Face Gender Discrimination Research Articles

Gender discrimination lawsuits: How board gender diversity impacts gender litigation likelihood and outcomes

Gender discrimination in firms is an ongoing problem, yet we know little about whether board gender diversity affects gender discrimination litigation. Boards are an important and visible component of an organization’s leadership and are positioned to influence firm policies and attitudes. Using social identity theory, we consider how board gender diversity impacts firms that face gender discrimination lawsuits. Furthermore, we explore how greater board gender diversity provides reputational capital which acts as insurance against litigation outcomes. Using a dataset of gender discrimination lawsuits and experiments simulating jury decision making, we hypothesize that more gender diversity on the board will protect firms from gender discrimination litigation and its outcomes. We find that firms with greater board gender diversity are at a higher likelihood of incurring gender discrimination litigation yet receive more favorable decisions by judges and juries including a greater likelihood of receiving favorable verdicts and of paying lower damages.

Vains of Ink and Blood: The Cost of Truth for Fearless Women

Abstract: In a world where information holds the power to change reality, mass media and journalists play a crucial role in uncovering the truth and upending the power system. Among them, women journalists stand out not only for their journalistic prowess but also for their courage in the face of challenging circumstances. Women journalists bring diverse perspectives to the newsroom, which ensures more comprehensive coverage of a news story that helps highlight issues that are often overlooked or underrepresented such as gender-based violence, human rights abuses, and social inequalities. Despite their significant contributions they have to face gender discrimination in the workplace, unequal pay, limited opportunities, and even have to sacrifice their life to reveal the truth. The primary objective of this research paper is to examine the tragic incidents such as murder or harassment of women journalists and discuss the case study. Based on existing secondary data a qualitative analysis will be conducted on this paper. The findings of this exploratory study will highlight the critical role journalists play in exposing corruption, violence or injustice. In order to maintain press freedom and protect individuals who challenge power systems, this study will shed light on the need for their security as well as the protection of journalists, especially women.

Challenges faced by female lecturers and students in tourism departments and suggested remedies

PurposeThis study explores the various obstacles that female instructors and students confront in tourism education.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing qualitative research approaches and a thorough literature assessment, this study investigates women’s complex challenges in the academic and educational domains. The study examines the particular difficulties faced by female professors, such as work-life balance concerns, gender bias and limited opportunities for career advancement. Furthermore, the study also analyses the challenges that female students confront, including the threat of stereotypes, sexual harassment during internships and restricted access to networking and mentorship possibilities.FindingsFindings illustrate that both female tourism academics and students face gender discrimination in academia and in the sector.Practical implicationsThe findings may contribute valuable insights for policymakers, educators and stakeholders, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and inclusive policies to create supportive environments for female lecturers and students in these departments.Originality/valueThis is the first study done in North Cyprus, which specifically analyzes gender inequality in tourism education. It is valuable as it emphasizes the significance of advancing gender equality in tourism and hospitality education.

Conceptualization of Gender Equality as the Protection of Women in Family Law Cases

Gender equality is a fundamental concept in achieving social justice and the protection of human rights. Women often face gender discrimination, gender-based violence, sexist stereotypes, and a patriarchal culture that contributes to gender injustice against women. Therefore, the protection of women in conflict with the law must be strengthened through an approach that focuses on gender equality. Especially in family law cases in the Religious Courts where it involves women. The issues raised are regarding the concept of gender equality as protection of women and what is the concept of gender equality as protection of women in family law cases? This type of research is library research or literature study. The results of this study can conclude that the concept of gender equality has been enshrined as one of the principles in adjudicating cases of women dealing with the law as stated in Article 2 of Supreme Court Regulation No. 03 of 2017 as a form of protection in family law cases. In the actualization of the principle of gender equality, when adjudicating women’s cases in the field of family law, judges are required to be gender sensitive. The role of judges in carrying out judicial functions and authority should indeed focus more on legal objectives. It is also necessary to pay attention to the principle of ex aequo et bono, which is stated in the subsidiary demands. This principle provides flexibility for judges to explore the law as widely as possible in order to uphold justice.
 Keywords: equality, family, gender, law

Income Determinants of Women in East Java's Informal Labor Market: Microdata Approach

Women frequently engage in small businesses related to the informal sector and make a significant contribution to the economy but frequently face gender discrimination and poor working conditions. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of female workers' income in the informal sector using microdata from SAKERNAS 2020. This study found several vital conclusions emerge. Firstly, an increase in the number of years of schooling positively influences the likelihood of attaining a decent income. Secondly, age initially positively affects decent income, but it decreases after reaching a certain age, indicating diminishing returns. Marital status plays a significant role, as married women in the informal sector are less likely to achieve decent income. Additionally, rural residence reduces the likelihood of decent income compared to urban living. Lastly, proficiency in internet usage significantly enhances the likelihood of decent income. The research contributes novel insights into the determinants of female workers' income in the informal sector, shedding light on specific factors that influence income levels, offering a valuable resource for policymakers, researchers, and advocates working towards gender equality and improved economic conditions in this sector.

Low beta oscillations encode serial bias in face-gender discrimination

Low beta oscillations encode serial bias in face-gender discrimination

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN PAKISTANI MEDIA INDUSTRY: A JOURNALISTIC PERCEPTION

Females are countering different problems is every walk of life and journalism is no exception. This study “Gender Discrimination in Media Industry: A Journalistic Perception from Pakistan” aims at examining the perception of Pakistani journalists regarding the issues faced by female journalists with three research question, Firstly, what gender issues exist among women journalists in Pakistan? Secondly, what challenges do women journalists face in Pakistan? And thirdly what should be the possible solution and polices for gender discrimination in Pakistan media industry?The study involves a quantitative approach and Survey design was adopted. Questionnaire was the main instrument with closed ended questions and the responses were measured on 5 point likert scale. All the registered members of National Press Club Islamabad were taken as the population and 347 respondents were taken as sample frame. Census approach was used for distribution of electronic questionnaire. This study reveals that majority of male respondents strongly agreed that female journalists face gender discrimination in media industry. Most of the male respondents strongly agreed with that there are some possible solution and polices should be present for gender discrimination in Pakistan media industry like, improvement in recruitment system, equal opportunities for development, recognition of genuine work.

The number of women in the cooking profession is low: Is it just because of gender discrimination?

The number of women in the cooking profession is low: is it just because of gender discrimination? Although kitchens have traditionally been the domain of women, it is seen that the number of female cooks in industrial kitchens is very few compared to male cooks today. In various studies, it is stated that female cooks face gender discrimination and career barriers. The aim of this study is to determine whether the barrier to women working in restaurant kitchens is discrimination or their reluctance towards the profession due to the difficulties of the culinary profession. An online questionnaire was applied to 227 both male and female cooks who are members of various culinary associations in Turkey. The results of the research indicate that cooks in Turkey think that female applicants and workers are subjected to gender discrimination during the recruitment process. Pregnancy is perceived as the most significant reason for gender discrimination against women. In addition to believing that they are exposed to discrimination, there are other reasons why women do not choose this profession. One reason is that women consider that they do not have the physical and mental competencies required to be able to do the cooking profession as much as men. The second, and most striking, reason is that women do not fit the image of the cooking profession to themselves. While the literature confirms that women are exposed to gender discrimination in business life and do not participate in the workforce due to discrimination, there are few scientific studies that mention that there may be factors that have as much effect as, or even more than, discrimination. In addition to gender discrimination, which is an obstacle for women to enter the culinary profession, this study also discusses the image of the profession and the physical and mental competencies required by the profession.

Perpetuation of gender discrimination in Pakistani society: results from a scoping review and qualitative study conducted in three provinces of Pakistan

BackgroundGender discrimination is any unequal treatment of a person based on their sex. Women and girls are most likely to experience the negative impact of gender discrimination. The aim of this study is to assess the factors that influence gender discrimination in Pakistan, and its impact on women’s life.MethodsA mixed method approach was used in the study in which a systematic review was done in phase one to explore the themes on gender discrimination, and qualitative interviews were conducted in phase two to explore the perception of people regarding gender discrimination. The qualitative interviews (in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) were conducted from married men and women, adolescent boys and girls, Healthcare Professionals (HCPs), Lady Health Visitors (LHVs) and Community Midwives (CMWs). The qualitative interviews were analyzed both manually and electronically through QSR NVivo 10. The triangulation of data from the systematic review and qualitative interviews were done to explore the gender discrimination related issues in Pakistan.ResultsThe six major themes have emerged from the systematic review and qualitative interviews. It includes (1) Status of a woman in the society (2) Gender inequality in health (3) Gender inequality in education (4) Gender inequality in employment (5) Gender biased social norms and cultural practices and (6) Micro and macro level recommendations. In addition, a woman is often viewed as a sexual object and dependent being who lacks self identity unless being married. Furthermore, women are restricted to household and child rearing responsibilities and are often neglected and forced to suppress self-expression. Likewise, men are viewed as dominant figures in lives of women who usually makes all family decisions. They are considered as financial providers and source of protection. Moreover, women face gender discrimination in many aspects of life including education and access to health care.ConclusionGender discrimination is deeply rooted in the Pakistani society. To prevent gender discrimination, the entire society, especially women should be educated and gendered sensitized to improve the status of women in Pakistan.

The impact of the COVID-19 on women employment: evidence from labour market in China

Worldwide, women already face gender discrimination in the labour market. And the outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019 further exacerbated the situation. Emerging evidences and related studies have shown that the shock of COVID-19 has compounded vulnerabilities faced by women in employment, further marginalizing them in the labour market. In view of women employment issue under the epidemic, this paper analyzes the negative impact of COVID-19 on women employment in the labour market of China from three levels: the perspective of government, enterprises, and individuals. The study suggests that the family burden of women and unpaid work hours has increased during the pandemic. And such negative impact was amplified by factors such as the lack of relative employment security, gender discrimination and, female psychology. This will not only exerts a negative effect on female laborers but also on the society, hindering social development and economic recovery in the long run. The government should play an vital role and take effective actions to improve the situation.

Gender and Religious Identity: Intersecting Axes of Discrimination in The Breadwinner Animated Movie (2017)

This study, entitled “Gender and Religious Identity: Intersecting Axes of Discrimination in The Breadwinner Animated Movie (2017)”, highlights the importance of conceptualizing gender discrimination related to religious identity as inherently shaped by society. Using intersectional theoretical perspectives - the narrative and cinematography elements and gender studies – this study examines how gender and religious identity are inextricably linked to portray the main character’s experiences of discrimination. The analysis begins with narrative and illustrative data showing how the main character’s background as a daughter and Muslim results in multiple layers of discrimination. Her gender and religious affiliation substantially influence the discrimination. Moreover, bias varies for men and women of different age groups. The main character experiences more discrimination as a teenage girl than her disguised character as a teenage boy. Women are significantly more likely to face gender discrimination than men, but girls are enormous. Hence, this concurrent examination of the main character’s gender and religious identity reveals that she is characterized by high rates of discrimination throughout her childhood, in a way teenage boys are not. The main character’s experience of discrimination highlights the importance of conceptualizing gender and religious identity as intersecting axes of discrimination.

Gender and Career: Trends in Digital Society

Digitalization of society, including the labour market, noticeably changes women's and men's career expectations and career strategies. Gender philosophy, questions about gender identity, and gender inequality are questions, the answers to which are critical: “the changes in the social status of women and men in our time have fundamentally changed many familiar stereotypes” (Mikhailova, 2011). Kontakt InterSearch Russia conducted a series of studies for Forb’s magazine (Kontakt InterSearch Russia, 2021a, b, c; Forbs, 2021) that evaluated the career expectations of respondents; the qualities of managers that female and male managers lack; the presence and causes of gender discrimination; and “stop-factors” of career for men and women. It was found that female executives twice as often as male executives face gender discrimination; women more often than men consider their personal qualities as the reason for career success (men more often than women cite external aspects such as “mentor” and “good timing” among the reasons for career success). At the same time, experts noted that “the boundaries of “female” and “male” qualities are blurring” (Forbs, 2021). In our opinion, this is also due to the influence of digitalization, which is changing the content of many areas of activity.

The Status of Women Among the Tribal Communities of West Bengal, India

The tribal population has been enumerated as scheduled tribe population since 1951 in accordance to the constitution (Scheduled tribe) order, 1950. They are the aboriginal or Adivasi or early settler of India and they are the most backward groups in India. This paper focuses on the status of tribal women in their community with respect to their male counterparts both in general and tribal populations. Four indicators such as sex ratio, literacy rate, the general fertility rate of women and women's work participation rate are taken to assess the status and the gender discrimination among the tribal communities. The modified Sopher’s Disparity Index (1974) of Kundu and Rao (1986) has been used to identify the gender disparity and Pearson’s correlation co-efficient techniques have been used to analyze the correlation among the indicators. It has been found that like any other community in India, tribal women face gender discrimination. They are engaged in different economic sectors as economic assets of tribal households but they are often deprived to get their social rights. This paper also finds out the causes of gender disparity and suggests some measures to mitigate the gender discrimination.

Impediment to Leadership Opportunities for Female Doctors - Gender Disparity in Pakistani Healthcare System -SHORT REPORT.

Gender disparity, that is the unequal attitude and treatment of people due to their gender, is found in many fields including the medical profession. Not only it is present in developed countries but is also a major concern in developing countries like Pakistan. According to data, Pakistani female doctors face gender discrimination that negatively impacts their workplace performance and has proven to be a hindrance to them taking up leadership roles. The patriarchal mindset of society, workplace harassment, and lack of basic facilities in the hospital for working mothers are just a few of the factors that compel women to leave their careers. Even if they continue to work, women have to perform the duties of a mother and homemaker along with their jobs, and that negatively impacts their skills as doctors and as leaders. Efforts need to be taken to encounter all the problems that are negatively affecting leadership roles of female doctors such as providing equal opportunities, arranging awareness campaigns about creating a workplace environment that is favorable to all genders, and creating policies that will help working mothers by forming daycare centers and giving paid maternity leaves. This will help in alleviating the gender disparity in the healthcare system and will increase the chances of female doctors proving themselves good doctors and leaders.

Career Barriers in Ghana: Evidence from Female Civil Servants

Ghanaian civil service is a classic example of a gender pyramid where top positions tend to be occupied by men, while women (more than 50%) face gender discrimination. Gender stereotypes about women are a major barrier to womens career advancement in Ghanaian civil service. Based on a series of in-depth interviews with women in the Ghanaian public authorities, we identified the main problems women face in the Ghanaian civil service, such as patriarchal practices, gender discrimination, and harassment, including sexual harassment. Our study aims to show the practitioners why it is hardly possible to call public service a comfortable job for women in Ghana.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF WORKING WOMEN: A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

The socio-economic status of women is an indicator of the development and progress of any society and country. There was a time when women's life was confined within the boundary of the house but like the idea of women's freedom, equality, functionality spread, there was a continuous improvement in their condition. Women became empowered and started contributing in almost all fields like Education, business, administration, office work. So there is a vast change in the status and role of women and now women are becoming more working but their traditional expected roles didn't change with the same intensity. Role conflict of the double burden of working as well as domestic tasks has a bad effect on their mental and physical conditions. Despite being working they have to face gender discrimination and due to patriarchal thinking, there is not much change in their status. As a result, working women have to face different types of problems related to the family and workplace. Out of these, some women who belong to the middle and lower class, are facing much greater difficulties. Therefore, the present research work is based on 100 respondents of Roorkee city. An attempt has been made to analyse the socio-economic status of working women and their major problems based on primary data.

Breaking the Cabinet’s Glass Ceiling: The Gendered Effect of Political Experience in Presidential Democracies

Do ministers face gender discrimination in their career paths after entering presidential cabinets? Departing from past studies, which find little evidence of gender discrimination in more established democracies in Europe and the Americas, we argue that political experience can have a gendered effect on cabinet careers in newer democracies outside the West. Using fixed effects and matching designs, we analyze original data on the careers of 1,374 ministers from all major presidential democracies in Asia. Investigating the patterns of “cabinet promotions,” where ministers transfer from their initial cabinet appointment to a higher-prestige post, we confirm the null direct effect of gender in this new context. However, we also find important gender differences based on political experience, which helps women’s upward mobility in cabinets more than men. The finding that pathways to higher office differ by gender adds to our understanding of women’s representation in society.

Women in Surgery Italia: National Survey Assessing Gender-Related Challenges

In 2019, women accounted for 46% of surgical residents. Despite the international debate on gender disparities, no literature regarding the experience in Italy is available. The aim of this survey study was to assess satisfaction among female surgeons in Italy, and determine whether they encounter gender-based discrimination. An anonymous, 83-item web-based survey was distributed among female surgeons working in Italy, from November 18 to December 31, 2020. Gender equity, satisfaction, and factors associated with higher satisfaction and work-life balance were explored. There were 3,242 volunteer respondents, 1,833 of whom completed at least 50% of the specific questions and were included in the study. Approximately 54% of female Italian surgeons reported being satisfied with their job, but only 34% with their work-life balance. Among residents, 67% thought they were not adequately trained. The majority of respondents were responsible for most of the housekeeping (60%) and childcare duties (53%), regardless of their partner's workload, and 62% reported that gender affects the way they are treated at work, with most of them experiencing microaggressions. Sexual harassment was common (59%), but only 10% of women reported it. Most Italian female surgeons are satisfied with their professional choice. However, they face gender discrimination, including incidents of sexual harassment and microaggression. Due to the fact that half of surgeons working in Italian hospitals will be females in the next few years, actions are urgently required to build a culture that supports a gender-neutral environment.

Gender Discrimination in the Flight Deck: An Analysis on the Experiences of Ab-initio Pilots

Gender-related issues among pilots are increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide safety concern. A considerable amount of literature has been published on gender discrimination in commercial aviation and general aviation. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no research has been found that examined the gender-related issues among ab-initio pilots in Turkey. The aim of this research project has therefore been to investigate the gender discrimination among ab-initio pilots. With consideration in mind, a survey was developed by using previously published two questionnaires in the field of gender-related issues in aviation and conducted to collect data. By the end of the survey period, data had been collected from 104 ab-initio pilots. The independent sample t-test was employed to analyze the results of the survey. It has been concluded that female ab-initio pilots face gender discrimination. Furthermore, it has been found that there was no significant difference in difficulties faced during the training due to gender-related issues between male and female ab-initio pilots. The results of this study provided an understanding on gender-related issues among ab-initio pilots. The findings of this study may provide important implications in the field of crew resource management training for ab-initio pilots and increase overall safety in aviation

Assessing the Nature of Job Satisfaction Level: A Study on Private Bank Employees in Bangladesh

The purpose of this study is to assess the nature of the job satisfaction level of private bank employees in Bangladesh. It used a semi-structured questionnaire which contains both pre-coded and open-ended questions. All questions were rated with the Likert 5-point scale. A Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In this study, a significant inter-class relationship was observed between demographic characteristics namely sex, age, designation, salary, and family member, marital status, working environment, service period and family income, and job satisfaction indicators which are, participation in decision making, training facilities, autonomy in work, gender discrimination, working hour, chance of promotion, increase knowledge & capacity, the practice of MBO and surprisingly availability of tools and resources had no significant relation with any demographic factors. Employees who work as an officer (93.3%, p< .001) and withdraw salary 25,001-35,000 (88.2%, p< .000) cannot participate in decision making. But who works in the participative environment (83.9%, p< .000) get a proper training facility. Employees with <30-year age (83.3%, p< .016) cannot practice autonomy. Unmarried workers (53.8%, p< .006) face gender discrimination. Employees who work in an Autonomous environment (76.0%, p< .00001) do not get enough working hours. Employees with 30-35-year age (80.8%), p< .002) do not get a proper promotion. Male (98.0%, p< .001) report the organization increases its capacity and knowledge. Employees work in an autonomous environment (88.0%, p< .002) report that organization practices MBO. This study also shows that female employees are more satisfied than males. The overall situation can be improved by guaranteeing employees participation in decision making, regular training, providing appropriate increments and promotion, redesigning working hours and environment, and removing gender discrimination. Further Study is recommended.