Facial Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

Correlation between different points on the face and the width of maxillary anterior teeth

Statement of problemThere is currently no consensus on the relationship between maxillary anterior teeth and different facial anthropometric measurements. Additionally, whether these relationships vary by age and sex remains unreported. PurposeThis clinical study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intercanine distance (ICaD) and intercanthal distance (ICD), interpupillary distance (IPD), interalar width (IAW), and intercommissural width (ICW), and to compare whether these relationships differ between different age and sex populations. Material and methodsParticipants (n = 409) were enrolled according to the inclusion criteria, and their standardized digital images were taken to measure facial and oral segments through an image processing program. The differences between ICaD and four facial measurements and the sexual differences for all measurements were compared using the 1-sample t-test. The differences among different age groups for all measurements were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, and a least significant difference (LSD) test was used for multiple comparisons. The association between ICaD and the four facial measurements was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. The correlation between ICaD and four facial measurements was evaluated using linear regression. Differences in regression equations among the subgroups were evaluated through subgroup regression analysis and the significance test of the difference between the two regression coefficients. Tests of significance were two-sided, with alpha level of 0.05. The reliability of the results was evaluated by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients. ResultsThe ICD, IPD, ICW, and IAW significantly differed from the ICaD in both sexes (P < 0.01). All measurements were significantly greater in men than in women (P < 0.01). The differences among the age groups were statistically significant for all measurements except IPD (P < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between all facial measurements (r = 0.258 [ICD], r = 0.334 [IPD], r = 0.389 [ICW], and r = 0.393 [IAW]) and the ICaD in both sexes. The highest correlation was found between ICW(r = 0.345) and ICAD in men and IAW (r = 0.285) and ICAD in women. Except for the 20–29 and 50–59 age groups, the mathematical equations of ICaD and facial anthropometric measurements differed among the other age groups and sexes. ConclusionsICD, IPD, ICW, and IAW cannot be directly used to determine ICaD in both sexes. Nevertheless, when observed from the frontal aspect, by the use of digital images, all facial measurements correlated to the intercanine distance, with a high probability. The mathematical formulae combined with facial anthropological measurements can help ensure the combined width of the six maxillary anterior teeth, but the effects of sex and age differences should be considered.

Anthropometric analysis of Turkish fetuses’ face

Aims: This study aims at collecting data on the morphology of the face during its development in order to get detailed information on the neighboring structures and its variations using anatomical dissections and obtain normal morphometric values of the face growth and human fetuses during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester.&#x0D; Methods: This study was performed on spontaneously aborted 97 fetuses (49 males, 48 females) (11 first trimester, 63 second trimester and 24 third trimester) that have no observable congenital malformations or maternal history of risky pregnancy. The fetuses were taken from a Gynecology Department of a School of Medicine and a Maternity Hospital in Konya. Thirteen direct facial anthropometric measurements were performed on 97 volunteers. The data obtained were compared with the data of previous studies.&#x0D; Results: Means and standard deviations of the parameters in regard to gestational weeks and trimesters were calculated. A significant correlation was observed between all parameters and gestational age (p

Are Craniofacial Asymmetries Related to Trunk Asymmetries?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether craniofacial asymmetries could be a predictor of spine asymmetries or not. Female individuals aged between 18 and 25 years participated in this cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study. The angle of trunk rotation was measured by a scoliometer in conjunction with the Adams forward-bending test. Individuals in the control group (n = 57) had spinal curvature of 0 to 3 degrees, and individuals in the study group (n = 53) had spinal curvature of between 4 and 6 degrees. Facial anthropometric measurements of individuals were evaluated by referencing anatomical landmarks determined on the face with 2-dimensional photogrammetry using ImageJ (Version 1.53q) program. Both groups were similar in terms of facial measurements (P > 0.05). Axial trunk rotation values of the mid-thoracic and thoraco-lumbar regions were significantly higher on both sides of the asymmetry group (P < 0.05). The distances between facial landmarks are not associated with asymmetries of spine regions (P > 0.05). Although the sensitivity and predictive value of facial asymmetries in determining trunk asymmetries and sagittal spinal posture were low, it was concluded that comparative studies are needed, especially in individuals with asymmetry at the level of scoliosis, as the asymmetries of the individuals in our study were not at the level of scoliosis.

Facial Anthropometric Measurements and Principles - Overview and Implications for Aesthetic Treatments.

Facial anatomy is highly individual in each patient. Anthropometric measurements can be a useful tool to objectively analyze individual facial anatomy to allow for better comparability before and after treatments to ultimately improve standardization of facial procedures, both nonsurgical and surgical. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview over clinically relevant and feasible facial anthropometric measurements and principles for aesthetic medicine. A literature review was conducted to describe the most important and clinically relevant anthropometric measurements and principles for both the entire face and for three aesthetically relevant facial regions: the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. A multitude of different anthropometric measurements and principles have been described in the literature for both the overall facial appearance and specific facial regions. Certain generally accepted anthropometric principles and proportions need to be respected to achieve aesthetic and harmonious results. For the overall facial appearance, a focus on symmetry, certain proportions, facial angles, and indices has been described. Principles and measurements were also described for the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. Although attractiveness and aesthetic perception are subjective, objective evaluation of facial surface anatomy via anthropometric measurements can improve pre- and postinterventional analysis of the face and help the treating physician to individualize treatments, both nonsurgical and surgical.

The facial measurements in health workers at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta

The appropriate mask is based on facial anthropometric measurements that may be affected by sex, race, age, and body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to determine the difference and relationship between the bizygomatic width (BW) and nasion-menton height (NMH) with sex and BMI in health workers. This descriptive-analytical study used a cross-sectional method. The subjects were 39 health workers (nurses and doctors) at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta consisting of 15 male subjects and 24 female subjects, aged between 25-55 years old. Anthropometric measurements were performed on the subjects, including body weight, height, NW, and NMH. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, independent t-test, and Pearson’s test. There was a significant difference in the BW between male and female subjects (p&lt;0.05), with the males’ BW (13.1 ± 0.76 cm) being larger than that of the female subjects (12.35 ± 0.62 cm). There were no differences in the BMI and nasion-menton height between the male and female subjects (p&gt;0.05). The Pearson’s test results showed no significant relationship between the BW with BMI in both the male subjects (r=0.351; p=0.199) and the female subjects (r=0.349; p=0.094), and between the nasion-menton height with BMI in both the male subjects (r=0.101; p=0.721) and the female subjects (r=0.390, p=0.060). In conclusion, the males’ BW was larger than the female health workers. It is necessary to consider facial anthropometric measurements in face mask manufacturing to provide comfort and good protection.

Is a symmetrical face really attractive?

Facial symmetry plays an important role in facial attractiveness and is one of the major criteria used to determine attractiveness in humans. In craniomaxillofacial surgery, facial symmetry is one of the main considerations. The aim of this study was to determine anthropometric measurements quantitatively and investigate the relationship between facial symmetry and attractiveness in a local Malay population. The study included 30 photographed Malay individuals and 100 photograph assessors, all aged between 18 and 26 years. The assessors indicated their preferences regarding the more attractive face on original and manipulated (symmetrical face) photographs. None of the photographed subjects had a perfectly symmetrical face (asymmetry index (AI) of 0%); 33.3% of the photographed subjects had an AI in the range of 1.6–2.0%. The majority of assessors chose the manipulated symmetrical face as the most attractive (manipulated photograph selected in 91.2% of cases). As facial symmetry is considered a critical factor in attractiveness, it is beneficial to consider balance and symmetry prior to facial reconstruction. The AI values found in this study may be useful as guidance to determine the normal minimum balance of facial symmetry. No AI values indicating perfect symmetry were observed for the unedited facial anthropometric measurements. However, the projection of a perfectly symmetrical face does influence the perception of facial attractiveness.

Which Is the Optimal Anthropometric Method for Asian Noses: Conventional Rulers, Two-Dimensional Photographs, Three-Dimensional Imaging, or Computed Tomography?

Most Asian noses have a bulbous tip, low radix, low dorsum, short columella, and thick skin envelope, which make rhinoplasty one of the most popular plastic surgery procedures among Asians. Nasal anthropomorphic measurements are required for planning and obtaining a pleasing aesthetic result in rhinoplasty.1 In addition, understanding the relative effect of individual treatments or techniques depends on accurate and objective nasal measurements. Several anthropometric methods have been applied, including conventional rulers, two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional imaging, or computed tomography (Table 1). Table 1. - Advantages and Disadvantages of Nasal Measurement Methods Method Advantages Disadvantages Conventional rulers Accessible Imprecise, examiner-biased, unfavorable angular measurements Two-dimensional photographs Accessible, appearance record, favorable angular measurements Need to set scale manually, not applicable to the noses with low radix and alar hypertrophy Three-dimensional imaging High reliability, accuracy, time saving, low cost, no radioactivity, repeatability No tissue information, expensive imaging machine CT High reliability, accuracy, visible bone and soft tissue High cost, radioactivity CT, computed tomography. Anthropometric measurements are referenced to the standards established by Farkas et al.2 Conventional rulers, such as calipers and protractors, have proven to be time-consuming, examiner-biased, and extremely relying on patient cooperation. This is probably because of the difficulty in identifying anatomical landmarks with sufficient precision. In addition, the identification of some landmarks by individuals is somewhat subjective. As the nose is three-dimensional, it is also difficult to simulate some nasal angles, such as nasal tip angle and nasofacial angle, and measure them accurately with protractors. Two-dimensional photographs are routinely used to record changes before and after rhinoplasty. Linear measurements can be obtained using image processing software if the photographs contain a scale; otherwise, only angles can be measured. The accuracy of the measurements can be affected by many factors, such as lighting, camera angle, and distance relative to the patient. A large percentage of Asians have a low radix, and the landmarks of nasion points are not visible from lateral photographs, resulting in some nasal measurements—including nasal height, nasal length, nasofrontal angle, and nasofacial angle—not being able to be measured. Likewise, alar hypertrophy causes the subnasal points to be unrecognizable on lateral photographs and, consequently, the nasal depth and nasolabial angle cannot be measured. Three-dimensional imaging can produce high-resolution three-dimensional images by capturing and constructing topographic surface maps. Several studies have been performed using three-dimensional imaging for facial anthropometric measurements, and the method has proven to be highly accurate and reliable.3,4 Computed tomography has become an important tool for rhinoplasty because of its high efficiency to analyze and simulate nasal bone and soft tissue independently. The midsagittal images and axial images of computed tomography were used for nasal measurements previously, whereas the position of the head during the examination may affect the images. Besides, computed tomographic data can be used to generate three-dimensional images of the face to facilitate nasal measurements.5 The three-dimensional images can be moved and rotated to any view, and the nasal details can be magnified to identify the anthropometric landmarks. The scale of the three-dimensional image is defaulted by the machine with high precision, without the need to determine the scale manually as for two-dimensional photographs. Computed tomography allows precise acquisition of head tissue information, but the disadvantages of high cost and radioactivity prevent its routine use for nasal measurements. Although three-dimensional imaging can obtain only facial surface images, it is sufficient for nasal measurements. Compared to computed tomography, three-dimensional imaging has the advantages of time saving, low cost, no radioactivity, and repeatability. Overall, three-dimensional imaging is recommended for nasal measurements, especially for Asian noses. One day, three-dimensional scanning will replace direct measurements and two-dimensional photographs, because of its reliability, accuracy, repeatability, time saving, patient convenience, and low cost. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest in any of the products or devices mentioned in this article.

Chin Microgenia: An Anthropometric Analysis on the Prevalence and Severity in a Chinese Population.

The chin is an important component of facial harmony, and deficient chins are associated with unattractiveness. Previous studies have reported microgenia as the most common subtype of chin deformities. To investigate the prevalence and severity of microgenia in a Chinese population through facial anthropometric analysis. A total of 800 Han Chinese adults from various age groups of both sexes were recruited for facial anthropometric measurements and photographic analysis. Chin deficiencies in both sagittal and vertical dimensions were evaluated using G-S-P angle, chin retrusion distance, and Sn-Vl/Sn-Me ratio criteria. In the sagittal dimension, microgenia was present in 60.7% of men and 68.6% of women according to the G-S-P angle criterion, and the angle significantly decreased with age in women (p < .05). According to the chin retrusion criterion, microgenia was present in 38.7% of men and 32.3% of women, and the retrusion distance significantly increased with age in both sexes (p < .05). Vertical microgenia was present in 69.6% of men and 81.9% of women according to the Sn-Vl/Sn-Me criterion, and the ratio gradually increased with age in both sexes (p < .05). Microgenia is common among Chinese, particularly in women, and the prevalence and severity increase with age.

P2/N95 filtering facepiece respirators: Results of a large-scale quantitative mask fit testing program in Australian health care workers

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, 6,287 Australian health care workers (HCWs) were fit tested to N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). This study determined how readily HCWs were fitted to 8 FFRs and how age and sex influenced testing. HCWs were fit tested following the quantitative OSHA protocol. After bivariate analysis, a logistic regression model assessed the effect of FFR model, HCW age and sex on fit test results. Of 4,198 female and 2,089 male HCWs tested, 93.3% were successfully fitted. Fifty-five percent passed the first FFR, 21% required 2 and 23% required testing on 3 or more models. Males were 15% less likely to pass compared to females (P < .001). Individuals aged 18-29 were significantly more likely to pass compared to colleagues aged 30-59. Cup-style 3M 1860S was the most suitable model (95% CI: 1.94, 2.54) while the duckbill BSN TN01-11 was most likely to fail (95% CI: 0.11, 0.15). Current N95 FFRs exhibit suboptimal fit such that a large proportion (45%) of HCWs require testing on multiple models. Older age and male sex were associated with significantly higher fit failure rates. QNFT programs should consider HCW characteristics like sex, age, racial and facial anthropometric measurements to improve the protection of the health workforce.

Longitudinal composite 3D faces and facial growth trends in children 6–11 years of age using 3D cephalometric surface imaging

Background Normative craniofacial anthropometry provides clinically important reference values used in the treatment of craniofacial conditions. Few objective datasets of normative data exist for children. Aim To establish normative data regarding craniofacial morphology changes with growth in children. Subjects and methods 3D surface images of the same group of healthy children aged 6 − 11 years old recruited from a Dallas school were taken annually between the years 2015 − 2020. Composite 3D cephalometric faces were created for boys and girls of each age. General and craniofacial anthropometric measurements were compared. Results Seven hundred ninety one individual stereophotogrammetric acquisitions were used (400 boys, 391 girls) taken from 180 children. Linear facial, orbital, nasal, and oral anthropometric measurements revealed a consistent increase in magnitude with age. Composite 3D face comparisons revealed prominent vertical and anteroposterior growth trends in the lower and upper facial regions. Conclusion This study presents a longitudinal 3D control dataset of the same group of children over a 6-year period that can serve as reference norms for facial growth values and trends in children aged 6–11 years. The composite 3D normative faces are available for clinical and research purposes upon request, which may be interrogated and measured according to user need and preference.

Facial and Cephalometric Features of Individuals With Mucopolysaccharidosis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim was to assess craniofacial features through facial anthropometric and lateral cephalometry measurements of individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and compare them with individuals without MPS. Cross-sectional study. A total of 14 individuals with MPS and 28 non-MPS age- and sex-matched were enrolled in this study. A clinical facial analysis to evaluate the soft tissues and cephalometric analysis that comprised linear and angular measurements were performed. The calculation of the method error suggested no systematic errors (p > .05). Random errors for linear and angular measurements were low (less than 0.5° and 1.6 mm). Chi-square test and independent t-test were performed. Most individuals with MPS were dolichofacial, presented altered facial proportions with an increased anterior lower facial height (ALFH) and lip incompetence (all p < .05), when compared with non-MPS individuals. Six angular measurements (1s.Na, 1s.NB, FMA, IMPA, AFI, and Po.Or_Go.Me; all p < .05) were significantly increased among individuals with MPS, and two (1s.1i and Ba.N-Ptm.Gn, all p < .05) were significantly decreased among them. Four linear measurements were significantly increased among individuals with MPS (1s-NA, 1i-NB, S-UL, and S-LL; all p < .05) and five (PogN-Perp, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nfa-Nfp, and overbite; all p < .05) were significantly decreased among them. In summary, most individuals with MPS were dolichofacial with increased ALFH. Proclined upper and lower incisors, reduced nasopharyngeal space, and reduced overbite was also noted.

Traditional Anthropometrics versus Computerized Photograph Manipulation in Rhinoplasty Planning.

Rhinoplasty planning requires meticulous forethought and is a source of challenge to surgeons. Traditional anthropometric analyses aim to use measurements and ideal ratios to determine the appropriate changes in nasal measurements such as length and tip projection. More recently, computerized photograph manipulation has been adopted as a means to demonstrate to patients the planned changes in a rhinoplasty and improve communication and patient confidence. It remains undetermined if the changes recommended using traditional anthropometric rhinoplasty planning are similar to those done by an experienced rhinoplasty surgeon manipulating preoperative photographs to an aesthetic ideal. Preoperative photographs obtained for clinical use were analyzed from 97 consecutive patients seen in clinic for rhinoplasty or septorhinoplasty by the senior author (R.H.G.). Facial and nasal anthropometric measurements were performed on the preoperative photographs. The analysis prescribed by Byrd and Hobar was used to then calculate their prescribed "ideal" nasal anthropometrics. Separately, these patients had their preoperative photographs manipulated using computer manipulation software by the senior author, with an eye toward creating an aesthetically pleasing nose. Nasal anthropometrics were measured from the manipulated photographs. The changes prescribed in traditional anthropometrics were compared to those obtained from computer manipulation using univariate analyses. The mean patient age was 35.4 years, and the population was 68% female. Average nasal proportions from the computer manipulation were a nasal length 76.1% of the midfacial height, tip projection of 57.7% of nasal length, and radix projection of 24.3% of nasal length. Computerized manipulation minimally changed nasal length relative to Byrd's analysis which decreased nasal length on average (100.3% of the original nasal length versus 88.2%, p<0.01). It prescribed a greater decrease in tip projection than Byrd's analysis (97.7% of original projection versus 99.9% of original projection, p=0.05). Computer manipulation also prescribed a lesser increase in radix projection than Byrd's analysis (100.5% of original radix projection versus 109.3% of original radix projection, p<0.01). Byrd's analysis remains an excellent tool for guiding the changes in nasal dimensions in rhinoplasty. However, computerized manipulation may help patients and surgeons communicate a common goal. Their desired nasal dimensions may differ from those traditionally prescribed. Specifically, some patients may seek lesser decreases in nasal length or lesser increases in radix projection than Byrd's analysis prescribes. Further research in this topic is warranted, and ultimately the surgeon's judgment and patient goals should drive surgical planning. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors - www.springer.com/00266 .

Variations in Facial Anthropometric Measurements among Major Ethnic Groups in Nigeria: A 3-Dimentional Stereophotogrammetry Analysis

Objectives: The aim of the study is to highlight variations in facial anthropometric measurements among the major ethnic groups in Nigeria using 3D photogrammetry. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria. Acquisition of 3D facial photographs was done using a Vectra H1 portable 3D photogrammetry imaging system. Descriptive analysis of collected data was done and a test of associations performed using independent samples t-test. The level of significance was set at &lt;.05. Results: The total number of participants in this study was 503. The study population was made up of 302 (60%) males and 201 (40%) females. Mean upper facial height among Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, and other ethnic groups were 68.93 ± 5.85, 70.18 ± 5.99, 63.79 ± 4.80, and 69.29 ± 5.95 mm respectively, while mean interpupillary distances were 66.99 ± 3.70, 67.34 ± 3.56, 66.73 ± 3.80, and 67.09 ± 3.72 mm respectively. A Tukey posthoc test revealed significant pairwise differences for upper facial height between the Yoruba and Hausa population with a mean difference of 5.15 mm ( P &lt; .001, 95% CI 2.94-7.35) ( P &lt; .001, 95% CI 2.94-7.35), and Hausa and Igbo population with a mean difference of 6.39 mm ( P &lt; .001, 95% CI 3.75-9.03). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed the presence of significant inter-ethnic differences between Hausa ethnic group and the Yoruba ethnic group for midfacial height ( P &lt; .001), upper lip height ( P = .004), lower lip height ( P = .003), total face height ( P = .010), and orbital fissure width ( P &lt; .001). Conclusion: The result of this study shows that distinct difference does exist in the facial anthropological measurements between the ethnicities included in this study especially in vertical facial measurements.

Development of a Dust Respirator by Improving the Half Mask Frame Design.

Protective efficiency of filtering dust respirators depends on the properties of filter materials from which filters are made and the structure of a half mask frame, which influences how tightly the respirator fits the face. The conducted studies on the “Lepestok 40” dust respirator revealed a large air leakage through the gaps occurring along the obturation strip. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to develop a dust respirator to provide high level of protection and usability by improving the half mask frame design. A scheme for designing a dust respirator: analysis of operating conditions for the dust respirator; facial anthropometric measurements of potential users; designing a 3D model of half mask frame; laboratory testing of the protective properties of the product. A distinctive feature of this approach is considering the facial anthropometric dimensions of employees of a particular enterprise, standard sizes formation of 3D facial models, which is the basis for designing a half mask frame for dust respirator. A new half mask frame design for dust respirator with a variable geometry of fitting to the face surface has been developed, due to special attachment points that allow changing its size according to the anthropometric dimensions of user’s face.

Does Body Mass Index Affect Soft Tissue Facial Anthropometric Measurements?

Does Body Mass Index Affect Soft Tissue Facial Anthropometric Measurements?

Correlation of facial anthropometry data of late preterm newborns and oral feeding readiness.

To correlate nine facial anthropometric measurements with the readiness for oral feeding of late preterm newborns using an orogastric tube. Observational study, carried out in two institutions in Maceió, Alagoas. Fifty-two newborns participated. A single measuring of nine facial measurements and daily measuring of the interface area for fixing the tube was performed. For readiness assessment, the Premature Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale was used. An average readiness of 28.81 (± 3.18) was observed in the first evaluation and 30.65 (± 3.23) in the second. Most facial measurements are correlated with weight. There was a positive and slight correlation between glabella-subnasale distance and readiness. No correlation was observed between the area of the tube fixation interface and facial measurements. It is concluded that the glabella-subnasale measurement is positively correlated with the readiness for oral feeding in late preterm newborns who used an orogastric tube for feeding.

Face anthropometry of Turkish population

Aim: Analysis of facial anthropometry of modern Turkish population is important for cosmetic or reconstructive facial surgeries. In this study, it is aimed to make multiple measurements of the face in the Turkish population.Materials and Methods: In this study, the measurements were performed on 93 Turkish adult individuals (54 males, 39 females). 13 direct facial anthropometric measurements were performed. A total set of anthropometric data was collected for each gender.Results: Statistically significant differences were found between Turkish male and Turkish female individuals. All values except forehead height were found to be higher in males than females. Ear length was found to be higher than nose length in both males and females. Mouth width value was found to be greater than left eye fissure length and nose width values in both genders.Conclusion: In the study, statistically significant differences were found in head and face regions between both genders when facial norms were applied for Turkish adults.

Anthropometric Analysis of Nasolabial Region and Age-Related Changes in Adult Women.

The nasal and labial characteristics along with the other facial characteristics are different between races. The purpose of this study is to identify nasal and labial features of Turkish women by anthropometric measurements and indices besides to detect variances with aging. The study was conducted with total 302 women volunteers whose ages were between 19 and 85. The women included were divided into 3 groups according to their ages; respectively young (ages between 19 and 44), middle-aged (45-59) and senior (>60). By using camera footages with the IT version 3.00 software program, anthropometric measurements of the nasolabial region was performed. The mean nasal length of the included participants was measured as 38.56 ± 8.32 mm while mean nasal height was 50.05 ± 8.36 mm. Mean nasal root width was 13.24 ± 2.70 mm, mean morphological nasal width was 32.16 ± 5.80 mm and mean anatomical nasal width was 27.85 ± 4.92 mm. In addition, mean nasal depth was 19.55 ± 5.25 mm.In the middle-aged group of participants, the nasal length was more than senior group (P < 0.05). Nasal root width was increased with aging (P < 0.05). Morphological and anatomical widths of the nose were increased with aging but increase rate was lower in the senior group (P < 0.05). The nasal depth was lower in the young group in comparison with middle-aged and senior groups (P < 0.05). When nostril types were analyzed; ratios of 'teardrop', 'heart-shaped', 'annular' and 'triangular' types were 51.65%, 0.99%, 6.95%, and 40.39%, respectively. To be acquainted with facial anthropometric features and measurements of nasolabial region which varies with races and aging; would have a significant importance in view of conserving the facial ratio and esthetics in the plastic and reconstructive surgery field.

Is it possible to recognize children diagnosed with ADHD from their facial anthropometric measures? A case-control study

The recent main focus of the researches on Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is on identifying behavioral phenotypes. For this purpose, neuroanatomical factors have recently become a focus. This study aimed to investigate whether the individuals diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder differ from healthy individuals in terms of facial anthropometric measurements. Forty children, diagnosed with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, were included in the study as the case group, and forty healthy children were included in the study as the control group. Two photographs were taken from the facial region, and anthropometric measurements were performed using the computer program “Image J” in the computer environment. It was found that a strong relationship between Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and nasal width, ear length and upper face debt length. The results obtained from the research support the knowledge that there is a close relationship between the forebrain development process and the facial development process during the embryonic development process.

A guided manual method for juvenile age progression using digital images

Predicting the possible age-related changes to a child’s face, age progression methods modify the shape, colour and texture of a facial image while retaining the identity of the individual. However, the techniques vary between different practitioners. This study combines different age progression techniques for juvenile subjects, various researches based on longitudinal radiographic data; physical anthropometric measurements of the head and face; and digital image measurements in pixels. Utilising 12 anthropometric measurements of the face, this study documents a new workflow for digital manual age progression. An inter-observer error study (n = 5) included the comparison of two age progressions of the same individual at different ages. The proposed age progression method recorded satisfactory levels of repeatability based on the 12 anthropometric measurements. Seven measurements achieved an error below 8.60%. Facial anthropometric measurements involving the nasion (n) and trichion (tr) showed the most inconsistency (14–34% difference between the practitioners). Overall, the horizontal measurements were more accurate than the vertical measurements. The age progression images were compared using a manual morphological method and machine-based face recognition. The confidence scores generated by the three different facial recognition APIs suggested the performance of any age progression not only varies between practitioners, but also between the Facial recognition systems. The suggested new workflow was able to guide the positioning of the facial features, but the process of age progression remains dependant on artistic interpretation.