Facilitation Techniques Research Articles

Moving beyond tokenism: Sustaining engagement of persons living with dementia in identifying emergency research priorities.

The Geriatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network 2.0-Advancing Dementia Care (GEAR 2.0-ADC) aims to advance research efforts to improve the emergency care of persons living with dementia (PLWDs). To support this objective, GEAR 2.0-ADC convened a virtual consensus conference to prioritize emergency care research opportunities for PLWDs inclusive of perspectives of PLWDs to ensure identification of research gaps in response to their experiences and priorities. Inclusion of PLWDs as research partners is increasingly recognized as a best practice, however, approaches to facilitating consensus participation are lacking. Best practices for supporting the engagement of PLWDs in a consensus conference, applied across its three phases (pre-conference, during the conference, and post-conference), include: establishing a learning environment focused on research priorities before the event, presenting information in ways that align with participants' learning preferences while accommodating cognitive impairments, and providing multiple opportunities and methods for gathering post-conference feedback from PLWDs. These strategies were identified by PLWDs and care partners (CPs) through semi-structured interviews, who were involved in the convening process, aimed at exploring ways to enhance facilitation techniques for participants. Additionally, these summarized insights aim to encourage the use of community-engaged approaches in discussions and consensus-building around research priorities in emergency care, particularly for PLWDs and their CPs.

Evaluation of virtual training delivery for health information systems implementation in Canada: A qualitative study.

As health information systems (HIS) become a critical part of patient care, it is crucial to build an effective education strategy that facilitates the adoption and sustained use of these systems. The COVID-19 pandemic (2019-2023) has contributed to the rapid shift in virtual education and training for healthcare staff. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and long-term sustainability of virtual training for using a HIS by examining opportunities and challenges. An exploratory, multimethods study was conducted with staff who had taken part in a virtual HIS training program as part of the clinical transformation journey at a large academic health science center in Canada. The study was guided by the Accelerating the Learning Cycle framework. Data were collected through pre- and post-training surveys, as well as semi-structured interviews. An iterative, inductive, constant comparative analysis approach, outlined by Braun and Clarke, was taken to thematically analyse the data. Of the 33 participants in this study, 13 were educational champions, and 20 were end-users. The pre- and post-training surveys yielded a total of 1479 responses in both groups. Three prominent themes emerged from this study: (1) fostering dynamic facilitation techniques to cultivate an inclusive culture and adapt to diverse learning needs; (2) integrating practical learning activities that contribute to knowledge retention; and (3) ensuring training resources are accessible and consistent for an optimal training experience. As HIS continue to be part of the transformation of the healthcare ecosystem, education is vital in preparing healthcare providers to perform their clinical tasks and effectively use these technologies. Findings from this study can be used to inform the development of virtual training that is inclusive and addresses the needs of care providers.

A Study to Compare the Effects of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise Technique, and Propeoceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (Hold Relax) Technique on Tightness, and Strength of Hamstring Muscle among Young Adults

Flexibility is defined as the ability of a muscle to lengthen, allowing one joint or more to move through a range of motion (ROM), and is an essential component of normal biomechanical functioning. Hamstring tightness can occur due to the sedentary lifestyle which is the main reason for postural abnormalities. Therefore, it is important to have optimal muscle flexibility for optimal performance. In this line of thought, the present study is designed to compare the effects of Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise Technique and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation hold relax technique on hamstring tightness among young adults. AIM OF THE STUDY- “To compare the effects of mulligan traction straight leg raise technique and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (hold relax) technique on tightness and strength of hamstring muscle among young adults”. METHODOLOGY- The total duration of the study was one and a half year. Subjects meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected in the study. A minimum of 60 subjects, both male and female with age between 18-25 years, were selected for the study and subsequently divided into three groups with minimum of 20 subjects in each group. Group A (control group) was given warm up and hot pack for 15 minutes. Groups B and C were experimental groups. Group B was given Mulligan Traction Straight Leg Raise technique in addition to warm up and hot pack. Group C was given PNF hold relax technique in addition to warm up and hot pack. The baseline data was recorded on first day (pre intervention) and on last day of second week (post intervention). All the interventions were performed once a day, five days a week for two weeks. DATA ANALYSIS- The collected data will be analysed using ANOVA and other statistical tests as appropriate (SPSS software). RESULT- The result of present study shows that PNF hold relax is more effective in improving flexibility of the hamstring muscle than Mulligan TSLR.

Identifying future research priorities in the field of interpersonal violence (IV) towards athletes in sport: a Delphi study

ObjectiveOur aim was to define the priorities for future research in safeguarding athletes from interpersonal violence (IV) in sport through a Delphi consensus study of researchers in the field.MethodsAn internet-based...

Using a policy learning lens to understand health financing policy outcomes: the case of translating strategic health purchasing into policy and practice in Burkina Faso

IntroductionAchieving universal health coverage (UHC) through an effective health financing system is a challenge for many low-income countries. Learning is key to success due to many uncertainties and unknowns. Using...

Effectiveness of strengthening and stretching exercise along with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques to reduce pain and improve shoulder range of motion in adhesive capsulitis: A literature review

Abstract: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) can be defined as a common condition characterized by insidious and gradual inflammation of the glenohumeral joint capsule leading to its contracture and thus resulting in stiffness and loss of shoulder mobility. The disease causes slowly increasing pain and gradually decreasing range of motion (ROM), creating difficulty performing daily activities. Treatments advocated for AC include rehabilitation as the initial conservative measure, anti-inflammatory drugs, intra-articular corticosteroids, capsular distension injections, and surgical interventions The purpose is to review literatures on the effectiveness of strengthening and stretching exercise along with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques to reduce pain and improve shoulder ROM in AC.

Adapting Group Model Building for Mental Healthcare: A Participatory Co-Design Approach.

Countries around the world are experiencing both a growing need for mental health services and major gaps in the delivery of mental healthcare. The World Health Organisation's 2022 report on mental health emphasised co-designed and systems-level innovations responsive to the voice of those with lived experience. However, evidence for implementing such methodologies is sparse. Group model building (GMB), a participatory systems-based approach, has been used in various fields, but its application is limited within mental healthcare settings. It is recognised as a valuable tool for engaging stakeholders, including those with lived experience, in understanding and redesigning health systems and services. The participatory approach aligns with the mental health sector's shift towards co-design and person-centred care. This study assessed the acceptability of GMB as a method for co-design within mental healthcare, aiming to explore its potential for meaningful collaborative improvement and systems-level insights. Participants from a regional Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Service (MHDAS) engaged in GMB workshops and focus groups. Eighteen individuals, including lived experience workers and healthcare professionals, provided feedback that informed adjustments to the workshops' design, language, timing and facilitation techniques, enhancing GMB's relevance for mental health co-design. The findings demonstrate the value and acceptability of the adapted GMB process in acute mental healthcare, marking a significant step towards evidence-based, person-centred service improvement. This study highlights the potential effectiveness of participatory methods in identifying and addressing systemic challenges, paving the way for future mental health reforms. Future work will focus on implementing and evaluating co-designed interventions, aiming for more inclusive and effective mental healthcare and advancing innovation and reform in the field.

Physical therapy in a patient with viral -encephalitis hemi-paresis: A Case report

The purpose of the rehabilitation program is to improve motor skills, coordination, sensory system, mobilization and other existing disorders to achieve activity of daily living (ADL). Physical therapy as part of the multidisciplinary approach can provide core stability exercises, muscular facilitation and stimulation of motion of the upper and lower extremities, balance exercises and mobility exercises, as well as strengthening exercises with PNF facilitation and active stimulation techniques and using the patient's body weight as a training burden. Bobath approach and facilitation exercise can reduce spasticity by strengthening the antagonist muscles. MMT right upper extremity 3/5, left upper extremity 4/5, right lower extremity 2/5, and left lower extremity 3/5. Ashworth scale right upper extremity 1/4, right lower extremity 2/4, and left lower extremity 1/4. Clonus is reduced, the patient can stand with maximum support without clonus for 10 minutes. Trunk impairment scale 12/23 and Barthel index 65/100. Anthropometric examination showed differences in the circumference of the lower extremities, namely the right patella circumference 34-32 cm left, right upper leg 39 cm-left 37 cm, and left lower leg 29-24 cm. Mobilize the patient to a laying position with minimal assistance. Mobilization of the patient is being able to sit with minimal assistance, namely stabilization in the pelvis, sitting to standing with moderate support, which is supported at the knee bilaterally, and standing with support at the knee and pelvic for 10 minutes. This case report concludes that although physiotherapy is done late with strengthening exercise and core stability strengthening techniques, lying down strengthening exercise, it can improve motor skills, coordination, which in turn will increase the patient's independence in carrying out functional activities and ADLs.

Rehabilitation technique of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation applied to volleyball vertical jump: A randomized double blinded cross-over clinical trial

Objectivecompare the acute effect of lower limb stretching exercises with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the antagonist and agonist muscle groups in the execution of a vertical jump (VJ). Methoda randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial was conducted involving 30 male volleyball athletes. Group A engaged in PNF on the antagonist muscles, while Group B applied the same method to the agonist muscles. Following a 48-h washout period, the interventions were swapped between the respective groups. Both groups underwent assessments averaging three countermovement vertical jumps (CVJ) with hands on hips and three VJ with arms free. Measurement was taken using the Encoder – Ergonauta I, with over 1500 jumps recorded. The participants were evaluated for their level of flexibility and VJ performance using the Jump Sigma Index application. Resultsan acute decrease in average performance was identified, amounting to 3.86 % for the CMJ with hands on hips and 3.06% for the CVJ with free hands, following PNF in the agonists. Conclusionthere was no statistical difference between the means before and after the intervention when PNF was applied to the antagonistic hamstring muscles. The CVJ modalities with hands on hips and with free hands presented statistically similar indices. The study suggests that there is no impediment to the implementation of warm-up or training protocols that involve stretching in the antagonistic muscles. Further research will be relevant to better clarify the relationship between the effects of stretching on antagonistic muscle groups and to formalize future protocols.

Key Competencies in Emergency Medicine Training in Belgium: A New Criteria-Based Evaluation Strategy.

Background In French-speaking Belgium, Emergency Medicine (EM) has been a recognized professional qualification for the last two decades. Currently, there is no consensus on the core competencies required for EM postgraduates. During the six-year training period, the acquisition of technical skills (scientific knowledge and technical procedures) is emphasized, but little account is taken regarding the development of non-technical skills such as communication, collaboration, leadership, and professionalism. Furthermore,currently, there is no criteria-based assessment grid to evaluate the achievement of skills at the end of each three-month clinical rotation. The subjectivity inherent in the current evaluation process increases the inequity and variability from one clinical rotation to another. This study aimed to develop a practical tool: a criteria-based assessment grid to identify the core competencies required of EM postgraduates, help learners identify skills that have been acquired and those not yet attained, and establish an evaluation process that is equitable, objective, and uniform. Methodology Using a group facilitation technique, we developed a consensus among a panel of expert emergency department clinical rotation supervisors from three French-speaking universities. During the first phase of the study, the experts validated a list of core competencies adapted from different existing competency frameworks. The validated core competencies constituted the evaluation criteria for the assessment grid. During the second phase of the study, the experts determined the level of skill expertise expected for each of these competencies, depending on the training level of the EM postgraduate. In our assessment grid, five levels of skill expertise and three levels of EM postgraduate training were defined. Results A total of 18 Emergency department clinical rotation supervisors from the three French-speaking universities participated during the first round of the process, 12 during the second round, and 11 during the third round. Of the 81 initial competencies proposed, 78 reached consensus. For each of these competencies, the level of skill expertise was determined for the three levels of training. Conclusions A criteria-based assessment grid was developed by consensus. The grid identifies the core competencies required of EM postgraduates, integrating technical and non-technical skills. Used at the end of each clinical rotation, it determines which skills have been acquired and where gaps exist, allowing for improvements in EM training. The assessment grid promotes an evaluation that is criteria-based, objective, and uniform from one clinical rotation to another.

From Hospital to Home: Applying a Co-design Approach to Determine Key Components of an Intervention to Support Transition-to-Home After Stroke

Abstract Background When people with stroke transition from the hospital back to their homes, they and their families frequently experience multi-faceted unmet needs and feelings of abandonment. Uncertainty surrounds the fundamental components of an intervention intended to support transition-to-home after a stroke. The aim of this study was to utilise a co-design process to identify key components for a patient-centred support intervention facilitating the transition home after stroke, and to explore what might be feasible within a real-world context. Methods The primary researcher, a larger team of researchers, and an individual with lived experience of stroke facilitated a series of three workshops for 12 people with stroke, 6 caregivers, 26 healthcare professionals, and 6 representatives from stroke organisations. World Café methodology and Liberating Structures facilitation techniques were adapted to meet the study aim. Data collection involved making observations during workshops, summarising findings, and reaching group consensus agreement on outputs. The final output was the consequence of facilitated consensus on a prioritisation task. Individuals with lived experience of stroke contributed to study design, ethics, and co-design outputs, providing input for future research and co-facilitating workshops with the research team. Results The co-design group identified 10 key intervention components to support people with stroke and their families during the transition from hospital-to-home. These components focussed on enhancing collaboration, streamlining transition processes, and facilitating post-discharge support. While a stroke coordinator was considered a top priority, increased cross-setting information sharing and community-based healthcare staff in-reach, were considered most feasible to implement. Conclusion The co-design approach, involving a multi-stakeholder group, was strengthened by patient and public involvement. This ensured that the identified transition-to-home intervention components are meaningful and relevant for people with stroke and their families. To further refine, and feasibility test the components for generalisability within the wider Irish healthcare context, additional co-design workshops are required.

From Hospital to Home: Applying a Co-Design Approach to Determine the Key Components of an Intervention to Support Transition-To-Home After Stroke.

People with stroke and their families face numerous challenges as they leave hospital to return home, often experiencing multifaceted unmet needs and feelings of abandonment. The essential elements of an intervention intended to support transition-to-home after stroke are unclear. The aim of the project was to engage in a co-design process to identify the key components of a pragmatic intervention to inform a transition-to-home support pathway following stroke. The study was conducted using a co-design process engaging multiple stakeholders, including 12 people with stroke, 6 caregivers, 26 healthcare professionals and 6 individuals from stroke organisations in a series of three workshops, facilitated by the primary researcher, a wider team of researchers and an individual with lived experience of stroke. World Café methodology and Liberating Structures facilitation techniques were adapted to meet the aim of the workshops. Data collection involved observations during workshops, followed by summarising of findings and reaching group consensus agreement on outputs. Facilitated consensus on a prioritisation task resulted in the final output. The co-design group identified 10 key intervention components of a transition-to-home support pathway following stroke. These components focussed on enhancing collaboration, streamlining transition processes and facilitating post-discharge support. While a stroke coordinator was considered a top priority, increased cross-setting information sharing and community in-reach, where community-based healthcare staff extended their services into hospital settings to provide continuity care, were considered most feasible to implement. The co-design approach, involving a multi-stakeholder group and strengthened by patient and public involvement, ensured that the identified transition-to-home intervention components are meaningful and relevant for people with stroke and their families. Further co-design workshops are required to refine, and feasibility test the components for generalisability within the wider Irish healthcare setting. Individuals who have experienced a stroke actively contributed to shaping the methodological design of this study and the ethics process. They engaged in the analysis of co-design outputs and provided input for the discussion and recommendations regarding future research. An individual who had experienced a stroke formed part of the research team, co-facilitating the co-design workshops and co-authoring this article.

The effect of different tensions/directions of I-shaped taping in combination with corrective exercise on postural kyphosis in adolescents.

Choosing appropriate complementary methods, such as exercise, along with taping methods may be effective in treating patients with kyphosis. The present study aimed to examine the effect of different tape tensions/directions combined with corrective exercises on the degree of postural kyphosis in adolescents. In this randomized controlled trial, 54 adolescents with postural kyphosis were assigned into three groups: No taping (control), I-shaped taping technique with 10% stretching force (Kinesiotape I), and I-shaped taping using facilitation technique with 40% stretching force (Kinesiotape II). Both groups in Kinesiotaping also received a V-shaped tape (10% stretching force). All participants received a similar comprehensive corrective exercise. Patients received the allocated interventions for 6 weeks and visited every two weeks at the clinic. Measurements were done using a flexible ruler, kyphometer, and photogrammetry. Between-group analyses revealed no significant differences between the study groups following the interventions (p> 0.05). However, the within-group analyses according to flexible ruler, Kyphometer, and Photogrammetry measurements indicated that exercise alone (control) [p= 0.011, p= 0.056, and p= 0.005, respectively], Kinesiotape I - exercise [p= 0.001, p= 0.002, p= 0.013, and respectively], as well as Kinesiotape II - exercise [p< 0.001, p< 0.001, and p< 0.001, respectively] significantly decreased the postural kyphosis degree except exercise alone using Kyphometer measurement. No adverse events were observed during the study. The findings of photogrammetry, flexible rulers, and photogrammetry similarly indicated that the corrective exercises with or without tape tension/directions significantly decreased the postural kyphosis degree in adolescents.

Impact of PNF and MET technique on hamstring flexibility among university students with hamstring tightness

Background. Hamstring tightness affects pelvic posture, contributing to symptoms such as low back discomfort and improper lumbar-pelvic area motions. The purpose of this study is to determine the immediate effectiveness of both Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) and Muscle Energy Technique (MET) interventions on hamstring tightness. A paucity of literature has left a research gap on this topic. Thus, my study aims to compare the effects of these two interventions on improving hamstring flexibility among university students with hamstring tightness. Methods. Group I, consisting of 20 subjects, received PNF for 30 minutes. Group II, also consisting of 20 subjects, received MET for 30 minutes. The study was conducted for 4 weeks. Results. The ROM variables were examined using an independent ‘t’ test with a significance level of 0.05. The mean ± SD of the difference in hamstring ROM for the PNF group was 9.77 ± 4.01° and 10.7 ± 5.21° for the MET group. This indicates that a marked difference was obtained between Group I and Group II, as well as a substantial variation between both the pre-intervention and post-intervention values. Conclusion. The findings demonstrated that both PNF and MET significantly improved (p = 0.000) ROM. Meanwhile, no significant difference (p &gt; 0.05) was found between these two interventions.

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapular dyskinesis in patients with subacute stroke

Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique on scapular dyskinesis in patients with subacute stroke

ARCHIVE PAPER: Micro worlds versus boundary objects in group model building: evidence from the literature on problem definition and model conceptualization (2007)

Foreword by David AndersenWhen I saw the call for papers for the Special Issue on Qualitative Aspects of System Dynamics Modeling, I immediately thought of the unpublished work completed by my graduate student Aldo Zagonel. I nominated it for consideration as an Archives paper. I believe this 2007 working paper (originally posted on the Sandia website) may be one of the best unpublished pieces of early work on the qualitative nature of our client‐based modeling efforts. (Although Dr. Zagonel included me as an author of the 2007 working paper, my involvement was simply that of a graduate advisor. He deserves all the credit for this work and manuscript.) Zagonel developed this work in his doctoral program and presented an earlier version at the 2002 International System Dynamics Conference (Zagonel 2002). That version of the paper won the Dana Meadows Award for the best student paper.Zagonel's doctoral work was part of our early efforts at UAlbany to develop group model building (GMB) as a technique in system dynamics. These approaches to model conceptualization and formulation blend quantitative and qualitative methods with strong scripted facilitation techniques. Zagonel was the first to note how this combination of approaches creates the ideal‐type dichotomy between “micro worlds” and “boundary objects” that he describes in this paper. His suggestion that much of the good work in system dynamics draws on both of these ideal types was prescient. The ideas discussed here have influenced many others over the years. I am pleased they will now be more easily accessible for our field.I am especially pleased that this paper is being published in the same issue as Laura Black's (2024) thoughtful reflection on Dr. Zagonel's paper and extension of the ideal‐type dichotomy he presents. Her paper offers an update on the idea of Zagonel's “straw man” comparison of micro worlds and boundary objects, suggesting that these are two points on a continuum of models that contribute to decision making and stakeholder interaction. She shows how this aspect of our field has developed in the last few decades and provides a clear framework for how to think about our work.Black, LJ. 2024. Reflecting on Zagonel's Dichotomy of Microworlds and Boundary Objects. System Dynamics Review.Zagonel AA. 2002. Model conceptualization in Group Model Building: A review of the literature exploring the tension between representing reality and negotiating a social order. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. Palermo, Italy (July 28‐August 1).AbstractBased upon participant observation in group model building and content analysis of the system dynamics literature, I postulate that modeling efforts have a dual nature. On one hand, the modeling process aims to create a useful representation of a real‐world system. This must be done, however, while aligning the clients' mental models around a shared view of the system. There is significant overlap and confusion between these two goals and how they play out on a practical level. This research clarifies these distinctions by establishing an ideal‐type dichotomy. To highlight the differences, I created two straw men: “micro world” characterizes a model that represents reality and “boundary object” represents a socially negotiated model. Using this framework, the literature was examined, revealing evidence for several competing views on problem definition and model conceptualization. The results are summarized in the text of this article, substantiated with strikingly polarized citations, often from the same authors. I also introduce hypotheses for the duality across the remaining phases of the modeling process. Understanding and appreciation of the differences between these ideal types can promote constructive debate on their balance in system dynamics theory and practice. © 2024 System Dynamics Society.

Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Balance Function and Muscle Health in Older Adults With High Fall Risk.

Older adults frequently encounter health challenges, such as impaired balance and muscle health, which increase risk of falls. The current study investigated the effectiveness of the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique in improving balance and muscle health among older adults with high fall risk. A total of 160 older adults with high fall risk were randomized into control and intervention groups. Over 6 months, the control group received standard interventions, while the intervention group received the same interventions and additional PNF training. Both groups demonstrated improvements in balance function over time, with the intervention group exhibiting significant improvements in Berg Balance Scale scores, Timed Up and Go test times, and 30-Second Chair Stand Test counts (p < 0.05). Bone density significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05), although no substantial differences in lower limb muscle mass were observed. Satisfaction rates were higher and fall incidents fewer in the intervention group. The PNF technique is effective in enhancing balance function and muscle health in older adults with high fall risk, demonstrating potential in reducing fall risk and improving quality of life among older adults. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50(8), 37-44.].

The effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on individuals with text neck syndrome: A randomized controlled study.

Text neck syndrome is an overuse condition that has become a global problem for all ages who use smartphones. Although therapeutic approaches are used to manage text neck syndrome, relatively little evidence exists on efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques on individuals with text neck syndrome. Thirty-eight participants with text neck syndrome were randomly allocated to either the experimental or control group. Both groups performed the program including cervical range of motion, strengthening, and posture correction exercises for 6 weeks, 3 days a week, once a day for 10 repetitions. In the experimental group were included in a PNF program 3 days a week for 6 weeks. In the program, contract-relax and replication techniques were used. Pain intensity, cervical range of motion, cervical muscles' endurance, posture, and disability were assessed. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Pain intensity, neck muscle endurance tests, posture, and disability scores significantly improved in both groups (P < .05). The cervical range of motion values in all directions were significantly increased only in the experimental group (P < .05). The improvements in pain intensity, neck muscle endurance tests, posture, and disability scores were greater in the experimental group compared with the control group (P < .05). PNF could be used effectively to reduce neck pain and disability level and enhance cervical range of motion, cervical muscles' endurance, and posture in individuals with text neck syndrome.

Cogito meliorem! В поисках волшебных способов повысить креативность

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This paper presents a systematical review of facilitation techniques for creativity in general and insight solutions in particular. The facilitation techniques are fairly diverse, therefore we grouped them into nine categories: rest, attention management, impact of emotions, adding new context, physical activity, interactivity, future-thought priming, metacognitive training, and unusual techniques for increasing creativity. Each category is provided by a brief description and a set of studies that demonstrate possibilities and limitations of the techniques as well as an analysis and comparison of the techniques with each other. At the conclusion, we present a model of levels of creative solution facilitation based on four classical psychological levels. According to this model, influence on the solution can be carried out (1) through conscious strategies for managing the solution through metacognition; due to changes occurring in (2) cognitive and (3) emotional-motivational processes; (4) indirectly, due to changes in the external environment. We made a general conclusion about the variety of techniques that influence the creativity process, and most of them combine several possible facilitation mechanisms, making each technique more effective and applicable to various types of creative tasks.&lt;/p&gt;

Toward inclusive justice: Applying the Diverse Voices design method to improve the Washington State Access to Justice Technology Principles

Just court systems are enabled by inclusive justice practices. Toward creating conditions for more inclusive justice–specifically engaging with and enabling experiential experts–we applied the Diverse Voices method to improve the Access to Justice Technology Principles (ATJ-TPrinc) which guide court administration in Washington State, USA. We situate our work in literature on inclusive justice, public interest technology in the courts, value sensitive design, and experiential experts. Then we present our research context, the Washington State ATJ-TPrinc, and our method, the Diverse Voices. We provide details on our methods, including our project genesis and implementation of the Diverse Voices process. We conducted experiential expert panels with four stakeholder groups: legal professionals, currently/formerly incarcerated people, immigrant communities, and rural communities. We then report key concerns and insights that surfaced during the panels as well as the review process and adoption of the revised Principles by the Washington State Supreme Court. We document changes to the ATJ-Princ informed by feedback from the expert panelists, including two new principles – P11 Human Touch and P12 Language Access. The discussion focuses on evidence for success, skillful implementation of the Diverse Voices method, the need for complementary regulation, and benefits to inclusive justice efforts and public interest technology projects. Our contributions entail: (1) a case study demonstrating the use of the Diverse Voices method to improve a tech policy document for the Washington State court system; (2) for public interest technology, a model for public engagement around tech policy that foregrounds participation of experiential experts, as well as the conditions necessary to ensure concerns raised are both heard and acted upon; (3) facilitation techniques and skills for enabling diverse stakeholder groups to express their concerns around responsible computing systems; and (4) revised and expanded access to justice technology principles to support more inclusive justice.