Face Of Poverty Research Articles

Empirical research on decent work and precarious work for semi-skilled and unskilled blue-collar workers: A scoping review

Recognising that many workers worldwide often face poverty and exploitation, the International Labour Organisation aims to promote decent and productive work opportunities for all. We conducted a scoping review to get an overall view of current academic literature on decent work and precarious work for samples of blue-collar workers. The studies included in this review, focused on empirical research conducted from 2006 onwards, that primarily investigated decent work or precarious work among semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers. The review team used a data-charting form and collected information from thirty-five articles. Most recent studies (2020–2023) were related to the experiences and livelihoods of non-traditional blue-collar workers namely platform drivers and informal waste pickers. Before 2020, the most commonly studied theme related to the experiences of migrant workers. The findings shed light on the experiences of these workers, particularly in South Africa and India and provide valuable insight into their work experiences for further discussion.

Exit, or Voice? A Quantitative Investigation of Out Migration Intentionality From Venezuela

Executive Summary Why some residents around the world facing chronic and acute stressors seek to exit their home communities while others do not, remains an unanswered question. People living in Venezuela face poverty, inflation, and food shortages and hold strong reasons to seek life elsewhere. Using a new survey of 100 residents in two communities in Venezuela — Santa Rita and Maracaibo — we qualitatively and quantitatively capture the intention to leave a failing state along a variety of potential explanatory characteristics at the individual and environmental levels. Testing the relationship with several sets of factors, including social capital, access to critical infrastructure, and anxiety about the political and economic environment, we find that optimism and access to electricity strongly correlate with intention to depart. Venezuelans who hold positive views of the future and have more regular access to electricity indicate less desire to emigrate, while individual and communal resources like social capital and individual resources like access to US dollars have no measurable impact. These findings bring with them important policy recommendations for NGOs and policymakers alike. Policies that promote optimism and psychological well-being within communities may indirectly contribute to reducing emigration intentions. Moreover, policymakers should be aware of the limits of bonding ties in helping communities experiencing multidimensional shocks. Our findings also point to the limited effectiveness of external resources in fostering a desire to stay and improve local conditions, and instead reinforce the importance of critical conditions at home.

Front and Back Covers, Volume 40, Number 3. June 2024

Front and back cover caption, volume 40 issue 3DREAMING'S DIMINISHING DIMENSIONSThe cover image, Desecrating the Rainbow Serpent by Jack Green, powerfully illustrates the profound cultural and spiritual disruption Indigenous communities face from the expansion of the McArthur River Mine in Australia's Northern Territory. The painting, divided into two sections, represents the past and the present. The left side, vibrant and lush, depicts a time when the Gudanji, Garrwa, Marra and Yanyuwa peoples had control over their land and lived on Country, with the Junggayi (traditional managers) and Minggirringi (owners) guarding the eye of the sacred Rainbow Serpent at the top of the painting. The dark and fragmented right side portrays the devastation caused by mining activities, highlighting the diversion of the McArthur River, which the artist describes as having ‘cut the back of our ancestor – the Rainbow Serpent’, ‘pull[ing] people down’ as ‘the stress of seeing our land suffer means we suffer.’Richard J. Martin's article examines the broader implications of such cultural losses within the context of Australian legal and social frameworks. He discusses the complexities of compensating for cultural loss, as seen in landmark cases like Northern Territory v Griffiths and the destruction of Juukan Gorge, underscoring the challenges of quantifying spiritual and cultural damage in monetary terms and the broader impacts on Indigenous communities.The image and article together highlight the enduring effects of colonization and industrial exploitation on Indigenous cultures. They call for a more profound understanding and respect for Indigenous spirituality and the urgent need for legal frameworks that adequately address and compensate for these irreplaceable losses.This artwork serves as a reminder of the work ahead – acknowledging the immense cultural losses suffered, supporting Indigenous peoples in reclaiming and revitalizing their heritage, and finding ways to move forward that respect and honour Indigenous traditions. The painting's winding colours speak to the unbreakable bonds between identity, history and the land that must be nurtured and protected. Like Martin's article, this image is an invitation to open our minds, educate ourselves and take meaningful steps to help preserve and celebrate Indigenous cultural heritage now and into the future.SHADOWS OF DISCOMFORTThis haunting illustration is a visual complement to Ståle Wig's thought‐provoking article, ‘Pity the rich man’, which explores the dynamics surrounding begging and work and the discomfort often felt by both givers and receivers in such encounters.The image depicts a dishevelled man, presumably experiencing homelessness, sitting amidst the detritus of his meagre possessions on a bustling city pavement. Passers‐by, rendered as ghostly silhouettes, navigate around him, their body language subtly conveying a mixture of discomfort, pity and a desire to maintain distance. This scene encapsulates the awkwardness and unease that Wig identifies as central to many begging encounters, where the act of giving can heighten awareness of social inequality and provoke feelings of guilt or embarrassment.Yet, as Wig astutely observes, those who beg are keenly attuned to these discomforts and often seek to alleviate them by reframing their solicitations as a form of work or exchange. The man's small cardboard sign and scattered belongings hint at this strategy, suggesting an attempt to present his predicament as a legitimate, if desperate, means of subsistence. By appearing to offer something in return for aid, even if only a token acknowledgement of the giver's generosity, he appeals to societal values that prioritize industriousness over perceived idleness.Ultimately, this image serves as a powerful reminder of the everyday struggles and adaptations of those living on the margins while also prompting readers to reflect on their own assumptions and unease when confronted with the visible face of poverty. In doing so, it encapsulates the central themes of Wig's analysis, inviting us to consider how both givers and receivers navigate the complexities of these fraught social interactions.

THE FAR-REACHING EFFECTS OF POVERTY ON CHILDREN: IMPACTS ON HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

This article explores the profound impact of poverty on children's health, education, and future opportunities. Children living in poverty face disparities in health outcomes, including higher rates of chronic conditions and mental health disorders. Educational barriers such as attending under-resourced schools and facing external challenges impede academic success and limit future prospects. The long-term consequences of poverty on children's future opportunities underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to address systemic inequities. By investing in early childhood education, healthcare, and social support programs, society can mitigate the effects of poverty on vulnerable children and create a more equitable future for all.

Inequality and deprivation in an affluent community: A case study of the livelihood of low-income households in Central and Western District, Hong Kong

The Central and Western District (C&W District) of Hong Kong is often associated with prosperity. However, some families in the C&W District, like those in other areas of Hong Kong, face poverty and deprivation. This study implemented purposive sampling and the constructivist grounded theory to investigate the perceptions of and daily challenges faced by underprivileged residents and community stakeholders in the district. This study conducted individual or small group in-depth interviews with 40 residents in 2019. The results revealed that unaffordable housing and poor living environments impeded family cohesiveness. Young people lacked sufficient academic support. Under the government's latest policy direction of “targeted poverty alleviation”, this study recommends that government departments and relevant social stakeholders proactively explore the development of social housing in the district. In addition, community volunteers with English proficiency and other professional skills should be recruited to offer free or affordable tutoring services for underprivileged students.

The Smart Shoppers

Is it okay to buy decorative plates when people are starving? In this philosophical short story fiction, Rick and Harley are walking through a home decoration store when Harley suggests they should buy decorative deer for the front lawn. This causes Rick to go into a long explanation that, one his death bed, he doesn’t want to sum up in life, in the face of global poverty and oppression that, “at least he bought those decorative plates.” Harley, in response, argues that it is specialization, trade, and commerce that drive humanity forward, as well as choice, and that in a world of free choice, she should be free to choose to buy trivial things. Furthermore, she argues, fake deer in the lawn will make her happy and, at the very least, she has the right to take a break from trying to change the world to make herself happy once in a while.

Exploring the intersections of college student poverty, grief, and racial/ethnic identity: a scoping review protocol

BackgroundCollege students who experience the negative impact of poverty, such as food, financial, and housing insecurity, are at higher risk for poor academic performance. One recent study examined grief in a college student sample and found students with a diverse racial or ethnic background were more likely to experience prolonged grief disorder, however, did not examine poverty in their sample. To date, no known reviews have examined poverty by racial and ethnic identity and the experience of grief due to the death of a family member or friend, and no reviews have examined how these three factors relate to interventions designed to support student academic performance and degree completion.MethodsOur aim is to map the primary literature reporting on college students of any age who identify or are identified as non-white racial or ethnic groups who experience poverty and grief due to the death of a family member or friend. The mapping strategy includes extracting the various types of interventional support of academic performance and degree completion delivered from campus or community services in any geographic setting worldwide. We will conduct our scoping review with guidance from the latest version of the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Utilizing the framework as outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, we will conduct our scoping review with Arksey’s five stages: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. For transparency and reproducibility, we will adhere to the PRISMA reporting guidelines.DiscussionThe purpose of this scoping review is to map the primary literature reporting college students, regardless of their age, who belong to non-white racial or ethnic groups and face poverty and grief resulting from the loss of a family member or friend. This analysis includes mapping the various types of intervention and support available both on and off campus, in any global setting, with the aim of enhancing academic performance and facilitating degree completion. The results of this review may inform the further research needed in this area to help prevent poor academic performance and dropout for many vulnerable college students. The results may be of value, particularly to college administrators developing prevention and interventional programs to support college student success.Systematic review registrationOpen Science Framework (https://osf.io/enuwt).

How Neo-Developmentalism Can Contribute to the Development of Developing Countries: An Example From the Economic Policies of President Lula's Administration in Brazil

Since many developing countries face poverty problems, economic imbalance, and a wide gap between rich and poor in society, implementing neoliberalism cannot meet the needs of their economic and social development. This paper examines the impact of neo-developmentalism on developing countries from the case of Brazil. The report analyzes the Zero Hunger Policy, the most important economic and social policy of neoliberalism during the Lula presidency in Brazil, and through the analysis of the program itself, analyzes its social and economic impacts on Brazil while also pointing out some of its limitations. Finally, this paper argues that neo-developmentalism can narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, improve the quality of life of the people in developing countries, and at the same time, it is also conducive to the strengthening of the role of the government in the market, and promote the economic development of developing countries.

Statistical Analysis of Population and Economic Growth in Ghana.

Purpose: The relationship between population and economic growth has been a subject of extensive research and debate for decades. Population of a country is driven by factors such as fertility rate, mortality rate and migration. Rapid population growth can strain resources, infrastructure, and social services, potentially hampering economic development. However, it can also create a demographic dividend when the working age population surpasses dependent age group, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.
 Methodology: The researchers performed statistical analysis on population and economic growth using Time Series. The study revealed that Ghana’s age profile is much concentrated at the youthful age, which is also the most fertile part of the age distribution.
 Findings: The Percentage Change of Population (PCPOP), Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (PCGDP) and Exchange Rate (EXCR) are statistically significant. Also Population and the economic growth in Ghana are inversely proportional to each other.
 Unique contributor to theory, policy and practice: Furthermore, the future values of the population of the country is relatively high for the next ten years and there is a negative correlation between the population and economic growth hence the future population is likely to face poverty. Stakeholders and policy makers are to ensure that future policies are directed towards Entrepreneurship and Skills Training to enable income generation in the Country.

Pathways to the medieval hospital: collective osteobiographies of poverty and charity

Medieval hospitals were founded to provide charity, but poverty and infirmity were broad and socially determined categories and little is known about the residents of these institutions and the pathways that led them there. Combining skeletal, isotopic and genetic data, the authors weave a collective biography of individuals buried at the Hospital of St John the Evangelist, Cambridge. By starting with the physical remains, rather than historical expectations, they demonstrate the varied life courses of those who were ultimately buried in the hospital's cemetery, illustrating the diverse faces of medieval poverty and institutional notions of charity. The findings highlight the value of collective osteobiography when reconstructing the social landscapes of the past.

Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Social Anxiety and Rumination Among Female Heads of Households

Background: Given that a significant group of female heads of households face poverty, disability, and powerlessness, particularly in managing household economic affairs, their self-esteem and mental health are affected, which has paved the way for depression, anxiety, and other disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of compassion-focused therapy (CFT) on social anxiety and rumination among female heads of households. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The study population consisted of all female heads of households visiting the welfare centers in Aligudarz (Iran) in 2022. A sample of 40 individuals (20 women per group) was selected based on the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The intervention group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week) of CFT. After completing the sessions, a posttest was administered to both the intervention and control groups under similar conditions. The research instruments included the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and Rumination Response Scale (RRS). Data analysis was performed using covariance analysis with SPSS version 27. Results: The mean ( ± SD) of the posttest scores of social anxiety and rumination in the intervention group was 29.95 (± 4.26) and 39.70 (± 4.29) which was significantly different from the control groups (57.75 (± 5.59) and 57.90 (± 4.71)) (P < 0.001). The results indicated that CFT effectively reduced social anxiety and rumination among female heads of households (P < 0.001). Conclusions: CFT was a suitable method for addressing social anxiety and rumination among female heads of households. These findings highlight the significance of implementing compassion-focused interventions among female heads of households and provide implications for clinical interventions.

Leaving no one behind: A case for inclusive social protection for displaced children

AbstractThe United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) outlines the rights for every child, including the right to benefit from social security and the right to a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual, moral, and social development. The UNCRC is the most widely ratified human rights treaty to date. However, millions of children continue to be denied their rights and face poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion, merely because they are displaced – internally or across borders. Children bear the heaviest burden of displacement, despite not being responsible for its triggers. This reality underlines that a significant population is being “left behind”, threatening progress to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals as part of international efforts to end poverty and ensure all people enjoy peace and prosperity. This article advocates for inclusive social protection systems for displaced children by highlighting the difficulties they encounter, emphasizing the potential benefits of social protection, and assessing the current status of inclusive social protection for this vulnerable group. Drawing on emerging lessons from UNICEF’s experience across several refugee and internal displacement contexts, such as Brazil, Ethiopia, Slovakia, and Türkiye, the article also offers recommendations to strengthen inclusive social protection systems specifically tailored to meet the humanitarian and development needs of displaced children.

Financial inclusion and poverty alleviation: Does it work? (Studies in lower-middle-income countries)

A stable financial system can build a country's economy. Financial inclusion is one of the strategies undertaken to improve the economy and alleviate poverty. Poverty is a troubling problem for every country. Both developing and developed countries face poverty. Therefore, poverty must be eradicated immediately. This study analyzes financial inclusion in poverty alleviation in five lower-middle-income countries (Indonesia, Myanmar, Laos, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). The variables used in this study are the number of credit accounts, the number of savings accounts, the number of debits, the number of bank branch offices, and economic growth. This research uses secondary data or time series from 2010-2020. The method used in this study is the ARDL Panel method. The panel shows that countries with leading indicators for poverty alleviation are Indonesia, Myanmar, and Pakistan. Meanwhile, the leading indicators variables are the number of creditors, the amount of savings, and the number of debits in the five lower-middle-income countries.

Identifying Themes in Energy Poverty Research: Energy Justice Implications for Policy, Programs, and the Clean Energy Transition

Energy poverty affects numerous households across the globe and has several key implications and concerns for public health and social equity. Energy poverty is defined as “the lack of access to modern and affordable energy services”. Individuals or communities in energy poverty face limitations in accessing reliable, affordable, and sustainable energy. This review paper examines a focused subset of recent research on energy poverty highlighted by the “NSF 2026: Priorities and Research Needs for an Equitable Energy Transition” workshop and the United States Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Justice Policy and Analysis to help frame energy poverty’s impacts on policy, poverty alleviation, environmental impact, and social inequity. This review paper uses five themes to organize previous energy poverty work: (1) Energy Poverty and Justice Definitions and Metrics; (2) Behavioral Aspects of Energy Poverty; (3) Efficacy of Energy Assistance Programs; (4) Efficiency of Energy Efficiency Policy; (5) The Energy Transition and Environmental and Energy Justice. We found that the literature examined how comprehensive assessment of energy poverty requires going beyond standard statistics and metrics and must include an understanding of how underserved households interact with energy. We found strong optimism for the clean energy transition’s ability to significantly alleviate energy poverty, but only if policymakers include equity. Finally, we found that while there is plenty of work highlighting deficiencies there is a dearth of work examining successful implementations and how to replicate them which will be needed if the clean energy transition is to match its potential.

Multiple faces of poverty. Exploring housing-costs-induced energy poverty in Central and Eastern Europe

The series of crises, first pandemic, then energy, and finally war threaten the most vulnerable in all countries. This study attempts to unveil the faces of the energy poor to shape conscious policies concerning these households. We focus on the profile of energy-poor households in 11 CEE countries, such as Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.We identify nine distinct profiles of energy poor households and key vulnerability characteristics. The first one is low income, which, especially for retirees, does not allow them to meet their energy needs. The second one is living in houses. The third one is the mismatch between housing size and household needs. The fourth is a large number of children in the household. Our source of micro-data is the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions collected in 2020. We perform the analysis using the partitioning around medoids algorithm on the sample of 18,331 energy poor households, which represent about 22.6 % of all observations.We highlight several policy issues in this study. It is important to make the housing market more flexible to adjust accommodation to the size of households. Pension systems should account for population aging and improve the financial situation of single elderly persons. Finally, large families with dependent children should be supported more effectively.

The effect of adverse childhood experiences on family mealtime frequency: Examining racial and ethnic differences.

Eating meals as a family is associated with multiple positive nutritional and emotional outcomes for parents and children. Although the benefits of mealtimes extend to all families, families of color and those in poverty face disproportional barriers to eating frequent meals together. No previous study has properly attended to the heterogeneity of racial and ethnic groups in the United States when assessing mealtime barriers. Focusing on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), our analyses tested whether an increased number of adversities, and particular types of adversities, were associated with a decrease in mealtime frequency for different racial/ethnic families in the United States. Utilizing a large, nationally representative sample of families (n = 59,963), results showed that higher cumulative ACE scores reduced the number of days a family eats meals together in a given week. For specific ACE items, seven out of nine individual ACE items were associated with decreased mealtimes (excluding parental death and racial discrimination). Stratification resulted in varied associations between accumulated and individual ACE items and mealtime frequency depending on racial/ethnic group. Asian families in particular had greater odds of infrequent meals than other families, while Native American, Alaskan Native, Pacific Islander, and other racial/ethnic families were unaffected by increased ACEs. Results indicate that a family's accumulation of multiple adversities may impede mealtimes by either forcing families to prioritize the management of other stressors or by depleting the physical and mental resources needed to establish a routine. Focusing on family cultural traditions as protective factors may be an area of future intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Exploring Food-Based Cultural Practices to Address Food Insecurity in Rural Appalachia.

Health behaviors, like diet, are influenced by a person's culture and the society where they reside, contributing to the presence of health disparities within a unique region. Such disparities are evident in Central Appalachia where a unique cultural identity exists. Culture-based initiatives focused on improving food security and other nutritional challenges have had success in other diverse groups, yet similar interventions considering geographically tied culture, like Appalachia, are limited. This study aims to identify specific aspects of Appalachian culture that address food insecurity to inform future initiatives that may improve adult dietary habits and food security status. Qualitative data were collected from five focus groups in one rural Central Appalachian community in 2021 (n=59). Data were analyzed using Grounded Theory Approach. Four primary themes related to culture and food insecurity emerged: 1) Community decline and economic hardship 2) Shifts in multigenerational food traditions 3) Response to limited food access and 4) Community decline and economic hardship. Participants revealed adaptations they have made in the face of geographic isolation and poverty and the pride they take in providing for themselves and one another. These findings indicate the people of Appalachia are unknowingly leveraging cultural practices to address food insecurity, yet the impact of these practices on nutritional status remains unknown. These results have implications for future studies and interventions in Appalachia which may have greater success by accounting for cultural influences compared to traditional approaches for reducing food insecurity in the region.

Impact of Education on Human Development – Applied Study on Libya (1990-2019)

Education is an important tool for States' development and progress economic, social and political impediments, in addition to promoting the concept of sustainable and inclusive development in various areas ", especially in this era of remarkable development in the educational process, which has produced significant progress in embracing the concepts of sustainability, until education became the deadly weapon in the face of underdevelopment, poverty and ignorance. Education is one of the key pillars of inclusive development in its economic, social and political dimensions which is a key to progress and urbanization for any State in view of its leading role in sustainable development, Since the eighteenth century, economists - Adam Smith, Marx, Marshall and Maltus - have alerted the importance of investing in human capital through education and training But not until the 1950s and 1960s, Several applied studies have confirmed that economic development consists of two main components: The human component, which includes increasing human capacities by raising the level of education and raising the level of health; The material component, which includes increasing economic growth rates, is increasing per capita domestic product, and human capital theory emphasizes the important role that education plays as a key factor in the accumulation of human capital, achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty rates. Based on the importance of the impact of education in general on sustainable development as determined by economic theories and international experiences, this study seeks to analyse the impact of education on human development in Libya. The main problem of this study is to answer the following key question: What is the impact of education on human development in Libya during the period 1990-2019? Theoretically, the study's importance is to illustrate the inability to achieve sustainable development. without human development, education is the main dimension of human development and sustainable development is a necessary requirement for all developed and developing countries, Education is also one of the most important forms of investment in human capital. In addition, the practical importance of this study is to examine the impact of education on Libya's human development. development policies that lead to inclusive development. Drawing on the use of the analytical curriculum to determine the relationship between education and human development at the theoretical level, and analysing this relationship statistically, to test the study's main hypothesis: a statistically significant relationship exists between education and human development in Libya during the study period.

Wyzwania pedagogizacyjne w Krajach Trzeciego Świata w sektorze ochrony zdrowia na przykładzie Kamerunu

The article is based on the author's participation and personal experience during a Polish-Italian Humanitarian Mission to Cameroon. According to UNICEF, Cameroon is one of the most endangered regions in Africa. This jeopardy is multifaceted. Epidemics and endemic health problems, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and malnutrition, are the main causes of mortality among the population of this country. The difficult material situation, compounded by health problems, leads to deep poverty among the population, which particularly affects children and young people. The luxury for a child in Africa is a slice of bread, education is optional and paid for, which, in the face of catastrophic poverty, leads to total illiteracy. There is a lack of educational role models in the family and society. Young people are aware of the need for education as a ticket to a better world, but do not have the right conditions (financial and material) to take advantage of this opportunity. Schools at every level of education are paid. The teaching and education system in Cameroon falls far short of European standards. The challenge is, for example, to educate teaching staff and for families to provide financial resources for education. Such a situation raises civilisational and pedagogical challenges for the modern world towards the Black Land. Key words: school, education, illiteracy

Is "small quantity lipid nutrition supplement" (SQ-LNS) a sustainable and pragmatic strategy to prevent malnutrition?

Young child malnutrition and food insecurity is the result of many factors including social and economic inequities, disempowerment of women, inadequate support for breastfeeding, degraded environments, poor sanitation, unsafe water, violence and conflict. In this complex context, humanitarian agencies have a responsibility to guard against unintended consequences and ensure that the promotion of “quick fix” interventions do no harm. One such intervention is the Small Quantity Lipid Nutrition Supplement (SQ-LNS), that UNICEF is recommending for introduction into national nutrition programs to reduce mortality. The authors believe this recommendation is based on questionable evidence. They point to a fundamental flaw that trials compared “an intervention (SQ-LNS)” with “no comparable food-based intervention.” In effect, a pre-determined outcome. Also present is a conflict of interest, with support and intellectual input coming from interested food companies. Many other concerns are listed: SQ-LNS is an ultra-processed food (UPF), as defined by Nova Classification; daily feeding to children with poor diets will not improve dietary diversity and may undermine confidence in more culturally appropriate and nutritious family foods; the double burden of malnutrition and the emerging pandemic of overnutrition; the environmental impact of packaging and most importantly the clear potential for commercial exploitation. The widespread use of SQ-LNS in the face of food poverty is viewed as an unsustainable, unsafe and nutritionally inappropriate response. UN and humanitarian agencies should use their considerable diplomatic influence to challenge corporate-led food systems and support governments in their efforts to protect, promote and support breastfeeding and the provision of diverse complementary foods.