboration (SPARC), organized in working groups, has been formed. A short report on the tasks and activities of the various SPARC working groups, devoted to the realization of experimental equipments and set-ups required to reach the physics goals is given.

Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR)

The concept of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) has been developed by the international science community and the GSI Laboratory. It builds and substantially expands on many seminal developments made by GSI and its international users over the last decade in cooler-ring technology and physics for high-energy heavy ion beams. The central part of the FAIR facility are two superconducting synchrotrons which will deliver high intensity ion beams up to 35 GeV per nucleon for experiments with primary beams of ions up to uranium and with secondary (radioactive) ion beams and antiprotons. FAIR will open up unique opportunities for a broad spectrum of research programs comprising OCD studies with cooled beams of antiprotons, nucleus-nucleus collisions at highest baryon density, nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics investigations with nuclei far off stability, high density plasma physics, atomic and material science studies, radio-biological investigations and other interdisciplinary studies.

Studies of equation of state properties of high-energy density matter using intense heavy ion beams at the future FAIR facility: The HEDgeHOB collaboration

This paper shows with the help of numerical simulations the capabilities of intense heavy ion beams to induce states of high-energy density (HED) in matter. Two different experimental schemes are considered, namely, HIHEX (heavy ion heating and expansion) and LAPLAS (laboratory planetary sciences). The first scheme considers isochoric heating and subsequent isentropic expansion of matter while the latter deals with low entropy compression of matter using multiple shock reflection technique. This work has been done within the framework of the HEDgeHOB (high-energy density matter generated by heavy ion beams) collaboration that has been formed to organize and facilitate construction of experimental facilities and later to perform experimental work in the field of HED matter at the future FAIR (facility for antiprotons and ion research) facility.

Studies of Strongly Coupled Plasmas Using Intense Heavy Ion Beams at the Future FAIR Facility: the HEDgeHOB Collaboration

AbstractThis paper shows with the help of numerical simulations that the high intensity bunched beam of uranium that will be available at the future FAIR (Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research) facility [W.F. Henning, Nucl. Inst. Meth. B, 214 (2004) 211] at Darmstadt, will be a very efficient tool to create High‐Energy‐Density (HED) states in matter (including strongly coupled plasmas) in the laboratory. We have simulated hydrodynamic and thermodynamic response of targets made of different materials including aluminum and lead. These simulations have been carried out using a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic computer code, BIG‐2. Our simulations show that one can create a plasma with a plasma coupling parameter, Γ, of the order of 5. Such plasmas are believed to exist in stars, brown dwarfs and giant planets. Experimental study of such systems is therefore of great importance to our understanding of the universe. It has also been theoretically predicted that the stopping power of strongly coupled plasmas will be less than that of ideal plasmas. This could have very important implications for inertial confinement fusion energy production schemes. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Calculations of high-power production target and beamdump for the GSI future Super-FRS for a fast extraction scheme at the FAIR Facility

A superconducting fragment separator (Super-FRS) is being designed for the production and separation of radioactive isotopes at the future FAIR (Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research) facility at Darmstadt. This paper discusses various aspects and requirements for the high-power production target that will be used in the Super-FRS experiments. The production target must survive over an extended period of time as it will be used during the course of many experiments. The specific power deposited by the high intensity beam that will be generated at the future FAIR facility will be high enough to destroy the target in most of the cases as a result of a single shot from the new heavy ion synchrotrons SIS100/300. By using an appropriate beam intensity and focal spot parameters, the target would survive after being irradiated once. However, the heat should be dissipated efficiently before the same target area is irradiated again. We have considered a wheel shaped solid carbon target that rotates around its axis so that different areas of the target are irradiated successively. This allows for cooling of the beam heated region by thermal conduction before the same part of the target is irradiated a second time. Another attractive option is to use a liquid jet target at the Super-FRS. First calculations of a possible liquid lithium target are also presented in this paper. One of the advantages of using lithium as a target is that it will survive even if one uses a smaller focal spot, which has half the area of that used for a solid carbon target. This will significantly improve the isotope resolution.A similar problem associated with these experiments will be safe deposition of the beam energy in a beamdump after its interaction with the production target. We also present calculations to study the suitability of a proposed beamdump.

Target heating in high-energy-density matter experiments at the proposed GSI FAIR facility: Non-linear bunch rotation in SIS100 and optimization of spot size and pulse length

The Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) Darmstadt has been approved to build a new powerful facility named FAIR (Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research) which involves the construction of a new synchrotron ring SIS100. In this paper, we will report on the results of a parameter study that has been carried out to estimate the minimum pulse lengths and the maximum peak powers achievable, using bunch rotation RF gymnastic-including nonlinearities of the RF gap voltage in SIS100, using a longitudinal dynamics particle in cell (PIC) code, ESME. These calculations have shown that a pulse length of the order of 20 ns may be possible when no prebunching is performed while the pulse length gradually increases with the prebunching voltage. Three different cases, including 0.4 GeV/u, 1 GeV/u, and 2.7 GeV/u are considered for the particle energy. The worst case is for the kinetic energy of 0.4 GeV/u which leads to a pulse length of about 100 ns for a prebunching voltage of 100 kV (RF amplitude). The peak power was found to have a maximum, however, at 0.5–1.5kV prebunching voltage, depending on the mean kinetic energy of the ions. It is expected that the SIS100 will deliver a beam with an intensity of 1–2 × 1012 ions. Availability of such a powerful beam will make it possible to study the properties of high-energy-density (HED) matter in a parameter range that is very difficult to access by other means. These studies involve irradiation of high density targets by the ion beam for which optimization of the target heating is the key problem. The temperature to which a target can be heated depends on the power that is deposited in the material by the projectile ions. The optimization of the power, however, depends on the interplay of various parameters including beam intensity, beam spot area, and duration of the ion bunch. The purpose of this paper is to determine a set of the above parameters that would lead to an optimized target heating by the future SIS100 beam.