Facebook Intensity Research Articles

COVID-19 stress, Facebook use intensity and coping strategies of Filipino students: an analysis of data collected during a pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant levels of stress worldwide. For students, certain levels of distress due to the uncertainties of the pandemic, leading to the use of online resources and social media for information, entertainment and social connection. As there is evidence that show both positive and detrimental effects of social media, clarifying its relationship with COVID-19 stress is essential. Furthermore, coping styles, which incorporate the means by which individuals respond to stress, may alter such a relationship given the plethora of reasons of using social media intensely. Hence, this study explored the relationship between COVID-19 stress and Facebook use intensity among college students in relation to the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model (Valkenburg and Peter in J Commun 63(2):221 243, 2013). The regression analysis of responses from 220 college students indicated a strong positive relationship. Furthermore, a moderation analysis showed that Approach and Avoidant coping styles, when taken on their own, do not significantly moderate the relationship. However, the interaction of both coping styles significantly moderates the relationship of COVID-19 Stress and Facebook intensity. This confirms the contention that since social media use is highly subjective on an individual’s motives, coping through social media use also involves a combination of different types of coping.

Virtual Facades: Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Presentation on Facebook and Social Anxiety Among Egyptian Generation Z Users

This study investigates the correlation between the ‘false-self’ – the persona presented to the public that may not accurately reflect one’s true identity – and social anxiety among Generation Z Facebook users in Egypt. An integrated methodology approach was used to explore the connection between Facebook usage, false self-presentation and social anxiety levels. Data were collected by administering a questionnaire targeting 420 Facebook users belonging to Egypt’s Generation Z demographic. The study findings demonstrate a strong positive correlation between higher Facebook usage intensity and false self-presentation. Furthermore, false self-presentation was found to be positively correlated with social anxiety. Significant gender differences in self-congruence on Facebook were revealed, supported by theories related to social norms and gender roles. These findings illustrate the potential influence of social media on gender identity and self-presentation, underscoring the need to take gender differences into account when studying the effects of social media on mental health. Additionally, significant differences in Facebook intensity and attachment between genders were revealed. This study adds to our understanding of the intricate relationship between social media use, self-presentation and mental health outcomes among Generation Z by providing insight into the risks associated with false self-presentation and high Facebook usage intensity.

The influence of Facebook intensity on life satisfaction and academic performance of college students during COVID-19 pandemic

The influence of Facebook intensity on life satisfaction and academic performance of college students during COVID-19 pandemic

Interpersonal relationships and suicidal ideation among Chinese youths: A network analysis

BackgroundSuicidal ideation is a noteworthy health problem that requires further study in the field of interpersonal relationships. The main scope of relationships include family, teachers, peers, and the Internet. However, few studies have considered the effects of interpersonal interactions. Based on the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, this study explores the relation between different interpersonal relationships and suicidal ideation. MethodsA network analysis approach was used to test the relationships. Cross-sectional data (N = 1694; 52.1 % boys; Mage = 11.86 years, SD = 1.59) were collected from primary and secondary students in October–November 2022. Participants completed a survey including demographic part and questionnaires: Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation Inventory (PANSI), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ), Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES II), Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Student-Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS) and Facebook Intensity Scale (FIS). ResultsAll variables showed a significant correlation in this inferred network. Family, teacher-student, and peer relationships are protective against suicidal ideation. The closeness of the teacher-student relationship showed the highest strength centrality. However, online interpersonal relationship is a risk factor for suicide. Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness are proximal factors of suicidal ideation that influenced all interpersonal relationships. LimitationsThe network analysis as a data-driven and exploratory method may be limited to provide exact cause and effect relationship. ConclusionsThis study shows that teacher-student connections may be more important than other relationships of young people. Improper peer and online interpersonal relationship could be risky for suicide. Further studies are needed to examine the role of these relationships elaborately.

Exploring the Link between Facebook Intensity and Online Political Participation: A Study on Malaysian Youth

Exploring the Link between Facebook Intensity and Online Political Participation: A Study on Malaysian Youth

Social Media Dependency and Facebook Usage among the Older Adults of Kerala

Social media has become an integral part of modern society, with people of all ages using various platforms to connect, share information, and stay up-to-date on current events. However, there has been a recent trend of increased Facebook usage among older adults, which has raised concerns about social media dependency. The current study explores the trends in social media dependency and Facebook intensity among older adults of Kerala. The present study employed a quantitative research design and the sample consisted of 416 older adults, aged above 60 years. Two scales were used to collect data: the Social Media Dependency Scale (SMDS) and the Facebook Intensity Measure (FBI). Frequency and percentage analysis, Spearman’s Rho, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Mann-Whitney U test were carried out using SPSS (Version 23) for deriving results. Those individuals who are more dependent on social media are also more likely to engage in high levels of Facebook activity. A good majority of the participants were found to be using social media and Facebook for more than 3 hours in a day and having more than 400 friends. Social media dependency and Facebook intensity were reported to be high in urban localities, South Kerala having significantly higher rates of social media dependency when compared to North and Central regions. Social media dependency was found to be high among males, whereas no difference was in Facebook intensity among male and females.

Pattern of Facebook use by university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: relations with loneliness and resilience

Considering young adults’ extensive use of social media since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the present study examined the pattern of Facebook use by university students during the period of hygienic crisis. Specifically, it was investigated students’ Facebook intensity use and self-disclosure to unknown online friends, as well as the role of sense of resilience and loneliness in the manifestation of the above Facebook behaviors. Overall, 792 undergraduate and postgraduate university students (48% women) completed online self-report questionnaires regarding the above variables. Undergraduate students, regardless of gender and Department of studies, made more intense Facebook use and self-disclosure to unknown online friends. Sense of loneliness positively predicted students’ online self-disclosure not only directly but also indirectly through their Facebook intensity use. Students’ resilience negatively moderated the relationship between sense of loneliness and Facebook behaviors. The findings propose a new explanatory model of emotional and behavioral mechanisms, which leads to a less safe pattern of Facebook use. This pattern possibly reflects youth’s collective tendency to use this social media platform recklessly as a way out of crisis periods, such as the pandemic period. The emergence of this pattern could be useful for launching or enriching university counselling/prevention actions aimed at strengthening students’ psycho-emotional skills, and subsequently their prudent use of social media.

Intensity of SNS Use as a Predictor of Online Social Capital and the Moderating Role of SNS Platforms: An Empirical Study Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling

This study firstly aims to understand how social networking site usage results in online social capital formation, considering two different types of social networking sites (SNS)—LinkedIn and Facebook. It further aims to investigate if the process varies among different social networking sites or remains uniform. This study also validates two prominent scales, namely the Facebook Intensity Scale (FIS) and the Internet Social Capital Scale (ISCS). A structured questionnaire was administered through various social media platforms resulting in a total of 329 valid responses (167 LinkedIn users and 162 Facebook users). Applying the partial least squares method of structural equation modelling, it was found that social networking site use results in the formation of both online-bonding and online-bridging social capital for both types of SNS. Further, moderation analysis results show that the type of SNS platform does not affect the relationship between SNS intensity and online social capital. This implies that users’ social capitals are dependent on how they use an SNS. These findings have both practical and academic implications. They provide new insights into the usage, intensity, and online social capital that should be beneficial for commercial purposes. In terms of academic contribution, this research contributes to the scarce studies that have considered SNSs other than Facebook and also compared two SNSs. It further confirms the social capital theory in the field of online networking.

Does Facebook intensity matter for academic self-efficacy? A path analytic approach

There is mixed evidence about the educational impacts of Facebook with some research indicating how using Facebook facilitates academic outcomes while other investigations showing the link of Facebook usage to maladaptive educational outcomes such as reduced academic self-efficacy and performance. Prior studies also paid much attention to the academic-related consequences of this social networking in Western societies such as the United States which might have limited generalizability to students from non-Western countries. This study contributes to this line evidence by exploring whether Facebook use intensity dimensions would predict academic self-efficacy and study habits in selected Filipino undergraduate students using a path analytic approach. A survey packet comprising questionnaires about Facebook use and academic self-efficacy was administered to 566 Filipino undergraduate students. Results of path analysis via full maximum likelihood estimation approach demonstrated that whereas self-expression positively predicted academic self-efficacy, overuse negatively predicted this outcome. Boredom positively predicted study habits. This research has implications for understanding how different motives of using social media platforms can influence academic behaviors in higher education contexts.

Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms: a moderated mediation model of problematic Facebook use, age, neuroticism, and extraversion

BackgroundResearch on the relationship between Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms has resulted in mixed findings. In contrast, problematic Facebook use has been found to be a robust predictor of depressive symptoms. This suggests that when intense Facebook use results in a problematic usage pattern, it may indirectly predict depressive symptoms. However, this mediation pathway has never been examined. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the possible indirect relationship between Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms through problematic Facebook use is moderated by demographic (age), and personality (neuroticism and extraversion) characteristics.MethodsTo address these gaps, we conducted an online cross-sectional study (n = 210, 55% female, age range: 18–70 years old, Mage = 30.26, SD = 12.25). We measured Facebook use intensity (Facebook Intensity Scale), problematic Facebook use (Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised), and neuroticism and extraversion (Ten Item Personality Inventory).ResultsA mediation analysis revealed that problematic Facebook use fully mediates the relationship between Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms. Moreover, a moderated mediation analysis demonstrated that this indirect relationship is especially strong among young users and users scoring high on neuroticism.ConclusionsThese findings expand our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Facebook use intensity and depressive symptoms and describe user characteristics that act as vulnerability factors in this relationship.

The relationship between the perception of advertising, FOMO, social network fatigue and privacy concerns among social network users

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between factors of social network advertising, attitudes towards social networks, social network advertising, brands and perception of intrusiveness of social network advertising, and factors of social networks user behaviour (FOMO and privacy concerns). The research was conducted online on a sample of 212 respondents, who are digital natives aged 18 to 45. For the purpose of examining these variables the following was used in the research: a semantic differential scale taken from Elliott and Speck (1998) to measure the attitude towards advertising, an adjusted Facebook Intensity Scale (FBI scale) (Ellison et al., 2007), a questionnaire on attitudes towards brands (Bearden et al., 2011), an adjusted media intrusion scale (Li et al., 2002), the Gartner Inc. (2011) version of the social network privacy questionnaire, the Croatian version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale – FoMOs (Omajec and Čorkalo Biruški, 2020), and the Gartner Inc. (2011) version of the social media fatigue scale. The results indicate that positive attitudes towards advertising, higher levels of privacy concerns and FOMO are predictors of higher levels of social network fatigue, while attitudes towards social networks and perceptions of intrusiveness did not prove to be significant predictors of social network fatigue. The implementation of hierarchical regression analysis revealed the mediating effect of FOMO on the relationship between the attitude towards social network advertising, the attitude towards brands and social network fatigue, while the significance of mediation was verified by the Sobel test. The paper describes the findings, research limitations and offers suggestions for future research.

SUPPRESSOR EFFECT OF FACEBOOK USAGES ON OBSESSIVE BELIEFS

BackgroundThis research aimed to demonstrate a significant suppressor effect between Facebook usages (Facebook intensity and Facebook addiction) on obsessive beliefs (threat, perfectionism, inflated responsibility, control of thoughts).Subjects and MethodsParticipants were 204 university students who completed self-reported measures of Facebook intensity, Facebook addiction, and obsessive beliefs. To examine the significance of the suppressor effect, the conceptual models were analyzed using GSCA Pro.ResultsResults indicated that the suppressor effect was not significant. Facebook intensity, which refers to regular Facebook use, did not significantly predict the facets of obsessive beliefs. Facebook addiction, which represents the maladaptive use of Facebook, significantly predicted these facets.ConclusionsResults indicated that Facebook intensity did not increase the relationship between Facebook addiction and obsessive beliefs. Facebook addiction increases the saliency of obsessive beliefs, which possibly increases the risk of OCD.AcknowledgementsThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Social media use among children and teenagers with asthma bronchiale

Introduction: The health behavior of patients with asthma bronchiale can be influenced by the virtual world (es., Facebook). It is often used to compensate their attachment deficits. Objective: In this study, the use of social media is analyzed among asthmatic children compared to a healthy control group. Method: 250 asthmatic and 250 healthy children were interviewed from the age of 10 to 18. The Facebook Intensity Scale, the Ten Item Personality Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the short version of the Beck Depression Inventory and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children were used in the study. Results: Asthmatic children's social media time was significantly lower compared to that of healthy children (p<0.001). However, their feeling of being part of the Facebook community is the main motivation to use it (p<0.001). Higher scores of anxiety and depression, and the lower self-esteem compared to the healthy control group can be detected among asthmatic children (p<0.001). The increased use of Facebook can be shown in both groups of girls. The increased use of Facebook among girls is in connection with a higher score of depression and anxiety (p<0.05). Conclusion: Social media plays a very important role in the life of asthmatic children. The psychoeducation and prevention is of basic importance, because the age group of 10-18-year-old children is vulnerable to the addictive effect of social media.

Mempelajari Sifat Introversi-Ekstraversi Remaja, Kebutuhan Akan Rasa Memiliki dan Kegemaran dalam Jejaring Sosial Siswa SMA Darul 'Ulum Kepohbaru

The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the relationship between introverted-extrovert personality traits, the need for a sense of belonging and the intensity of the use of social networks in Darul Ulum Kepohbaru Senior High School. The data analysis technique used in this research is quantitative with descriptive analysis, and test. The data instrument used to collect data in this study was to use 3 scales, namely Facebook Intensity Scale, Introvert and Extrovert Scale, Need to Belongingness Scale. The number of subjects or samples in this study were 100 students who were in the senior high school (SMA) Darul Ulum Kepohbaru. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the students from SMA Darul Ulum Kepohbaru who were sampled in the study were able to balance their extrovert-introvert nature, and had a good need for belonging, this made them prefer to interact directly with other people. and they don't use social networks very often to connect with other people. so that it an be said that they have a balanced introvert-extrovert nature, need to belongingness, and indulgence in social networking.

Social network sites and obsessive-compulsive disorder: An investigation with suppression analyses

This research examined the relationship between social network site (SNS) intensity, SNS addiction, and the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), alongside its factors of obsession and compulsion. The overlap of SNS intensity and SNS addiction was controlled in the study to predict the measured severity of OCD. In this study, 204 Malaysian undergraduate students were recruited to complete the revised Facebook Intensity Scale, the revised Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, and the self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. The overlap of SNS intensity and SNS addiction was supported by their significant positive correlation. Furthermore, SNS addiction significantly correlated with the measured OCD and its corresponding factors. The hierarchical regression analysis revealed that the entry of SNS intensity enhanced the facilitative effect of SNS addiction on OCD and its factors. Therefore, the role of SNS intensity as a suppressor was supported. In the same regression model, SNS intensity predicted the severity of OCD and its compulsion subscale negatively. Implications and directions for future research were also discussed in this manuscript.

Facebook usage, participation patterns, and social support from Facebook activity among smokers with mobility impairments.

People with mobility impairments (MIs; use assistive devices to ambulate) have twice the smoking prevalence versus the general population. A Facebook intervention could improve reach to smokers with MIs, but use and patterns of use are unknown. The study examined: (a) Facebook use and relationship with Facebook-based social support and (b) whether Facebook use differs by motivation to quit smoking. Participants (N = 510; 56.3% female, mean age = 42.4 years) were recruited via a recruitment company to complete a one-time online survey assessing motivation to quit within 30 days, Facebook use (Facebook Activities Scale), reasons for use (Facebook Motives Scale), attitudes (Facebook Intensity Scale), and social support (Facebook Measure of Social Support). The vast majority said that Facebook is part of their daily routine (92.9%), 83% checked Facebook >once a day, and 69% spent >30 min/day on Facebook. Facebook was used to connect with similar others (68.4%), participate in groups (72.9%), decrease loneliness (69.2%), and obtain health information (62.5%); 88% said that they would join a Facebook program to help them quit smoking. A greater number of Facebook friends (rs = .18-.22, p < .001) and greater Facebook use (rs = .20 to rs = .59; p < .001) were correlated with greater perceived social and emotional support. Those motivated to quit posted more frequently (odds ratio [OR] = 1.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.10, 2.22) and were more likely to indicate that they would join a Facebook group for smoking cessation (OR = 4.15, 95% CI = 2.05, 8.38) than those not motivated. Facebook could circumvent disability and environmental barriers to accessing cessation among this health disparity population.

Look Up, Look Down: Articulating Inputs and Outputs of Social Media Social Comparison

Computer-mediated social comparisons have been identified as a threat to psychological well-being. Because online friends selectively self-present, social comparisons may be biased upward, producing feelings of inadequacy. However, earlier evidence consistently confounded social comparative thoughts with causes or outcomes. A cross-sectional survey (N = 163) tested how traits, motivations, selectivity, and mood management influence computer-mediated downward and upward social comparison, and how comparison influences affect, self-esteem, and peer misperceptions. Results indicated age, social comparison orientation, mood modification, selectivity, and Facebook intensity produced social comparisons. Younger, frequent users made more upward comparisons, while mood modifiers made more downward comparisons. Comparing upward boosted negative affect, harmed self-esteem, and produced pluralistic ignorance. Downward comparisons enhanced self-esteem and reduced pluralistic ignorance about offline friends.

Self-Compassion and Instagram Use Is Explained by the Relation to Anxiety, Depression, and Stress

Previous research acknowledges that prolonged social media use is associated with several negative psychological consequences, including higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. In order to protect individuals from social stressors, research illustrates the role that self-compassion can play, with individuals high in self-compassion reporting greater emotional wellbeing; hence, proposing self-compassion could be a trait that is positively related to social media use. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between Instagram use and self-compassion, and whether this relationship can be explained through the relation to psychological wellbeing (depression, anxiety, and stress). A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate this relationship amongst young adults (n = 173), utilizing a revised version of The Multidimensional Facebook Intensity Scale to explore Instagram, The Self-Compassion Scale, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale. Instagram intensity appeared to influence psychological wellbeing, with participants who spent more time on Instagram reporting poorer psychological wellbeing. Whilst higher levels of self-compassion were associated with lower levels of reported depression, anxiety, and stress, the relationship between Instagram intensity and self-compassion was not mediated to the extent as expected by wellbeing. Possible explanations and future directions are discussed as to what could explain the positive relationship between self-compassion and Instagram use.

Association between Facebook Use, Depression and Family Satisfaction: A Cross-Sectional Study of Romanian Youth.

Background:In recent years, Facebook has increasingly become an essential part of the lives of people, particularly youths, thus many research efforts have been focused on investigating the potential connection between social networking and mental health issues. This study aimed to examine the relationship between Facebook use, emotional state of depression, and family satisfaction.Methods:This study used the online survey created in Google Docs on the Facebook ‘wall’, as research method. The survey was available during Jun–Jul 2015 in Romania. In our cross-sectional study on a sample of 708 young Facebook users (aged 13–35), we divided the sample into 3 groups: ordinary, middle, and intense Facebook users. Materials and instruments: the survey comprised a series of basic demographic as well as some measures of Facebook addiction, depression, and family satisfaction. We used two methods connected with extensive Facebook usage, the first one measuring only the intensity of use, and the second one measuring not only the intensity but also the consequences of this use.Results:Facebook engagement is negatively related to family satisfaction. Moreover, Facebook engagement is positively related to depression symptoms. The Pearson correlations showed that higher Facebook intensity is positively associated with Facebook addiction.Conclusion:The study confirm previously published findings of other authors in the fields of social networking psychology. The study examined the relationship between Facebook use, depression, and life satisfaction and the hypotheses were supported.

The influence of Facebook on Political Activism and Radicalism

Abstract Recently, an increase in radicalism in the political sphere has ocurred. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the intensity of Facebook use on political radicalism and activism, taking as hypothesis (H1) that the intensity of Facebook use can increase radicalism and activism rates and (H2) that this effect would be partially mediated by the degree of confidence in Facebook consumed information. To this end, 211 respondents participated by answering the Facebook Intensity Scale, Online News Consumption Confidence Scale and Activism and Radicalism Intention Scale. The results did not corroborate the mediation model (H2) but only the direct effect (H1), indicating that, regardless of user trust in the news they are accessing, the use of Facebook tends to favor higher rates of activism and radicalism. Implications of the findings are discussed.