Facing Water Scarcity Research Articles

Wastewater Quality Assessment at Amarah Sewage Treatment Plant: Implications for Agricultural Use and Environmental Safety

This study examines the quality of treated wastewater from the Amarah Sewage Treatment Plant (ASTP) in Iraq for potential agricultural use and compares it to the water quality standards of Iraq, Egypt, and the USA. The effluent was analyzed over a five-month period for various parameters, including pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and concentrations of ions, such as chloride (Cl-), sulfate (SO4-2), phosphate (PO43-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonia (NH3). The findings showed that the pH and TDS measurements of the treated wastewater fell within the acceptable range, according to the regulations set by all three countries. The concentrations of Cl-, SO4-2, PO43-, NO3-, and NH3 in the treated wastewater were also within the acceptable limits set by the Iraqi standards. However, chloride and sulfate levels occasionally exceed permissible thresholds. The treated wastewater from ASTP is generally suitable for the irrigation of certain crops, but it is important to implement a monitoring and control system to ensure consistent water quality. Finally, investments are needed to improve treatment processes and establish educational programs for farmers to enhance their understanding of proper wastewater usage. These measures are crucial for protecting public health and conserving water resources, particularly in regions facing water scarcity.

Identifying drivers of storage dynamics of lakes and reservoirs in the arid Central Asia

Abstract Knowing the storage variations in lakes and reservoirs are essential for water resources and environmental management, especially in the regions facing water scarcity. However, the quantification of the storage changes is limited by sparse in-situ observations and spatial coverage of space(air)-borne altimetric sensors that have been used conventionally in storage retrieval. This hampers the attribution analysis of lake storage changes. Here, we combined long-term optical remote sensing and multi-source terrain elevation data to derive the monthly storage time series from 1990 to 2020 for 8544 lakes and reservoirs in Central Asia, where water scarcity has been bottle-necking local socioeconomic sustainability. The regional total storage has been decreasing with a rate of -4.78±0.88 km3 year-1 mainly owing to the desiccation of the Aral Sea. For other lakes, 26% of them show decreasing while 22% show increasing trends. At a watershed-scale, the long-term changes in small to medium-sized (<5000 km2) lakes are primarily caused by the changes in surface runoff, jointly affected by precipitation and temperature changes. We also found that 29% lakes in Central Asia experienced frequent seasonal dry out in the past decades. Such seasonal dry out is mainly caused by fast evaporation losses during the summer months. For the majority (63±8%) of these lakes, their evaporation water losses are larger than the seasonal storage drawdown. Our analysis highlights the co-regulation of surface runoff and lake evaporation in the storage losses in arid and semi-arid regions.

Optimizing water use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.) production through deficit irrigation in Gazhen-Fuafuat Kebele, Northwest Ethiopia

Ethiopia's dominant maize production relies on rain, but growing water scarcity challenges dry season irrigation efforts. This necessitates smarter irrigation techniques to maximize water use efficiency. This study optimizes water use efficiency in maize production through deficit irrigation in Gazhen-Fuafuat kebele, Fogera woreda, Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2019/20 dry season, comparing four irrigation levels: 55%, 70%, 85%, and 100% of crop water requirements (ETc). Findings revealed that while higher irrigation levels generally enhanced plant growth and grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency was optimized at 70% ETc. Deficit irrigation at 55% ETc proved to be suboptimal, leading to significant reductions in crop growth and grain production. Conversely, applying 70% ETc resulted in a 30% reduction in irrigation water use without compromising yield. Compared to full irrigation, deficit irrigation at 85% ETc, 70% ETc, and 55% ETc resulted in yield reductions of 8%, 13.5%, and 33.1%, respectively. However, these reductions were accompanied by water savings of 15%, 30%, and 45%, respectively, leading to corresponding increases in water use efficiency of 8%, 23.4%, and 21.9%. These results suggest that deficit irrigation practices can be effectively employed to improve water use efficiency in maize production, especially in the study area facing water scarcity. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of deficit irrigation to improve maize production in Ethiopia while conserving water resources. Therefore, by implementing deficit irrigation strategies and supporting farmers with appropriate training and resources, Ethiopia can enhance its agricultural productivity and ensure food security in the face of increasing water scarcity.

Learning from the Hydraulic Heritage of Figuig, Morocco

In the face of water scarcity and climate change, the Figuig Oasis exemplifies resilience through the integration of culture, heritage and sustainable development. This arid region has preserved ancient water management practices that have sustained life for millennia, offering a model for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Figuig’s significance lies in the potential to harmonize traditional and modern water governance systems, optimizing its hydraulic organization as a living cultural heritage to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems in desert environments amid growing water scarcity.

Analysis of future water demands in Al-Madinah (1990–2030) based on the modified IPAT model and sheared socio-economic pathways scenarios

Arid regions such as Saudi Arabia are facing water scarcity and availability issues and experiencing growing pressure by rapid water consumption. Determining the main driving forces contributing to rising water demands and future water demand prediction are considered the cornerstone for developing a good sustainable management plan. Al-Madinah city was chosen as a case study. In this study, the population, affluence, and technology (IPAT) model has been modified to apply in the water sector to analyse water needs in Al-Madinah from 1990 to 2020 and examines factors including population, GDP-per capita, agricultural lands/GDP and built-up area/agricultural lands. In addition, Sheared Socio-economic Scenarios (SSPs) have been developed to predict water demands in Al-Madinah from 2020 to 2030. The results confirm that population was the most important in explaining water consumption trends. Moreover, water demand under all IPCC_ SSP scenarios is expected to increase by between 17 to 28%. The scenarios of SSP3 and SSP4 are projected to experience an increase in water demands by an average of 25% and 26%, respectively. In contrast, the water demand is forecasted to lower under the SSP1 and SSP5 by around 20% and 17%, respectively. This evaluation could highly reinforce and improve sustainable water resource management strategies, which have recently become increasingly essential to face growing water challenges and demands.

Effect of alternate wetting and drying technique (AWD) on water productivity of paddy in major irrigation schemes – A case study in Mahaweli System B

This report investigates the effectiveness of the Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) technique on water productivity and yield in paddy cultivation within Mahaweli System B, located in Sri Lanka's dry zone. With increasing water scarcity, particularly during the Yala season, farmers struggle to meet irrigation demands using traditional methods. The study compares AWD with conventional irrigation practices, focusing on its ability to reduce water consumption while maintaining or increasing rice yields. Two paddy fields were selected for trials, and the results show that fields using AWD consumed significantly less water, averaging 3.7 feet per acre, compared to 5.3 feet in conventionally irrigated fields. Moreover, AWD fields produced an average yield of 6.04 tons per hectare, an increase of over 100 kg compared to the control fields, which yielded 5.04 tons per hectare. The technique also reduced the frequency of irrigation events, offering a practical solution to water management challenges in the region. These findings indicate that AWD can enhance water productivity without sacrificing crop yield, making it a promising strategy for areas facing water scarcity. However, further studies across multiple seasons and varied locations are recommended to validate its long-term benefits and adaptability.

Study on optimization of maize irrigation scheduling in Shaanxi Province

With the impact of climate change in recent years, the instability of precipitation and the increase of evaporation have made water resources in Shaanxi Province more and more stressed. How to maintain stable economic development while ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture within the limited water resources has become an important issue facing Shaanxi Province. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province based on meteorological data and obtains the ideal irrigation water requirement. However, considering the agricultural water scarcity issue in this region, this paper establishes different water scarcity scenarios, adopts the Jensen model to construct an objective function aimed at minimizing crop yield reduction, and solves it using a genetic algorithm to obtain the optimized maize irrigation scheduling under different water scarcity scenarios. The results analysis indicates the following: (1) The effective rainfall in Shaanxi Province from 1960 to 2019 shows a slight upward trend, while the maize water requirement and maize irrigation water requirement shows a downward trend. (2) The spatial distribution of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province decreases gradually from north to south. High-value areas are mainly distributed in the northern regions of Yulin City and Yan’an City in Shanbei. Low-value areas are distributed in Ankang City in Shannan. (3) In the face of water scarcity, spring maize should ensure water use during the middle growth period, fast development period, and initial growth periods. Under the same water scarcity conditions, the yield reduction rate is the highest in Guanzhong, followed by the Shannan, and the lowest in Shanbei. This paper aims to provide a scientific and reasonable optimization plan for maize irrigation in Shaanxi Province by calculating and analyzing the maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province, combined with optimization tools such as genetic algorithms, to address the challenges brought by water resource constraints.

Divine Trust (Amana) and Climate Change in Jordan: Valuing Water in the Face of Water Scarcity

In the current context of environmental collapse and climate change, warnings about the threat of global severe water shortages have proliferated in media and policy discourses. At the same time, in many parts of the world, ordinary people, state institutions, and global financial actors are engaged in daily struggles over forms of water valuation. At stake in these struggles is the question: is water a commodity or a right? Based on ethnographic research conducted among Muslims and Christians in Jordan, this paper will explore how debates about forms of valuing water could be extended beyond the right/commodity and private property/commons distinctions to include religiously-informed forms of valuation. To do so, this paper shows how Muslims and Christians in Jordan provoke a mode of water valuation that is grounded in the idea of the ethical imperative to fulfil the amana (divine trust). Central to amana is the constant ethical labor of balancing the human right to govern/enjoy public resources such as water with divine responsibility. Amana affirms the value of water as a common good accessible to all and shared across generations while simultaneously making the realization of this value dependent on the divinely mediated relations of trust and obligation that hold together all of God’s creation. As such, the stakes in this mode of valuing water go beyond the struggle to counter the financialization of public water to insist on the necessity of making space for a non-possessive relationship to water that is embedded in shared createdness and oriented towards the hereafter and accountability to God.

Optimization of atmospheric water harvesting cycles for sustainable water supply in arid regions

Water shortages in arid areas threaten daily human needs. Extracting water from moist air offers a promising solution for communities facing water scarcity in these areas. This study theoretically evaluates the performance of six different adsorbent materials used for atmospheric water harvesting (AWH). A comprehensive parametric analysis is performed to assess the impact of various operating conditions on key performance indicators, including water yield (WY), energy consumption (EC), and cycle thermal efficiency. Additionally, the study evaluates the adsorption uptake of six adsorbents under varying temperatures and relative humidity levels, mapping the estimated adsorption capacities onto a psychrometric chart. This approach helps identify the most suitable adsorbents for different climatic conditions. Moreover, the response surface methodology is applied in this study to develop a regression model, optimize AWH cycle performance using a desirability optimization technique, and evaluate the most significant design factors affecting the WY and cycle efficiency. Optimization is conducted for two adsorbents, silica gel RD and MOF MIL-101(Cr). The results show that MOF MIL-101(Cr) can achieve a water yield of up to 1.08 kgwater/kgads/cycle, alongside a cycle efficiency of 79.3 %, whereas silica gel RD exhibits a water yield of up to 0.429 kgwater/kgads/cycle with an efficiency of 79.6 %. This study is essential for designing efficient AWH systems.

Geothermal aided advanced desalination of highly saline water: From technology development to seasonal impact optimization

Access to clean drinking water is a critical global imperative, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. The present study aims to explore a sustainable approach for enhancing water quality by desalinating geothermal water which is extracted from a geothermal hotspot at Dholera, Gujarat. Since there is a shortage of clean and potable water in the area, it is advisable to use this renewable resource for drinking and irrigation purpose after treatment through a suitable method powered by organic rankine cycle (ORC) which not only serves the aim of sustainable approach but also has minimum environmental impact. The investigation illustrates fabrication and demonstration of geothermal-aided desalination unit and its plant set up at the study area for qualitative desalination of highly saline water. The system's performance is evaluated for seasonal variations in geothermal water, both before and after desalination. Results shows a significant reduction in contaminants, with decrease in salinity by 95.30% and total dissolved solids (TDS) by 96.91%. The novelty of this approach lies in salt extraction from the by-product of rejected water, contributing to resource recovery. This approach demonstrates an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution to address water scarcity in the region which is aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs). The process's effectiveness for implementation is suggested by the strong p-values (all <0.001). Additionally, the Cohen's d values, which are noticeably high across all parameters, indicate strong effect sizes ensuring desalination's viability for practical uses such as irrigation and safe drinking.

Monitoring Water Depth and Seepage Rates in Pitcher Irrigation for Sustainable Crop Water Management

Pitcher irrigation is an ancient yet effective method for delivering water directly to plant root zones, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of pitcher irrigation in conserving water and supporting brinjal crop growth. This study investigates the efficiency and dynamics of a pitcher irrigation system in supplying water to brinjal crops, utilizing nine porous clay pitchers buried near the plants. Water depth in the pitchers was monitored from March 1 to March 22, 2024, at three intervals daily. Initial water levels of 15 cm were recorded on March 1, followed by gradual declines in water depth over time, with some pots showing rapid depletion, particularly during peak daylight hours. Pot 4 exhibited the most significant water loss, likely due to increased soil absorption or higher crop water demand, while Pots 1 and 3 showed more consistent water retention. The study revealed significant variation in seepage rates, with higher water loss during the day, particularly in the afternoon, compared to slower overnight seepage. These findings emphasize the need for careful irrigation management, including tailored refill schedules, to ensure uniform water availability and prevent moisture deficits. The results demonstrate that pitcher irrigation can effectively sustain crop growth, but its efficiency depends on continuous monitoring and adjustments based on local conditions.

Identification of hotspots and cold-spots of groundwater potential using spatial statistics

Study regionThe Guna-Tana landscape is located in Ethiopia. This landscape is seriously facing water scarcity problems, that’s why we studied this landscape and provided the hotspots of groundwater potential areas in this region. Study focusIn this study the hotspots and cold-spots of groundwater potential at, 99, 95, and 90 % confidence levels has been deciphered. Using Gi-Bin values, four classes has been identified viz., 2–3 (highly favorable), 0–1 (fairly favorable), −2 to −1 (poorly favorable) and −3 (very poorly favorable). The hotspots was subjected to ordinary least squared (OLS) regression to understand the impact of chosen parameters (viz., geology, land-use, soil, rainfall, slope, and distance to rivers) towards groundwater potential. New hydrological insights for the regionThe absence of redundancy among the selected parameters was indicated by the VIF values of the parameters, which were determined to be less than 7.5. It was discovered that the Robust Probability (Robust_Pr) was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The OLS model appears to have captured the variability of exploratory variables, as evidenced by the decreased values of Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc). The Adjusted R-squared value of 0.9119 indicates that exploratory variables has successfully explained 91.19 % of the variance of the model.

Experimental analysis of solar desalination system performance with graphene and graphitic carbon nanopaint-coated solar absorbers

Improving the efficiency of basin-type solar stills is crucial for ensuring reliable access to clean water in areas facing water scarcity. One effective way to increase water yield production is by applying various coatings to the solar still's absorber plate. Using nanocoatings on solar absorber plates increases solar radiation absorptivity and minimizes reflectivity, which helps improve water production. In this proposed work, Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-based nano paint, graphitic carbon nanoparticles (GCNPs)-dispersed black paint, and conventional black paint were applied to the solar still's absorber plate. According to the study, the GNPs' nano paint resulted in a cumulative solar still productivity that was 48.23 % higher than the GCNPs-dispersed black paint and 10.28 % higher than the conventional black paint. It also revealed that the energy efficiency of solar stills with GCNPs and GNPs nano paint-coated absorbers was 56.96 % and 69.77 %, respectively, while the traditional black paint-coated absorber managed only 39.42 %. The calculated exergy efficiency of these three solar stills was 8.55 % for the conventional black paint, 13.93 % for the GCNPs, and 22.93 % for the GNPs nano paint-coated absorber. This proposed system also has an energy payback period of 1.79 years and contributes to achieving a carbon credit of $994.90 through the market. The cost of distilled water in this system is also 0.016$/L.

Evaluating the Impact of Hotel Classification on Pool Water Consumption: A Case Study from Costa Brava (Spain)

Swimming pools are key assets in the hotel industry. With climate change and water stress, more sustainable pools are needed in tourist areas. The study examines the relationship between hotel categories and the consumption of water in swimming pools in a Mediterranean coastal region facing water scarcity. The study focuses on the Costa Brava, with a focus on Lloret de Mar, a popular tourist destination. The research employs a combination of data analysis and the utilisation of evaporation models in order to estimate the consumption of water by swimming pools. The findings indicate that hotels in the higher categories, particularly those with three or four stars, contribute a notable proportion of the total water consumption due to their larger pool sizes and higher guest numbers. The study underscores the necessity for the implementation of sustainable water management strategies, particularly in the context of climate change. It recommends the utilisation of pool water-saving technologies as potential solutions. Furthermore, the paper highlights the broader environmental impact of tourism infrastructure on water resources and suggests policy measures to mitigate these effects. The research aligns with global sustainability goals such as the European Green Deal and the 2030 Agenda.

A Study to Estimate the effect of Water Scarcity On the Morphological and Biochemical Parameter of the Plant

The importance of doing research on the effects of water scarcity on plant health and productivity cannot be overstated, particularly in light of the effects of climate change and the rising urgency of water scarcity. Calculating the ways in which water scarcity influences the morphological and biochemical features of plants is the objective of this research. Protein concentrations, antioxidant activity, and chlorophyll content are examples of biochemical parameters, while plant height, leaf area, and root length are examples of morphological criteria. Furthermore, the length of the roots is an example of a root. We were able to see significant changes in the morphological and biochemical properties of the plants by conducting experiments that were carefully controlled and administered with varying degrees of water availability. Water scarcity is a direct factor that affects plant growth, as seen by reduced plant height, reduced leaf area, and shorter root length. In terms of biochemistry, we saw a decrease in the contents of chlorophyll and protein, both of which are essential for the process of photosynthesis and for the overall health of plants. On the other side, antioxidant activity increased, which is indicative of a stress response mechanism that is being used to cope with the lack of water. The findings highlight the critical need of implementing sustainable water management methods in order to achieve the goal of preserving the resilience of plants and the productivity of agricultural production in the face of water scarcity. This research provides valuable insights into the physiological changes that plants go through when they are subjected to water stress. These findings have the potential to open up new routes for the creation of plant varieties that are resistant to drought.

Generalized Richards model of slow sand filtration to remove lead pollutant from polluted waters: study of velocity effect

In Morocco, numerous regions face water scarcity. To address water shortages in the arid Marrakech region, agricultural reuse of wastewater can be a viable solution, provided that accessible and cost-effective methods, such as slow sand filtration, are employed to reduce pollutant levels. In the vicinity of the Mine Draa Lasfar, wastewater discharged into the Tensift River has led to significant contamination by metallic trace elements, including lead (Pb). This contamination spreads from the water to the soil, plant cover, and living organisms, with severe Pb contamination observed in children, leading to serious neurological diseases. Addressing this critical issue, our study explores the application of slow sand filtration for water treatment. This method is reliable and environmentally friendly, particularly effective at lower water velocities, ensuring optimal contaminant removal. We introduced the Generalized Richards model, a versatile mathematical tool, which outperformed the standard logistic model by providing a more accurate fit to our experimental data. In conclusion, slow sand filtration, when implemented in areas like Mine Draa Lasfar, offers a promising solution for mitigating metallic trace elements contamination in water sources, with the Generalized Richards model enhancing our understanding and optimization of the filtration process.

Drought Stress Effects and Ways for Improving Drought Tolerance in Impatiens walleriana Hook.f.—A Review

Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. Reduced plant yield and quality are primarily caused by the reductions in photosynthesis, mineral uptake, metabolic disorders, damages from the increased production of reactive oxygen species, and many other disruptions. Plants utilize drought resistance mechanisms as a defense strategy, and the systems’ activation is dependent upon several factors, including plant genotype, onthogenesis phase, drought intensity and duration, and the season in which the drought occurs. Impatiens walleriana is a worldwide popular flowering plant recognized for its vibrant flower colors, and is an indispensable plant in pots, gardens and other public areas. It prefers well-draining, moisturized soil, and does not perform well in overly dry or waterlogged conditions. Consequently, inadequate water supply is a common problem for this plant during production, transportation, and market placement, which has a substantial impact on plant performance overall. This review article outlines certain features of morphological, physiological, and molecular alterations induced by drought in ornamental, drought-sensitive plant species I. walleriana, as well as research carried out to date with the aim to improve the drought tolerance. Stress proteins aquaporins and dehydrins, whose molecular structure was described for the first time in this plant species, are highlighted specifically for their role in drought stress. Furthermore, the effective improvement of drought tolerance in I. walleriana by exogenous application of Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria is discussed in detail. Finally, this review can provide valuable insights for improving plant resilience and productivity in the face of water scarcity, which is critical for sustainable agriculture and horticulture.

On the Necessity for Improving Water Efficiency in Commercial Buildings: A Green Design Approach in Hot Humid Climates

Water, a fundamental and indispensable resource necessary for the survival of living beings, has become a pressing issue in numerous regions worldwide due to scarcity. Urban areas, where the majority of the global population resides, witness a substantial consumption of blue water, particularly in commercial buildings. This study investigates the potential for enhancing water efficiency within an ongoing high-rise office building construction situated in a tropical climate. The investigation utilizes the green building guidelines of leadership in energy and environmental design (LEED) through a case-study-based research approach. Strategies included using efficient plumbing fixtures (such as high air–water ratio fixtures and dual-flush toilets), the selection of native plants, implementing a suitable irrigation system, introducing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) and improving the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning (MVAC) system. The results showed a 55% reduction in water use from efficient fixtures, a 93% reduction in landscaping water needs and a 73% overall water efficiency with a RWHS from the baseline design. Additionally, efficient cooling towers and the redirection of condensed water into the cooling tower make-up water tank improved the overall water efficiency to 38%, accounting for the water requirements of the MVAC system. The findings of this study can contribute to more sustainable and water-efficient urban development, particularly in regions facing water scarcity challenges. The significance of these findings lies in their potential to establish industry standards and inform policymakers in the building sector. They offer valuable insights for implementing effective strategies aimed at reducing blue water consumption across different building types.

SISTEME VERTICALE HIDROPONICE: INTENSIFICAREA REZISTENȚEI LA CLIMĂ, EFICIENȚEI APEI ȘI AGRICULTURII URBANE

This paper explores hydroponic vertical systems as a sustainable solution to modern agricultural challenges, particularly those posed by climate change. Hydroponics, a method of growing plants without soil using nutrient-rich water solutions, offers significant advantages over traditional farming. Vertical systems maximize space efficiency by growing plants in stacked layers, making them ideal for urban environments with limited space. These systems provide a controlled environment that mitigates the impacts of extreme weather, ensuring consistent crop production. The paper reviews various hydroponic techniques, including deep water culture, nutrient film technique, flood and drain, and drip irrigation. It highlights the efficiency of water use in hydroponics, crucial for areas facing water scarcity. Advanced technologies, such as sensors, automated nutrient delivery, and LED lighting, are employed to optimize growing conditions, enhance resource use efficiency, and improve crop yields. LED lights, in particular, offer energy efficiency, customizable spectra, and low heat output. Mathematical models are used to maximize plant development and resource efficiency, providing a framework for understanding plant-environment interactions. Despite high initial setup costs and the need for technical expertise, hydroponic systems present long-term economic and environmental benefits. This paper underscores hydroponic vertical systems' potential to revolutionize urban agriculture, ensuring food security and sustainability amidst climate change challenges.

Optimized wastewater management utilizing multivariate statistical analysis: a case study of the Mascara wastewater treatment plant, Algeria.

Effective wastewater management is crucial in regions experiencing water scarcity and environmental stressors, such as pollution and climate change. Optimizing treatment processes is essential for achieving environmental sustainability. This study aims to highlight the importance of effective wastewater management strategies, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. Our objective was to identify key factors influencing the treatment process. Therefore, we evaluated associations between physicochemical parameters using multivariate statistical methods, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC). Our findings categorize the monthly water samples into three distinct groups based on levels of organic pollution: the first group (July, August, and September) is characterized by high oxygenation levels and significantly low organic pollution, indicating optimal system operation. The second group (April, October, November, and December) exhibits low oxygenation and low organic pollution, promoting sludge settling and pollutant reduction. The third group (January, February, March, May, and June) shows significantly high organic pollution and low oxygenation, which corresponds to unfavorable environmental conditions. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of multivariate statistical methods in optimizing wastewater treatment processes, providing crucial insights for environmental sustainability and water resource management.