Facets Of Autonomy Research Articles

AI Application (ChatGPT) and Saudi Arabian Primary School Students’ Autonomy in Online Classes: Exploring Students and Teachers’ Perceptions

In education, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has presented opportunities to transform the dynamics of online learning. This study investigated the impact of an AI-powered application, namely ChatGPT, on the autonomy of Saudi Arabian primary students participating in online classes. It also explored how the implementation of Chat GPT influenced Saudi Arabian primary students’ autonomy. In this mixed-methods study, a quasi-experimental design assessed the impact of ChatGPT on learner autonomy among 250 Saudi Arabian primary students from six primary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The quantitative analysis employed descriptive statistics and t-tests, while the qualitative data underwent interpretative phenomenological analysis. To ensure coding reliability, 20% of the codes were independently reviewed by an external coder, with a 94% inter-coder agreement coefficient reached through consensus. Findings revealed that ChatGPT significantly affected the participants’ perceptions of autonomy and its different dimensions. Qualitative data showed that AI-powered applications contributed to the students’ autonomy in 10 different ways. Participants also mentioned that AI-powered apps might have some negative consequences. This study has theoretical implications for redefining learner autonomy in the digital age and calls for the exploration of many facets of autonomy. Practical applications from this study include strategic integration of AI into online education, data security, and the need for orientation programs.

Autonomy in adolescence: a conceptual, developmental and cross-cultural perspective

ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of autonomy development during adolescence. Autonomy, inspired by the Separation-Individuation Theory of Peter Blos, was initially framed as autonomy-as-independence. However, as debates in the literature arose regarding the interpretation of autonomy in adolescence, often referred to as the detachment debate, it became evident that a distinction is needed between autonomy-as-independence and autonomy-as-volitional functioning, the latter definition coming from Self-Determination Theory of Ryan and Deci). This paper defines both facets of autonomy in adolescence and reviews a line of research on their developmental trajectories, the cross-cultural interpretations of autonomy, and the role parents play in nurturing adolescent autonomy. This review provides further evidence for the two-dimensional nature of autonomy in adolescence. This distinction between independence and volition carries significant implications for how autonomy is perceived in relation to adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment and development. It also influences our understanding of how micro-contexts, such as parents and macro-contexts, including cultural factors, can shape adolescent autonomy. It is our hope that this paper contributes to the clarification of the autonomy concept and serves as an inspiration for young researchers to pursue further investigations into this vital subject.

Do differences exist in cross-cultural caregivers' respect for the autonomy/dignity of people with dementia? Real-time field observations in nursing homes.

Although published studies have examined the perceptions of caregivers who are attending to older adults with dementia concerning the values of human dignity and/or autonomy in institutional settings, none have explored the possible differences in actual behavior that relates to these values for caregivers from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds. Explore how caregivers with varied cultural backgrounds may differ in their real-time behavior regarding the autonomy and dignity of older adults with dementia and thereby determine whether that real-time behavior reveals new aspects of respect and disrespect for both the autonomy and dignity of those older adults. A qualitative research based on non-participatory observations, was meticulously recorded using a written journal and a rigorous microanalysis to analyze the collected data. We made 58 shift-based observations (morning and evening) of 29 caregivers from 3 ethno-cultural groups working in 3 nursing homes in Israel. These groups included Israeli-born Jews (Sabras), Israeli Arab-Muslims (Arabs), and immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (IFSU). (1) IFSU caregivers demonstrated more respect for autonomy and dignity, but also demonstrated disrespect for these values. (2) the main difference between the IFSU caregivers and other caregiver groups pertained to respect for their autonomy. The main specific facets of autonomy where IFSU caregivers surpassed their colleagues were information provision and persuasion. (3) toward both autonomy and dignity of these older adults, previously unaccounted for in the models we used, were discovered among the varied groups of caregivers, with only minor gaps between these groups. This study-the first of its kind to focus on the real-time behaviors of caregivers from diverse ethno-cultural backgrounds-reveals the potential effects of culture on applying practices related to dignity and autonomy during daily care. The findings may have important implications for caregiver training in multicultural societies.

I GOT THIS! SUCCESSFUL AGING THROUGH THE MAINTENANCE OF AUTONOMY

As America ages, an increased interest has been placed on understanding the development and maintenance of autonomy in later life. This is of particular importance given the impact of autonomy on vitality, well-being, and mood within older adults (Warner et al., 2011). However, the research examining which aspects of autonomy directly impact successful aging remains underexplored. As such, the current study utilizes the Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF) to better understand which facets of autonomy promote life satisfaction in older adults. Data included assessments of the Functional Autonomy Measurement System and data was derived from the Survey of Midlife in the US Database (MIDUS 3). Participants were primarily White/Caucasian (88.7%) and female (54.0%); with a mean age of 63.64 years (SD=11.35). A series of hierarchical multiple linear regressions revealed that higher levels of Mental Functions predicted increased life satisfaction scores in models adjusted for age, sex, race, marital status, and education (F=54.152,p<0.001) and that higher levels of Communication (F=37.553,p<0.001), Activities of Daily Living (F=33.495,p<0.001), Mobility (F=37.311,p<0.001), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (F=8.630,p<0.001) also predicted increases in life satisfaction scores but to a lesser extent. The present findings suggest that higher levels of autonomy, both physically and mentally, result in higher satisfaction with life; with perceptions of cognitive independence producing the highest levels. Implications of the current findings include increased understanding of the multifaceted nature of autonomy, and provision of recommendations which could increase autonomous behavior in later life, thus increase life satisfaction and promote successful aging.

Under what conditions does job control moderate the relationship between time pressure and employee well‐being? Investigating the role of match and personal control beliefs

SummaryDrawing upon the concept of match, this two‐wave study of 206 employees investigated job control (facets of autonomy) and personal control beliefs (locus of control, LOC) as moderators of time pressure–work engagement (WE) and the time pressure–general subjective well‐being (SWB) relationships. It was hypothesized that autonomy would accentuate the positive relationship of time pressure with WE and attenuate the negative relationship with SWB and that these moderations would occur only for employees with an internal LOC. Additionally, it was expected that a facet of job control (timing autonomy) that matched the specific demand (time pressure) would be more likely to act as a moderator than “less‐matching” facets (decision making or method autonomy). The results revealed that the interaction between time pressure, autonomy, and LOC for WE was strongest and for SWB only significant when the timing facet of autonomy served as the moderator (thus, when the autonomy facet matched the demand). However, the pattern of moderation was contrary to that expected. When time pressure increased, high autonomy became beneficial for the WE of employees with an external LOC but detrimental for the WE and SWB of employees with an internal LOC. Explanations for the unexpected findings are provided. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

The Push and Pull of Autonomy

Organizations characterized by knowledge work will experience pressures from a variety of sources to provide increasing levels of autonomy to employees. Furthermore, as the nature of work has changed, the manifestations of employee autonomy have become more complex and varied. Although a great deal of literature exists on the effects of various types and facets of autonomy, these literatures focus almost exclusively on individual-level effects. On the organizational side however, we suggest that the increasing trend toward various forms of employee autonomy presents a tension for organizations as they struggle to reconcile this relinquishing of control with organizational leaders’ inherent desire for more control. We explore how managers and supervisors of knowledge work manage the inherent conflict between employee demands for autonomy and organizational needs for control, especially as it relates to the management of complexity and fairness issues. Furthermore, we discuss how this tension has important implications for research and practice.

Quality of life of elderly. Comparison between urban and rural areas.

Comparing the scores of quality of life according to place of residence (urban and rural areas). A cross-sectional study involving 2142 elderly in urban area and other 850 in rural area of the municipality of Uberaba (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Instruments used: Olders Americans Resources and Services, World Health Organization Quality of Life--BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment for Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD). We found that in urban area predominated women and men in rural areas. It was common in two areas: 60Ⱶ70 years old, married marital status, schooling of 4 to 8 years of study and the income of a minimum wage. The elderly residing in the urban area with their children and in rural areas did so with the spouse. In the evaluation of the quality of life, rural elders presented scores significantly higher than the urban area in the domains of physical, psychological, and social relations in the WHOQOL-BREF; and in the facets of autonomy, past, present and future activities, social participation and intimacy of the WHOQOL-OLD. For the latter instrument facets sensory ability and of death and dying the elderly's urban area had higher scores than the rural area. The elders of the urban area showed a greater involvement of the quality of life than the residents in the rural area. Nurses who work in primary care should address health strategies according to the specific needs of the urban and rural areas.

Functional capacity and quality of life of elderly people with a history of stroke

Household Survey, a cross-sectional study aimed to describe the quality of life and functional capacity of elderly people with a history of stroke and compare the scores of quality of life with the number of functional disability. Data were collected at home, with the semi-structured instruments, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD. Descriptive analysis was performed, as well as ANOVA and Tukey-F test (p < 0.05). Most individuals are males (53.3%), aged 70 ├ 80 years old (45.6%), married (57.8%), 4 ├ 8 years of study (36.7%) and income of a minimum wage (66.7%). The activities of daily living most affected were: cutting toenails and walk up and down stairs. The highest scores of quality of life were: the social relationships and the facet death and dying. The lowest scores were related to the physical domain and autonomy. The highest number of functional disability was associated with lower scores for physical and psychological domains and on the facets of autonomy and social participation. The elderly people with stroke have their functional status impaired, which affects their quality of life in aspects related to mobility, body image, decision-making capacity and living in the community.

Sexual Politics and Ascriptive Autonomy

I explore the notion of ascriptive autonomy as a conceptual and political tool that can be used to understand and enact potentially liberatory practices that enable marginalized people to have greater individual autonomy. “Ascriptive autonomy” refers to the sense in which autonomy is partly constituted by the conferral of the status of “autonomous individual.” Autonomy is both a capacity to determine one's own ends and a status conferred by virtue of being recognized by others. I focus on the link between these two facets of autonomy insofar as recognition may enable the development of capacity. In certain situations, autonomy may be ascribed even if one lacks some requirements associated with the capacity for autonomy because of either institutional or psychic constraints that follow from oppression. In such instances of “selective, purposeful misrecognition,” ascription may lead to the cultivatation of the capacity for autonomy while opening up a space for politics. To demonstrate this, I recast the feminist debate over sexuality using the terms of ascriptive autonomy. When viewed through the lens of misrecognition, we can better respond to critiques that charge proponents of the “pro-sex”position with focusing on sexual pleasure at the expense of sufficient attention paid to the constraints faced by women.

Personal Autonomy: Development of a NOC Label

PURPOSE To develop a NOC label for the concept of personal autonomy. METHODS Using a focus group approach, a NOC label, definition, and indicators were developed for personal autonomy. Using a concept analysis method, the NOC Psychological/Cognitive Focus Group constructed a conceptual definition of personal autonomy and created a list of indicators. An extensive review of nursing, psychology, ethics, and philosophy literature from 1988 to 2001 was conducted using approximately 30 empirically based and theoretical sources. The focus group identified pertinent data from the literature and clustered the data into the predetermined categories of conceptual definition and indicators, giving careful attention to the rules of development for outcome definitions and indicators. FINDINGS The label, definitions, and list of indicators were conceptualized at several levels. The definition and indicators were refined into a conceptually and clinically coherent outcome. Personal autonomy is defined as “the ability of a competent individual to govern one's own life and make choices based on the information available.” The indicators are ▪ Demonstrates cognitive ability to make an informed decision. ▪ Is able to receive a thorough disclosure of pertinent information about alternative treatments for condition. ▪ Comprehends the information received in thorough disclosure of pertinent information about alternative treatments for condition. ▪ Comprehends the risks versus benefits of alternative treatments ▪ Makes choice from alternatives available. ▪ Expresses satisfaction in choice made. ▪ Expresses noninterference with decision-making process by family. ▪ Expresses noninterference with decision-making process by friends. ▪ Expresses noninterference with decision-making process by healthcare providers. ▪ Expresses noninterference with decision-making process by (other). ▪ Makes decisions free from undue pressure. DISCUSSION Nurses are educated to value and protect clients' rights to make their own decisions in healthcare matters. Informed consent is an essential value of the profession, but the concept of clients' competence to receive the information, weigh all options, and make a choice free from undue pressure is often minimized or overlooked. Not only must nurses advocate for clients' right to make decisions, they must be vigilant in ensuring that patients are cognitively able to make those decisions. One school of thought argues that true autonomy is not possible, given that individuals exist within relationships: People cannot make decisions without pressure from the people in those relationships. The NOC Psychological/Cognitive Focus Group suggests that while individuals may consider the wishes of friends, family, and healthcare providers, the person retains the right to make the decision that best suits him/herself. Nurses are in a unique position to offer support to individuals as they attempt to balance the information about treatment options and the suggestions/demands of others. CONCLUSIONS Autonomy is not a simple concept. It challenges nurses to view individuals within the context of relationships and with consideration of their cognitive abilities. Use of NOC outcome indicators can facilitate an improved awareness of the facets of autonomy. Testing the indicators in clinical practice will be necessary to confirm this conclusion.

Determinants of Differential Acculturation of Developmental Timetables among Adolescent Immigrants to Germany

The acculturation of developmental timetables for autonomy was studied in a sample of 220 ethnic German immigrants from Romania, Poland, and countries of the former Soviet Union. A distinction was made between the timing of autonomy from parental supervision and autonomy in social relationships. Four waves of semi‐annual asessments were conducted for two groups, newcomers (0–18 months of residence in Germany) and experienced immigrants (more than 18–36 months). From these assessments a gradual acculturation of timetables was observed, resulting, as expected, in considerably earlier ages at which the two facets of autonomy were accomplished. The rate of acculturation was predicted to be related to prior interindividual differences in parent‐adolescent interaction and frequency of adolescents' activities outside the home. As expected, higher levels of conflict and permissiveness reported by parents, and lower levels of monitoring and more frequent out‐of‐home activities, corresponded to a more accelerated acculturation to earlier timetables concerning autonomy from parental supervision—especially among the newcomers. With regard to autonomy in social relationships, the results were less clear, presumably due to the fact that prior interpersonal experiences were less associated with this facet of autonomy. Higher levels of the family variables studied encourage “escape” from the constraints of the newcomers' provisional homes, and thus provide opportunities to make contacts and adopt the lifestyle of adolescents from the general German population. In general, prediction was not possible concerning adolescents whose residence in Germany was longer than 18 months. For this group of immigrants, such escapes no longer serve the expected purpose because they have access to other opportunities, which were not measured in this study.

Further investigation of the work autonomy scales: Two studies.

Although the importance of work autonomy is widely recognized, research on autonomy has been criticized for failing to examine important facets of autonomy. In response to this criticism, Breaugh (1985) developed a new instrument which measures method, scheduling, and criteria autonomy. This paper presents the results of two studies that examined the validity of Breaugh's work autonomy scales and investigated whether employee reports of autonomy were related to autonomy ratings of their jobs made by independent sources. The results of these two studies generally support the validity of the work autonomy scales. For example, as predicted, full-time employees reported having more work autonomy than part-time employees, and the three autonomy scales were found to be related to a number of other variables with which they should be correlated. A moderate degree of correspondence was found between employee self-reports of autonomy and autonomy ratings of their jobs made by job analysts, supervisors, and co-workers.