Face Validity Research Articles

The Sensory Processing Measure, Second Edition, Adolescent Self-Report Form; Swedish Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Establishment of Reliability and Face Validity

The Sensory Processing Measure, Second Edition, Adolescent Self-Report Form; Swedish Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Establishment of Reliability and Face Validity

How Do Teachers Survive? Turkish Adaptation of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Strategies Scale

The continuous development of professional competencies and active retention of teachers in the field, stemming from alterations in their professional life cycles, are intrinsically connected to the necessity of lifelong learning for teachers. The model of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategies can be used to gain insight into the ways in which teachers manage their resources to remain in the profession, how they adapt to their professional lives in the context of lifelong learning, and how to develop effective policies to support the professional development of teachers. Although previous research has emphasized the primary factors that influence teachers' professional development and motivation, there is a scarcity of research on the strategies that teachers use to maintain their employment. In order to fill this gap, this study aims to adapt the Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Scale (SOCQ) (Zacher & Frese, 2011), which emphasizes the strategies that teachers use to remain effective in their professional lives, into Turkish. The sample of the study consisted of 299 teachers working in schools in Çekmeköy district of Istanbul province. In the adaptation process of the scale, Turkish translation, back translation, cross-checking, and Turkish face validity stages were followed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted to evaluate the construct validity of the scale. The CFA revealed excellent fit indices for the scale. Consisting of 12 items and three dimensions, the reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient and composite reliability coefficient (CR). The internal consistency coefficient was 0.81, while the CR value was 0.902. The study's findings demonstrate that the Turkish version of the SOCQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing teachers' use of SOC strategies.

The Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Assessment of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in the Italian Adult Population: Protocol for a Validity and Reproducibility Study

Background: Over the last decade, while studies on the detrimental effects of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption have increased, methodological limitations on the quality of available evidence have emerged. Starting from a critical reassessment of the NOVA classification, this project will aim to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which is based on the processing of consumed foods and specifically designed to estimate the UPF consumption and total dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients in the Italian adult population. Methods: This study will take place in selected workplaces and include healthy males and females aged ≥18 years, residing in Italy and with Italian citizenship. The FFQ will be online, voluntary, self-administered, semi-quantitative, and designed to assess food intake over the past year and distinguish between industrial, artisanal, and home-made products. This project will consist of two phases. First, a pilot study will be conducted to obtain the final version of the FFQ. The current food consumption of the target population will be investigated, through a 24 h dietary recall, and the face validity of the new tool will be tested. The second phase will involve at least 436 participants. To assess reproducibility, the FFQ will be administered twice (at an interval of 3–10 months), and the test–retest method will be used. A 7-day weighed dietary record (WDR) will also be completed after each FFQ administration. To evaluate criterion validity, data from the two WDRs will be compared against those from the first FFQ administration. Conclusions: The results will provide a new valid tool focused on food processing, potentially useful for future studies.

Psychometric Features of the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples in Divorce Applicants

Background: In Iranian courts, counseling centers, and research institutes, the Family Emotional Atmosphere Questionnaire (FEAQ) by Navardgahfard in 1994 is widely used to assess the status of marital relationships. However, the FEAQ's contents are outdated, containing irrelevant questions, and lacking valid psychometric properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to revise and validate the psychometric properties of the Emotional Climate Scale for Couples (ECSC). Methods: This study was descriptive-correlational in nature and had practical implications. It was conducted from January 17th to July 30th, 2023. All divorce applicants referred by the courts to family counseling centers were included in the study population. Initially, the FEAQ was extracted from the website and modified to consist of 21 questions related to emotional climate between couples. Results: Subsequently, the face validity of ECSC was confirmed by experts, and exploratory factor analysis (N=307) demonstrated two subscales of lack of feelings and cooperation, and forced with limitations, explaining 63.26% of the variance in the 21 ECSC items. Confirmatory factor analysis (N=205) also indicated an acceptable fit for the ECSC model and showed good construct validity. The test-retest reliability (N=35, with a three-week interval) was 0.83 for the total scale, 0.82 and 0.81 for the two subscales, respectively, while Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the two factors were 0.93 to 0.94 and 0.96 for the total scale. Conclusion: Therefore, ECSC is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the emotional climate between couples and has wide applicability.

Design and validation of Iranian Child Health-Friendly Neighbourhood checklist: a mixed-methods study

BackgroundA child health-friendly neighbourhood is defined as a neighbourhood where the child’s health is provided, protected and promoted. Designing and validation of an assessment tool is required to identify the...

Validity and Reliability Study of the Turkish Version of the "Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education Scale" for Nursing Students.

Background and Purpose: Nursing undergraduate students may encounter unkind behaviors during their clinical education. This study aimed to test the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the "Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE) Questionnaire," which measures nursing students' perceived levels of uncivil behavior in the clinical learning environment. Methods: The study was conducted in four steps: translation, face and content validity, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability assessment. Data were collected from 216 nursing students from Turkey. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis (EFA), a unidimensional factor structure with an eigenvalue above 1 was detected, and therefore the scale was analyzed as a single dimension. In the EFA with 13 items, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.943, and the Barlett test result was 1862.965 (p <05). The fit indices for the class were calculated as χ2/df = 2.218, root-mean-square error of approximation = .075, and comparative fit index = 0.961. Cronbach's coefficient α (alpha) for Turkish culture was .942. Conclusion: The study showed that the Turkish version of the UBCNE scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for assessing perceived incivil behaviours in nursing students' clinical education.

The Implementation Process Assessment Tool: translation, contextualization, and psychometric evaluation of a Swedish version in a municipal elderly care context.

The number of older adults with complex healthcare needs is growing alongside limited resources available in health services. To meet this challenge, it is urgent that healthcare staff are motivated and able to continuously translate new knowledge and working methods into daily practice. To facilitate such implementation, supportive measures responding to the healthcare personnel's needs seem essential. The present study aims to translate, contextualize and test a Swedish version of the Implementation Process Assessment Tool (IPAT) for measuring the facilitation needs among staff implementing a new working process in municipal elderly care. A mixed-method design was used. First, the existing instrument was translated into Swedish. Thereafter, twelve staff members with different professions working in healthcare and at the municipal elderly care were interviewed using Think-aloud interviews to contextualize and test the face validity of the translated instrument. Lastly, the adjusted instrument (Swe-IPAT) was psychometrically evaluated through a cross-sectional survey among 305 staff members working in municipal elderly care. The psychometric evaluation of the Swe-IPAT revealed satisfying properties. Three factors, largely in line with the original IPAT, are suggested. Internal consistency assessed using Cronbach's alpha was 0.93 for the factor individual phases for behavioral change and perception of the intervention, 0.84 for the factor individual activities, and 0.95 for the factor collective readiness and support. The 27-item Swe-IPAT, translated into Swedish and contextualized, demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties when tested in an elderly care context. The instrument is suggested to be useful in providing feedback to managers in tailoring support and assessing implementation efforts among healthcare staff in elderly care. However, more research is needed to evaluate its properties throughout the entire implementation process and to test the usability of Swe-IPAT in other settings.

Measurement of disease-related knowledge of patients with axial spondyloarthritis-Development and application of the G-ASKQ7 questionnaire

Patient education is an integral component of the treatment of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). However, the validated tools currently available for assessing disease-related knowledge are outdated and, in the case of axSpA, only available in English. The aims of this work were therefore (1) to develop a German-language tool for assessing disease-specific knowledge among axSpA patients and (2) to assess this tool in a pilot study. Available axSpA-specific tools were assessed by a panel of experts and a draft of the current G‑ASKQ7 questionnaire was agreed upon. After evaluation of face validity and subsequent adaptation, consecutive adult axSpA patients of a university hospital (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen) outpatient rheumatology department were asked to complete the questionnaire. Correlation between the patients' overall scores and other collected parameters (age, sex, and disease duration) were investigated. Patients rated the developed G‑ASKQ7 questionnaire comprising seven questions as easy to understand and completed it within an average of 6.3 ± 2.0 min. The final questionnaire was completed by 65 axSpA patients (36 women; mean age 45.3 ± 12.4 years; mean disease duration 8.6 ± 7.3 years). The average G‑AKSQ7 score was 17.8/25, with significantly higher scores among women (19.0/25) than men (16.3/25; p ≤ 0.05). The question most often answered correctly (79.3 %) was question 7 concerning disease self-management, whereas question 4 on measurement of disease activity received the most incorrect answers (55.8 %). No significant correlation between disease duration (p = 0.57; Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.07) or age (p = 0.67; r = -0.05) and disease-specific knowledge was found. The G‑ASKQ7 represents the first German-language instrument for measuring disease-specific knowledge among axSpA patients. Routine application of this questionnaire would enable low-threshold assessment of an individual patient's knowledge requirements and thus provision of appropriate educational information. Continuous updates and further evaluation studies are required.

Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale among medical sciences students

IntroductionThe present research carried out to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) among medical sciences students.MethodsThis methodological study took place at Shahroud and Semnan Universities of Medical Sciences in Iran. A sample of 380 medical sciences students was selected through convenience sampling. The study assessed face and content validity, and maximum likelihood explanatory factor analysis (MLEFA) was performed. To evaluate the proposed model by MLEFA, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, McDonald’s omega, and the intra-class correlation coefficient.ResultsThe students had an average age of 22.49 ± 2.72 years. The maximum likelihood explanatory factor analysis (MLEFA) divided the RSES into two components: positive self-esteem and negative self-esteem, which together explained 50.7% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fit the observed data well. The resulting subscales exhibited high internal consistency and stability.ConclusionThe findings of the current study indicate that the Persian version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale possesses acceptable validity and reliability among Iranian medical sciences students.

Professionalism assessment of students in clinical education through Situational Judgment Test (SJT).

The study aims to assess the situational judgment capability of students in various professions, including medicine, surgical nursing, anesthesia nursing, and emergency medical technology, using a validated and adapted Situational Judgment Test (SJT). The cross-sectional study was conducted at Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2023-2024. The study consisted of two steps: (1) adaptation and validity assessment of the SJT in various health professions, and (2) evaluation of students' situational judgment capability using the adapted SJT. Participants included 207 students from surgical nursing, anesthesia nursing, medicine, and emergency medical technology departments, selected through stratified random sampling. The SJT included 10 constructed-response scenarios developed by Alkhuzaee and colleagues in 2022. The validation and adaptation process utilized consensus methods, and the SJT was modified to a selected response format based on a knowledge-based approach. Scores ranged from 0 to 30. Cohen's method and norm-referencing standard deviation were used to calculate a cut-off score. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA). The face and content validity of the adapted SJT with a selected-response format was confirmed by expert agreement. The reliability of the SJT was approved, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.81. The mean score of students' situational judgment in professionalism was 11.90 (SD 4.54). Students' professions significantly impacted their situational judgment scores (F (3.201) = 3.67, p = 0.01, Partial Eta Squared = 0.052). The adaption and validation of SJT with a selected response format were confirmed by experts who evaluated the situational judgment capabilities of students in different clinical professions. The reliability of the SJT was acceptable-Cohen's method as a standard-setting approach assisted in identifying students needing support and training. The moderate level of situational judgment capacity confirmed the development of the educational program for the improvement of non-cognitive and non-technical skills such as judgment and decision-making in the field of professionalism.

Importance of Reliability and Validity in Research

The goal developing a new research tool is to ensure that the measurement tool has a high level of external validity to be generalizable and have a broader reach and also is highly reliable and able to consistently gather the same result. Researchers need to determine the validity and reliability of each assessment to ensure that they are not misleading their readers and the data can be trusted based on statistical evidence to support their conclusions. Reliability is the ability of consistency of the results over multiple tests. This process can be calculated by determining various measurements such as test-retest reliability, parallel-form reliability, split-half reliability by calculating a correlation coefficient or a t-test. Validity is the extent in which a test will measure what is said to test, which can be established by looking and measuring face validity, content validity, criterion-related validity, and construct validity. Validity can be established by using various experts to determine if a test is clear and relevant using a tool such as content validity index. If statistically reliability and validity is established, the research will increase the impact on the research and generalizability can be established.

Evaluating cancer patients' experiences with doctor-patient communication in Taiwan: development and validation of a new assessment instrument.

Effective communication between doctors and patients is crucial for the well-being of individuals diagnosed with cancer. This study aimed to develop and validate a cancer-specific Doctor-Patient Communication Satisfaction Scale (DPCSS-Cancer) from the patients' perspective. Initial items were generated through literature review. Content validity was assessed via feedback from five experts, while face validity was determined through cognitive interviews with 13 patients. The revised DPCSS-Cancer was subsequently tested in a sample of 200 cancer patients to assess test-retest stability, internal consistency, factor structure, and criterion-related validity. The development process resulted in a 15-item DPCSS-Cancer across two dimensions, using a 4-point rating scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). The item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, with a scale-level CVI of 0.96. Following expert and patient feedback, no items were eliminated, but modifications were made to item wording. In formal testing, the overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.96, with 0.89 for the first dimension and 0.95 for the second. Test-retest reliability was established at 0.82. The two-dimensional structure was partially confirmed. Criterion-related validity was supported through a significant positive correlation with a measure of trust in the physician (r = 0.86). Factors contributing to higher DPCSS-Cancer scores were identified. The DPCSS-Cancer shows satisfactory reliability and validity, making it a viable patient-reported outcome measure for assessing cancer patients' satisfaction with doctor-patient communication.

Face and content validation of additive manufacturing temporal bone specimens.

Face and content validation of additive manufacturing temporal bone specimens.

QOL-27. PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME AND PREFERENCE AFTER CRANIOTOMY AND LASER THERMAL ABLATION: A PILOT STUDY

Abstract BACKGROUND Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive procedure that allows cytoreduction in the treatment of brain tumors and can be considered by both surgeons and patients as an alternative to craniotomy. OBJECTIVE We surveyed 27 patients who underwent both craniotomy and LITT during distinct stages of their oncology journey to assess patient reported outcomes comparing both procedures. METHODS A nine question survey was developed and validated to assess patient reported post-operative recovery, pain level, narcotic use, and procedure preference. The survey was administered to patients with WHO II-IV gliomas who underwent both craniotomy and LITT. RESULTS The survey was reviewed by independent surgeons, patient advocates, and patients in terms of face validity and showed &amp;gt;90% correlation in test-retest reliability. Our cohort had a mean age of 57 (+/- 12 years), 78% had glioblastoma. There was no significant difference in symptomatic improvement post-craniotomy or post-LITT (30% versus 4%, p=0.17). Similarly, no significance was detected in patient-reported recovery time from craniotomy (time required to return to pre-operative state, 4.3 +/- 9.1 weeks, median 2 weeks) or LITT (2 ± 2.3 weeks, median 1 week)(p=0.21). Notably, post-surgical pain (1-10 pain scale) and need for narcotic use in the first week (yes/no) after the procedure were significantly lower post-LITT (average pain score 1.7 versus 5 points, narcotic use 4% versus 81%, p&amp;lt;0.0005 for both comparisons). When asked which procedure they would choose – having experienced both craniotomy and LITT, surveyed patients overwhelmingly chose LITT over craniotomy (89% versus 11%, p&amp;lt;0.0005). Of note, the patients who preferred craniotomy experienced improved neurologic function post-craniotomy or suffered new deficits post-LITT. CONCLUSION In this pilot study, patients reported less pain and narcotic use post-LITT relative to craniotomy and generally preferred the former procedure if given the choice. Validation of these results in future studies can help inform decision making in clinical scenarios where there is equipoise between LITT and craniotomy.

Improving Organizational Performance by Creating an Instrument That Can Help Keep Misuse of Manager Power Under Control

Power misuse by managers in organizations is a wide-spread problem that has significant negative consequences for organizational performance. At the same time, published research on attempts of diagnosing power misuse is scarce. As such, organizations keep facing this problem without help from academia on handling it. The authors of this paper suggest addressing the issue by utilizing a regular survey with the purpose of diagnosing potential power misuse by supervising managers of an organization. The information collected via such a survey can be a powerful feedback instrument toward changing or continuing the state of affairs. Such a survey is developed in this paper. The survey has adequate face validity and Cronbach’s alpha reliability of 0.93. Furthermore, its criterion, convergent, external structure, and discriminant validity results indicate their good levels. Therefore, the survey may be recommended for use in the organizational setting. Utilization of this instrument can potentially lead to the increase of employee accomplishments, and the improvement of organization-wide performance.

Make the Right Call: formative evaluation for a water safety programme for adults in Western Australia.

Preventing drowning in adults is a complex, multifaceted injury prevention issue. The adult drowning rate in Australia is continuing to rise. In 2023, more than half of those who drowned were aged over 45 years. While there has been a call for robust, evidence-informed drowning prevention interventions across the life course, evidence of evaluated, drowning prevention programmes for adults is lacking. For more than a decade, drowning prevention researchers and practitioners in Western Australia (WA) have worked in partnership to design and evaluate evidence-informed programmes. This paper describes formative research to develop 'Make the Right Call' (MTRC), an adult water safety programme in WA. A staged, mixed-methods, formative evaluation was undertaken to inform the design of MTRC. The approach involved cluster analysis of coronial data 2008-2018 (n = 93), interviews with adults aged 45-64 years (n = 10) and 65 years and older (n = 15), theory mapping, survey design, content and face validity testing of a baseline questionnaire with content experts (n = 11) and a refined instrument to collect knowledge, and data on norms and water-based activity. The subsequent MTRC programme comprised a media campaign, community swimming and safety classes, lifejacket trade-in, subsidised first-aid training and community education. The results of each stage informed the design and evaluation of a new evidence-informed and theory-driven drowning prevention programme for adults aged 45 years and older, delivered by the peak drowning prevention agency in WA, Royal Life Saving Western Australia. An investment in mixed-methods research by the partnership added rigour and credibility to the programme and evaluation design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first adult water safety programme to apply a theory-driven, evidence-informed approach to its development, implementation and evaluation. The partnership was vital in maximising and accelerating the acceptable transfer of results to enhance knowledge creation and, ultimately, the design of the MTRC drowning prevention programme.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the self evaluation of breathing questionnaire (SEBQ) into Danish

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose Dysfunctional breathing (DB) with or without an underlying medical condition is associated with impaired quality of life. DB-related symptoms can be measured with the 25-item Self Evaluation of Breathing Questionnaire (SEBQ). However, the SEBQ is not available in Danish.The aim of the present study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the SEBQ into Danish and to assess the face validity of the Danish version of the questionnaire in individuals with DB-related symptoms. Materials and Methods The SEBQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Danish using an internationally acknowledged six-step forward-backward translation guideline in an interactive process with an expert committee of clinicians, translators, methodologists and the SEBQ developer. Face validity was explored through semi-structured interviews with 24 adult individuals with DB-related symptoms (age 20–70 years, female n = 14). Results The SEBQ was successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted into Danish. Three major modifications were made following the translation process and participant interviews. First, an introductory paragraph, including a recall period of the previous seven days, was added. Second, the administration of the questionnaire was changed from a paper to an electronic version. Finally, adaptations regarding semantic equivalence, especially concerning being ‘breathless’ and ‘short of breath’, were performed. The participants expressed that the final version of the SEBQ embraced their DB-related symptoms, was understandable, and easy to complete. Conclusion The SEBQ is the first available Danish questionnaire to measure DB-related symptoms, following an internationally acknowledged cross-cultural adaptation and face validity evaluation approach. This promising validation should be followed by an assessment of measurement properties in individuals with DB-related symptoms to investigate the adequacy of the SEBQ in a Danish context.

Development and validation of a questionnaire to measure educational agility: a psychometric assessment using exploratory factor analysis

BackgroundTo effectively navigate the growing complexities and rapid changes in today’s environment, universities must cultivate agility among their members. Over the past decade, students have encountered a variety of experiences related to E-Learning and the provision of educational services through electronic platforms. This study aimed to develop and validate a Questionnaire of Educational Agility (QEdu-Agility) to assess the capacity of educational institutions to adapt to these evolving demands.MethodThis survey research aimed to validate QEdu-Agility. The statistical sample consisted of 372 students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran, who had completed at least one academic year online during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. Participants were selected using the Cochran formula. The initial questionnaire was based on three standard instruments related to organizational agility and adapted for educational contexts. After establishing face and content validity, the preliminary version was validated by a focus group of five educational experts, comprising 30 items across five dimensions: responsiveness, adequacy, flexibility, speed, and integrity, measured on a 5-point Likert scale. To confirm the construct validity, the questionnaire was randomly distributed to students via email. Data analysis was conducted using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with varimax rotation, employing SPSS 24 software.ResultsThe content validity was confirmed with Content Validity Ratio (CVR) = 0.847, Content Validity Index (CVI) = 0.877, and the reliability with internal consistency was confirmed with R = 0.944. The CVI sub-components for relevance, clarity, and simplicity were obtained as 0.867, 0.853, and 0.847, respectively. According to EFA, the sample adequacy was confirmed with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) index = 0.928 and significant Bartlett’s test (P < 0.001). The total variance explained of the QEdu-Agility was about 60%. The first component of responsiveness accounted for 38.79% of the variance, followed by adequacy (7.99%), flexibility (5.17%), speed (3.91%), and integrity (3.57%) in subsequent components.ConclusionThe findings of the construct validity indicated a good fit of the QEdu-Agility. Given that the concept of agility is highly contingent on the context, this tool could be retested for measuring educational agility in educational organizations, such as universities.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Arabic Version of the Student Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (S-EBPQ)”

BackgroundEvidence-based practice (EBP) lowers costs, guarantees staying current with new technology and abilities, and enables the provision of high-quality care. Evidence-based practice (EBP) considered the foundation for safe patient care.Aimis to validate and carry out the linguistic-cultural adaptation of the S-EBPQ for the Arabic language.DesignA methodological study design was used.MethodThere were two primary stages: translation and validation. Three experts reviewed the contents during the translation and validation in order to ensure their relevancy. 15 nursing students conducted face validation to confirm the produced items' clarity and understandability. Reliability assessment was achieved by conducting a pilot study on 72 nursing students. Ethical approval was taken. For statistical analysis, SPSS software was used. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha. The Pearson Correlation was used to test the relationship between the student's score on the questionnaire and their age and gender.ResultsThe Scale-Content Validity Index was 0.90; Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.963. Students in face validation phase confirmed that wording, clarity, and understandable language of the items were achieved. The Mean of students total score was 80.2 (SD = 21.5). Pearson test revealed that there was a weak positive correlation between students’ scores and age R = 0.320 (p = 0.001). Also, it demonstrated that there was no correlation between the students’ scores and the gender R =—0,028 (p = 0.817).ConclusionThe Arabic version of the S-EBPQ generally had a solid structure and it demonstrated high validity and reliability. The questionnaire could be used in future studies.

Exposure of Women in Politics to Media Coverage and Their Ability to Raise Self-Esteem of Children in Nakuru County

As the number of women in politics continues to increase worldwide, balancing their political and parenting roles may pose a challenge. The study was carried out to investigate the effects of exposure of women to media coverage on their ability to raise the self-esteem of their children in Nakuru County. The study adopted an ex post facto research design. The study had an accessible population of 129 respondents that comprised 105 women members of county assembly aspirants, 12 women parliamentary aspirants, 10 women representative aspirants and two women senatorial aspirants in Nakuru County during the 2017 general elections. The census sampling technique was used to select all the 129 respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were ascertained of the study objectives and advice by experts from the Department of Applied Community Development Studies of Egerton University. To estimate the reliability of the instrument, a pilot study was conducted on fourteen women political aspirants who participated in the 2017 general elections from neighbouring Nyandarua County. The questionnaire was considered reliable when it attained an estimated Cronbach Alpha coefficient of 0.78. The questionnaire was self-administered with the guidance from the researcher. Quantitative data was summarized in frequency distribution tables and the responses were analysed using simple regression analysis methods with the help of SPSS computer package 25.0 version. Qualitative data was summarized in emerging themes based on the objectives of the study. The study revealed that exposure of women to media coverage affected their ability to raise the self-esteem of their children in Nakuru County (β- 0.790) at 0.05 level of significance. The study findings may offer insights to women politicians, education researchers and other stakeholders on the importance of parenthood and the challenges faced by women politicians