Design Of Facilities Research Articles

MOF-Based Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane for Promoting Osteogenesis by Regulating Bone Microenvironment through Cascade Effects.

Regulation of bone microenvironment (BME) including innate pH values and metal ions affects cellular functions and activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby significantly influencing the process of bone regeneration. How to achieve multiple effective regulations of the BME through cascade effects via facile material design and fabrication to significantly facilitate osteogenesis remains a challenge. Herein, a facilely-designed resorbable guided bone regeneration membrane (PCL/DEX@Ca-Zol) based on a drug-loaded metal-organic framework is reported. Thereinto, calcium ions, zoledronic acid, and dexamethasone embedded in the membrane can be responsively released specifically inside bone defect in an acid-triggered manner to synergistically regulate BME by neutralization of pH value, enhancement of osteogenic differentiation and mineralization, and inhibition of osteoclasts in one-go. Along with polycaprolactone as a structural support in the membrane for bone regeneration with fully utilized components of the composite membrane material, enhances bone regeneration with minimized side effects is accordingly achieved with the assistance of effective modulation of BME through multiple cascade effects.

Flame-induced performance enhancement of MXene-based nanocomposite sponge for infrared stealth and strain sensing

Assembling MXene nanofillers on a macroscopic carrier via the non-covalent bonding forces is one of the most efficient paths for preparing the MXene-based nanocomposites with multi functions and hierarchical structure. However, the frequently-used substrates, such as cotton fabric, synthetic textile, and polymer sponge are highly flammable, severely restricting the practical applications in some highly integrated scenarios. Herein, we report a facile design strategy that enables us to readily achieve the flame retardant MXene-based nanocomposites for highly efficient infrared stealth and strain sensing even when used in high-temperature environments. In particular, a phosphorus-nitrogen rich compound (HPTCP) was intercalated into the laminates of Ti3C2Tx-MXene to construct a hybrid flame retardant that was coated on the skeletons of melamine sponge by repeated dip-coating procedures. As a result of the synergistic effect among multicomponent, the Ti3C2Tx-HPTCP coated sponge displays excellent structural stability in real fire. In this case, flame treatment was adopted to create micro-/nano-scale cracks in the coated sponge and skeletons, significantly enhancing the sensitivity (∼0.20 kPa−1) and shortening the response time (69 ms) to strain. The burned sponge sensor can be employed for monitoring various human motions, from tiny throat vibrations and facial expressions to large-scale finger and knee bending. Besides, the burned sample still maintains the superior infrared stealth performance with a wide stealth temperature range, a large reduction in radiation temperature of 154 °C for the object temperature of 300 °C, and long-term working stability at high temperatures. Given the simple fabrication process, multilevel structural design, and stable performance, this work provides a promising strategy for addressing the flammability issue of template-based composite materials

Trade-offs in Evidence Based Design: 'the Patient Door Debate'.

The door between the semi-public corridor and the single-occupancy patient room of a newly built University Medical Centre in the Netherlands has been heavily debated during its Evidence Based Design (EBD) and experience-informed design. It was also heavily debated since the wards came into use in 2018. It is well known that, regarding door design, a trade-off has to be made between aspects such as privacy, visibility, and safety. This makes our case study exemplary for the trade-offs to be made in EBD practice. This study traces back to how the design decisions for the door, dating from 2011, were made. Safety, privacy, control, and support for the social and emotional wellbeing of patients, relatives, and staff were the aim, but this is not experienced as such by all concerned. This case study evaluation highlights the tension between EBD principles and everyday practice, where the interplay between 'bricks, bytes, and behavior' has to be considered, and every consciously debated design solution might bring new and unforeseen challenges elsewhere. Our practice-based research combines the analysis of documentation on the design decision-making process with evaluation interviews with nurse managers in 2019. Our findings on 'the (Dutch) patient door debate' can contribute to awareness of trade-offs to be made in health facility design, complemented with supportive IT systems and efficient and effective staff workflows. It can enhance the understanding of the many aspects that need to come into consideration during design dialogues with experts and end-users.

Ground Models for Tailings Management

Tailings and tailings storage facilities (TSF) are an unavoidable by-product of mining, the improper design, construction, and management of which has historically caused significant environmental and societal impacts. The 2020 ‘Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management’ (GISTM) was introduced into tailings management practice to “achieve the ultimate goal of zero harm to people and the environment and zero tolerance for human fatality” and provides the framework by which facility operators, designers, consultants, and other stakeholders approach tailings management. GISTM includes the requirement of a site characterisation, considered to be an equivalent to an Engineering Geological Model (EGM). The development of robust site characterisation(s) for tailings management is considered to require a series of interrelated ground models that make up the EGM and critically include a conceptual geological model, a total geological history approach, and a component of digital modelling. This paper provides a framework for the development of ground models for tailings management through the complete TSF lifespan, from concept to closure; by the reinterpretation of existing ground model literature in a mine-waste specific and GISTM compliant context.

Modeling Airflow and Temperature in a Sealed Cold Storage System for Medicinal Plant Cultivation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Effective air circulation is crucial for plant growth, requiring adequate airflow and environmental stability. This study utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze airflow patterns in a controlled testing chamber, focusing on how miniature fan placement affects airflow direction and temperature distribution. Ten case studies were conducted, with the CFD model validated against experimental data collected from six monitoring locations on the plant growth table. Model validation was performed using statistical analyses including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). The validation results showed strong agreement between simulated and experimental data, with R2 values of 0.92 for temperature and 0.89 for airflow velocity. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in both airflow and temperature models at the 0.05 level, with the CFD model validation yielding an RMSE of 2.02 and an average absolute error of 1.17. Among the tested configurations, case M1 achieved the highest air velocity (0.317 m/s) and lowest temperature (27.03 °C), compared to M2 (0.255 m/s, 27.17 °C) and M3 (0.164 m/s, 27.18 °C). The temperature variations between cases significantly impacted cold storage efficiency, with case M1’s superior airflow distribution providing more uniform cooling. These findings offer practical guidelines for optimizing ventilation system design in medicinal plant cultivation facilities, particularly in maintaining ideal storage conditions through strategic fan placement and airflow management.

Directed motion of cognitive active agents in a crowded three-way intersection

Understanding the navigation through semi-dense crowds at intersections poses a significant challenge in pedestrian dynamics, with implications for facility design and insights into emergent collective behavior. To tackle this problem, a system of cognitive active agents at a crowded three-way intersection is studied using Langevin simulations of intelligent active Brownian particles (iABPs) with directed visual perception (resulting in non-reciprocal interactions) and self-steering avoidance—without volume exclusion. We find that the emergent self-organization depends on agent maneuverability, goal fixation, and vision angle, and identify several forms of collective behavior, including localized flocking, jamming and percolation, and self-organized rotational flows. Additionally, we demonstrate that the motion of individual agents can be characterized by fractional Brownian motion and Lévy walk models across different parameter regimes. Moreover, despite the rich variety of collective behavior, the fundamental flow diagram shows a universal curve for different vision angles. Our research highlights the impact of collision avoidance, goal following, and vision angle on the individual and collective dynamics of interacting pedestrians.

Highly Selective Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Defect-Driven Catalysis.

The production of methanol from the electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising method of mitigating climate change while simultaneously producing a useful liquid fuel. In this study, we design self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols on metal and metal oxide electrodes that operate via cooperative catalysis between the thiolated surface sites and exposed electrode defect sites. This defect-driven mechanism enables the fabrication of SAM-modified ZnO electrodes that yield methanol with an extraordinarily high Faradaic efficiency of up to 92%. To understand the origin of this high selectivity, we study the effect of the chain length of the alkanethiols, different tail functional groups, and applied voltages on catalyst performance. These results combined with density functional theory calculations give a detailed atomic-level understanding of catalyst operation. Furthermore, the SAM linkage tolerates CO2 reduction conditions, and the catalyst's excellent selectivity for methanol remains high after 10 h of continuous conversion. Taken together, these findings with SAM-based electrodes convey a new and facile design strategy for the creation of highly selective CO2 reduction electrocatalysts.

Graphitic nanotubes confined with Ni nanocrystals: Artificial armor for ammonium polyphosphate towards fire-safe epoxy composite

With the ever-growing usages of epoxy resin (EP) in versatile aspects, its high fire hazard comes to prominence. How to improve the flame retardancy of EP at the least cost has been hotspot. In this context, we have constructed an artificial armor, namely N doped graphitic nanotubes confined with nickel nanoparticles (NGNTs@Ni), on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP). Here, the ratios of NGNTs@Ni and APP are fixed at 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, acquiring the flame retardants of 1NGNTs@Ni/9APP, 2NGNTs@Ni/8APP, 3NGNTs@Ni/7APP. Compared with APP, 1NGNTs@Ni/9APP induces the superior inhibitions in heat, smoke and toxic gas releases. Concretely, the using of 15 wt% APP leads to reductions of 65.1 %, 22.8 %, 57.7 %, 40.1 % in peak heat release rate (PHRR), peak CO production rate (PCOPR), peak CO2 production rate (PCO2PR), peak smoke production rate (PSPR). By using 10 wt% 1NGNTs@Ni/9APP, the reductions in PHRR, PCOPR, PCO2PR, PSPR reach 75.6 %, 49.2 %, 70.4 %, 60.4 %. As anticipated, the high loading of APP triggers the decreases in mechanical properties while the using of modified APP results in the promotion in mechanical performances. In short, this work can provide inspirations for the facile design of APP based flame retardant, reducing its dosage and improving its flame retardation efficiency.

Design and Testing of a Small-Scale Composting Facility for Sheep Manure Utilizing Aeration and Thermal Treatment

Inner Mongolia has the largest sheep population among China’s provinces, resulting in the production of a substantial amount of sheep manure. If left untreated, this manure can contribute to environmental pollution. However, sheep manure serves a dual purpose: it can be both a pollutant and a valuable source of organic fertilizer. Consequently, there is an urgent need to address the environmental issues arising from manure accumulation and its unused status. In this paper, a viable solution is proposed: the conversion of manure into fertilizer through a composting unit incorporating high-temperature aerobic fermentation technology. This unit, tailored for small farms and individual farmers, integrates critical functions such as ventilation, heating, and turning. Additionally, it boasts excellent thermal insulation, enhancing composting efficiency and enabling precise control over fermentation conditions. This design mitigates heat loss and accelerates maturation, addressing common challenges in traditional composting. The design process encompassed both equipment construction and control systems, with a primary focus on compost fermentation and aeration heating. The components were carefully designed or selected based on theoretical analysis and subsequently validated using simulation software, including EDEM and Fluent. The control system seamlessly integrates a touch screen interface, PLC programming, and control circuits to manage air pumps and electric heaters in response to changes in temperature and oxygen concentration. Furthermore, it controls the motors during the recovery phase. A comprehensive performance evaluation was conducted, revealing notable improvements. Under artificially heated conditions, the maximum temperature of the compost increased by approximately 20 °C, the composting cycle was reduced by roughly 4 days, and the seed germination index (GI) rose by about 9% when compared to natural fermentation. Thus, this device significantly accelerates composting and improves fertilizer quality by increasing the decomposition rate.

Process Synthesis, Design and Techno-Economic Assessment of Malonic Acid Production

This work focuses on the design and techno-economic evaluation of an industrial facility for the production of malonic acid. The raw material utilized is commercial glucose syrup with a concentration of 95%. Based on a patent of Lygos, Inc., an innovative biotechnology research company, this study presents a comprehensive synthesis, design, and simulation framework for the production of malonic acid through oligosaccharide fermentation. An integrated process flowsheet is proposed and simulated using SuperPro Designer™. The analysis indicates that for an installation capacity of about 8000 MT/yr of the final product with a purity of 99.5%, the production cost is estimated at USD 7.92/kg. A comprehensive study of the capacity’s impact on economics reveals that this cost could decrease to as low as USD 6.05/kg. A parametric analysis and optimization conducted at the flowsheet level identifies opportunities for further reducing production costs, laying the groundwork for a potential decrease in the product’s selling price.

Built-in physics models and proton-induced nuclear data validation using MCNP, PHITS, and FLUKA – Impact on the shielding design for proton accelerator facilities

The MCNP, PHITS, and FLUKA are general-purpose Monte Carlo (MC) radiation transport codes that are widely used for many real-world shielding problems at accelerator facilities around the world. Nuclear interactions are described in these codes by either built-in physics models, or tables with evaluated cross sections and secondary energy-angular distributions, or a combination of both. Over the decades, many code validation efforts have been made, owing to the availability of shielding benchmarks to test the physics models and nuclear data and to verify the accuracy of simulation codes.For high beam energy and high beam current accelerator applications, neutron emission through the vacuum pipe along the reverse direction of incident proton beam is an important factor for a shielding design in order to correctly assess the dose rates for workers and the structural materials of the accelerator and handle with the waste activated by the backscattered neutron fluxes. In this work, neutron-production cross sections and thick-target yield predictions from MC codes relying on physics models and nuclear data libraries are benchmarked against the experimental data, in order to assess their accuracy in predicting neutron emission and furthermore to assess the corresponding impact on shielding design.The results of this study demonstrate that the nuclear data libraries and physics models, which are not expected to give good results at lower energies (< 150 MeV) but are used anyhow when there is no nuclear data available or above the energy range where the data tables end in the so-called “mix-and-match” strategy, need further improvements. Among the investigated proton induced nuclear data libraries, JENDL-4.0/HE produces the most satisfactory agreement to experimental data for all target materials, but may still benefit from refinement. Concerning the physics models of the codes, FLUKA V4-4.0 has the best performance in terms of reproducibility of the experimental values. It is also shown that all discrepancies between the calculations and the experiments for the energy range < 10 MeV (which is dominant on the dose rates through the shield thickness), are up to factor of two. This might be considered as an acceptable figure as it is equivalent to a normal safety margin (x2) considered in shielding calculations of accelerator facilities around the world.

Boosting Winter Green Travel: Prioritizing Built Environment Enhancements for Shared Bike Users Accessing Public Transit in the First/Last Mile Using Machine Learning and Grounded Theory

Shared bikes are widely used in Chinese cities as a green and healthy solution to address the First/Last Mile issue in public transit access. However, usage declines in cold regions during winter due to harsh weather conditions. While climate factors cannot be changed, enhancing the built environment can promote green travel even in winter. This study uses data from Shenyang, China, to investigate how built environment attributes impact the travel satisfaction of shared bike users who utilize bikes as a First/Last Mile solution to access public transit in winter cities. By employing machine learning algorithms combined with Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis (AIPA) and grounded theory, we systematically identify the key attributes and rank them based on their asymmetric impact and urgency of improvement. The analysis revealed 19 key attributes, 17 of which are related to the built environment, underscoring its profound influence on travel satisfaction. Notably, factors such as the profile design of cycling paths and safety facilities along routes were identified as high priorities for improvement due to their significant potential to enhance satisfaction. Meanwhile, features like barrier-free access along paths and street greenery offer substantial opportunities for improvement with more modest efforts. Our research provides critical insights into the nuanced relationship between built environment features and travel satisfaction for First/Last Mile shared bike users. By highlighting priority improvements, we offer urban planners and policymakers a framework for creating livable, sustainable environments that support green travel even in harsh winter conditions.

Perception of health workers and assessment of tree spp. Composition in adeoyo general hospital, ibadan, oyo state

Trees as a crucial component of forest play a vital role in providing a wide range of products and services including health benefits. The lack of information on tree species composition and diversity around public health care facilities in Ibadan may hinder comprehensive understanding of the ecological value and potential benefits that trees provide to the surrounding environment and public health care facilities. This study assessed the perceptions of health workers and evaluation of trees within the premises of Adeoyo General Hospital, Ibadan. Forty-nine (49) Structured questionnaire was used to derive the perceptions, while total enumeration of all the trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than or equal to 10 cm were identified and enumerated in the study area. Tables and percentages were used to analyze the perception of the health workers while data collected on dbh (cm) and total height (m) were used to compute basal area (m2) and volume (m3). The analysis of socio-demographic data revealed a higher representation of female health workers (61.2%), a concentration of professionals in the 30 to 39 age group (46.9%), and a predominant presence of married individuals with tertiary education. Examining health workers' perceptions, a significant consensus emerges on the positive effects of tree exposure. Workers believed that exposure to trees improve patient clinical outcomes, speeds up recovery, and boosts the immune system (42.9%). There is also recognition of the role of trees in reducing stress levels and enhancing focus for both patients and healthcare workers. The positive correlation between trees around healthcare facilities and increased staff satisfaction is noteworthy. In the study area, Azadirachta indica was the dominant tree species constituting 42.2% of the total population. Terminalia catappa and Gliricidia sepium are also of great significance. Mean diameter, height, basal area, and volume suggest a diverse forest with a wide range of tree sizes. Meliaceae dominated the families with 42.2% while other families like Fabaceae and Combretaceae also contributed to biodiversity and ecological significance. In DBH, Delonix regia had the highest value of 198.3cm while Newbouldia laevis had 15.1 cm as the lowest value. Antiaris africana and Azadirachta indica both had the maximum values of 19.8 m and 51.8 m3 in height and basal area respectively. Species diversity indices indicated a diverse forest ecosystem with 13 identified taxa and 64 individuals. The diversity index (Shannon-Wienner) of 1.89 - though it is low- is within the general limit for tropical forests. It is therefore recommended that integration and management of green spaces in healthcare facility design, development of employee wellness programs, promoting nature exposure, educational initiatives on the benefits of nature and economic valuation studies should be greatly considered.

Development of a web-based platform for rainwater retention facility design

ABSTRACT This study develops a web-based operational platform to streamline the integration of GIS technologies, hydrological analyses, and regulation inspections in the design process of rainwater retention facilities. The system incorporates a comprehensive design procedure, which entails: (1) selecting the type and size of the retention facility based on predefined options, (2) conducting hydrological analyses specific to the development site, and (3) verifying the design’s compliance with relevant regulations. Users can visualize flow hydrographs before and after development, estimate the increase in runoff volume resulting from development, and assess the reduction in peak outflow achieved by the retention facility. The system can also validate the adequacy of the retention facility design in alignment with regional flood control objectives. It offers a user-friendly geographical interface for designing retention facilities and drainageways at development sites. Furthermore, design information displayed on the platform can be conveniently shared with regulatory authorities through a web link.

Tailored ultrasound propagation in microscale metamaterials via inertia design.

The quasi-static properties of micro-architected (meta)materials have been extensively studied over the past decade, but their dynamic responses, especially in acoustic metamaterials with engineered wave propagation behavior, represent a new frontier. However, challenges in miniaturizing and characterizing acoustic metamaterials in high-frequency (megahertz) regimes have hindered progress toward experimentally implementing ultrasonic-wave control. Here, we present an inertia design framework based on positioning microspheres to tune responses of 3D microscale metamaterials. We demonstrate tunable quasi-static stiffness by up to 75% and dynamic longitudinal-wave velocities by up to 25% while maintaining identical material density. Using noncontact laser-based dynamic experiments of tunable elastodynamic properties and numerical demonstrations of spatio-temporal ultrasound wave propagation, we explore the tunable static and elastodynamic property relation. This design framework expands the quasi-static and dynamic metamaterial property space through simple geometric changes, enabling facile design and fabrication of metamaterials for applications in medical ultrasound and analog computing.

Virtual Value Engineering in Investment and Construction Activities

Statement of the problem. The Russian investment and construction industries continue to grow, and there is a growing demand for services related to designing and implementing new projects. The introduction of innovative technologies and improvements to construction processes are essential parts of investment and construction efforts in today's world. Engineering plays a significant role in investment and construction projects, as it is involved both in the planning phase and during the implementation stages. Cost engineering is a concept that refers to a set of techniques and tools used to manage the expenses of a project throughout its lifecycle. The integration of investment and construction engineering services with the latest technological advancements is a new but already popular trend in the construction market. Results. This study emphasizes the importance of an integrated approach to facility design, considering the unique characteristics of modern technology and the requirements of participants in investment and construction projects that require operational involvement in project management. Conclusions. The paper supports the introduction of «virtual engineering», which can create a more comfortable environment for all stakeholders in an investment or construction project.

A Polyphenol Decorated Triplex Hybrid Biomaterial: Structure-Function, Release Profiles, Sorption, and Antipathogenic Effects.

Herein, nonwoven alkali modified flax substrates were coated with incremental levels of chitosan, followed by immobilization of tannic acid, via a facile "dip-coating" strategy to yield a unique hierarchal "triplex" hybrid biomaterial, denoted as "THB". The characterization of the physicochemical properties of THB employed complementary spectroscopic (IR, Raman, and NMR) techniques, which support the role of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between the components: chitosan as the secondary biopolymer coating and the tertiary adsorbed polyphenols. XRD and SEM techniques provide further structural insight that confirms the unique semicrystalline nature and porous hierarchal structure of the biocomposite. The THBs present a polyphenol kinetic release profile that follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model that concurs with Fickian diffusion for heterogeneous polymer systems. Furthermore, these systems demonstrate a tailored solvent uptake capacity (up to 4 g/g) in aqueous PBS media. Antipathogenic activity tests revealed 95% elimination of pathogens (E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans) at a dose of 50 mg for the THB system. The trend in the structure-property relationships for the THB systems indicates synergistic effects of electrostatic multiform interactions between protonated chitosan and the polyphenol units. Herein, we report the first example of a unique hierarchal biomaterial via a facile design strategy for diversiform roles as responsive adsorbents for environmental remediation to biomedical applications (e.g., controlled release, topical administration, or antimicrobial surface coatings).

One-step green synthesis of multi-morphological carbon nanotube forests for superior microwave absorption and electrocatalysis

Porous carbon materials with multiscale distinctive morphologies hold significant promise in electromagnetic wave stealth/protection and catalysis; however, formidable challenges are highly verbose and resource/time-consuming fabrication processes. Here, we report a one-step solvent/template-free self-expanding carbonization strategy for rapidly fabricating porous carbon foams (Ni/CNT) with zero-dimensional (0D) nanoparticles, one-dimensional (1D) nanotube forests, and three-dimensional (3D) hollow microvesicles. Owing to the multi-morphological structure and low-density feature, the resulting porous carbon foam Ni/CNT-800 achieves a minimum reflection loss of −56.48 dB and an effective bandwidth of 5.44 GHz at a low filler loading of only 9 wt%. Moreover, altering the electronic structure and surface chemistry of carbon foam by phosphorus doping enables a highly reduced durable overpotential (η) of 275 mV for oxygen evolution reaction. This work emphasizes a straightforward strategy for the facile design and efficient fabrication of carbon-based materials with unique multiscale porous morphologies, customizable functions, and various applications.

Probabilistic blast load for performance-based blast resistant design of building structures in petrochemical facilities

This study devised the design blast load on the basis of the return period for a performance-based blast-resistant design. Existing performance-based design methods for various loads and current blast-resistant design guidelines were reviewed. A stochastic processing technique was used for the release data and ignition probability to express the blast load based on the return period. The feasibility of the proposed load model was verified through comparison with the quantitative risk analysis results presented in the literature. The applicability and versatility of the proposed design blast load were demonstrated by considering the blast-resistant design of a wall panel as an example. The findings of this study will potentially contribute to the development of design standards for performance-based blast-resistant designs of petrochemical facilities.

Food handling practices and sanitary conditions of charitable food assistance programs in eThekwini District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Unsafe food handling practices by food handlers have dire health and financial implications worldwide. Each year, approximately 600 million people, or about 1 in 10 people, are said to become ill from eating contaminated food, and 420,000 people inadvertently die. According to the 2019 World Bank report on the economic burden of foodborne diseases, the annual cost of treating foodborne illnesses is estimated to be US$ 15 billion, and the total productivity loss caused by foodborne diseases in low- and middle-income countries is estimated to be US$ 95.2 billion annually. The purpose of this study was to assess the food handling practices and sanitary conditions of the charitable food assistance programs (CFAPs) in the eThekwini District of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 196 CFAPs in eight study settings across five municipal planning regions (MPRs) of the eThekwini District between January 2021 and May 2021. Data were collected using a standardized 37-item observational checklist and analysed through Stata Statistical Software (TX: StataCorp. 2021 LLC.: Release 17. College Station). Compliance levels were calculated using the compliance score (C-score), whereby 0.0–0.20 (0–20%), 0.21–0.40 (21–40%), 0.41–0.60 (41–60%), 0.61–0.80 (61–80%), and 0.81–1.00 (81–100%) were determined as very poor, poor, average, good, and very good, respectively. Statistically significant associations were declared at p < 0.05. Compliance with food hygiene, storage, and packaging was very poor (C-score = 0.003), as were personal hygiene and staff facilities (C-score = 0.147), as well as product information/labelling (C-score = 0.003). Similarly, waste management and pest control systems (C-score = 0.203), compliance with health and hygiene education/training (C-score = 0.335), as well as use and maintenance of transport (C-score = 0.333), all scored ‘poor’. Only the design of premises and facilities had an average compliance score (C-score = 0.43). Given CFAPs’ role in mitigating the impact of poverty, their strict compliance with hygiene protocols is of utmost importance. Systems for identifying and correcting common noncompliance in CFAPs are required.