Face Drawing Research Articles

Machine Learning Analysis of Artistic Characteristics for Schizophrenia Classification

IntroductionSchizophrenia is affecting multiple functions such as cognition, perception, emotion, and social behaviors, and it has also been shown to influence artistic works created by patients. Among the deviations observed in the art works are distinct characteristics like delusional themes, disordered shorter lines, and unique creativity. Such features, along with altered pictorial perceptions and possibly altered motoric function, suggest that it might be possible to differentiate art made by schizophrenic patients from that of healthy individuals. Given the shortcomings of existing diagnostic methods being very long and with a 25% error rate, we proposed a novel neural network model that leverages these artistic markers for classification to support diagnosis.ObjectivesTo develop and train a neural network model leveraging unique artistic markers for the classification and support of diagnosing schizophrenia.MethodsOur study involved 764 participants, 45% diagnosed with schizophrenia, while the others were either healthy or diagnosed with other mental disorders. The average age of the participants was 38.25 years (SD=13.43), and 43.88% of the participants were females. All participants were instructed to draw eight drawings of human faces. These drawings were digitized and categorized based on participants’ schizophrenia status to form the initial training dataset for our model. This data was processed using Python and converted into a NumPy array, which served as input for our model developed using the Keras library. The structure of the model is presented (Image 1).ResultsWe used area under curve (AUC), specificity, and sensitivity as key evaluation metrics for our model. The model achieved an AUC of 0.90 on a test dataset that was new to the model and was not used in the preceding training phase. It exhibited a sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.85, indicating its capacity to identify schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic individuals, respectively (Image 2).Image:Image 2:ConclusionsThe application of machine learning and AI tools to analyze art created by schizophrenia patients, can offer a promising methodology for exploring the differences between schizophrenic and healthy individuals, as well as a possible support for current diagnostic methods. This approach has the potential to provide an additional fast and more accurate diagnosis, enhancing individualized patient care. Future research will focus on refining and validating the model across diverse populations and various art forms.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Photo-realistic photo synthesis using improved conditional generative adversarial networks

<span lang="EN-US">There are a wide range of potential uses for both the forward (generating face drawings from actual images) and backward (generating photos from synthetic face sketches). However, photo/sketch synthesis is still a difficult problem to solve because of the distinct differences between photos and sketches. Existing frameworks often struggle to acquire a strong mapping among the geometry of drawing and its corresponding photo-realistic pictures because of the little amount of paired sketch-photo training data available. In this study, we adopt the perspective that this is an image-to-image translation issue and investigate the usage of the well-known enhanced pix2pix generative adversarial networks (GANs) to generate high-quality photo-realistic pictures from drawings; we make use of three distinct datasets. While recent GAN-based approaches have shown promise in image translation, they still struggle to produce high-resolution, photorealistic pictures. This technique uses supervised learning to train the generator's hidden layers to produce low-resolution pictures initially, then uses the network's implicit refinement to produce high-resolution images. Extensive tests on three sketch-photo datasets (two publicly accessible and one we produced) are used to evaluate. Our solution outperforms existing image translation techniques by producing more photorealistic visuals with a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 59.85% and pixel accuracy of 82.7%.</span>

Graphical user interface design to improve understanding of the patient-reported outcome symptom response.

Symptom monitoring application (SMA) has clinical benefits to cancer patients but patients experience difficulties in using it. Few studies have identified which types of graphical user interface (GUI) are preferred by cancer patients for using the SMA. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to identify preferred GUI among cancer patients to use SMA. Total of 199 patients were asked to evaluate 8 types of GUIs combining text, icon, illustration, and colors using mixed-methods. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age and gender. The mean age of the patients was 57 and 42.5% was male. The most preferred GUI was "Text + Icon + Color" (mean = 4.43), followed by "Text + Icon" (mean = 4.39). Older patients (≥ 60 years) preferred "Text + Icon" than younger patients (p for interaction < 0.01). Simple and intuitive text and icons were the most useful GUI for cancer patients to use the SMA. Simple and intuitive text and icons were the most useful GUI for cancer patients to use the SMA. Researchers need to be careful when applying realistic face drawings to cancer symptom monitoring applications because they can recall negative images of cancer.

Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Plexiform Neurofibromas of the Face and Adjacent Head Regions: Topography of Lesions and Surgical Treatment Data of 179 Patients

IntroductionFacial plexiform neurofibromas (FPNF) are rare tumors frequently diagnosed in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a tumor predisposition syndrome. FPNF often grows invasively and destructively, which may complicate surgical treatment. Data on the frequency, location, and surgical procedures of patients with NF1-associated FPNF are scarce. This study provides treatment data from a nationally networked reference center for the treatment of NF1 patients.Material and MethodsThe localization and treatment data of 179 NF1 patients with FPNF were analyzed. Photographically documented tumors of the study area, further determined by imaging, were manually transferred to a facial scheme and digitized. The digitized registrations of the facial extensions of the tumors of each patient were overlaid in a single image (Photoshop™), so that the file of the facial scheme contained the sum of the tumor localization. Finally, the frequency of tumor localization was indicated with a color code. The frequency of tumor extension-related coded colors was applied to outline the lesions' topography on schematic face drawings (heat map).ResultsThe distribution of the tumors showed no side preference. The need for the treatment of patients with orbital/periorbital manifestations became evident in the graphic representations. Tumors do not respect anatomical units. However, the classification of the face according to dermatomes, especially the trigeminal nerve, offers indications of tumor spread and guides treatment planning. The mean number of surgical measures per patient was 2.21 (median: 1). Extensive swelling, hematoma, and delayed wound healing were all common postoperative complications.ConclusionThe color-coded, schematic overview of the frequency distribution of cutaneous tumor spread in NF1 patients with FPNF illustrates the importance of orbital/periorbital and cheek tumor manifestations in patients' treatment needs. The imaging procedure is suitable for controlling natural tumor growth in the same way as the documentation of the post-surgical course. Repeated interventions in the region are included in surgical planning of the progressing tumor disease.

Attentional biases toward real images and drawings of negative faces

Attentional biases toward real images and drawings of negative faces

IDE-3D

Existing 3D-aware facial generation methods face a dilemma in quality versus editability: they either generate editable results in low resolution, or high-quality ones with no editing flexibility. In this work, we propose a new approach that brings the best of both worlds together. Our system consists of three major components: (1) a 3D-semantics-aware generative model that produces view-consistent, disentangled face images and semantic masks; (2) a hybrid GAN inversion approach that initializes the latent codes from the semantic and texture encoder, and further optimizes them for faithful reconstruction; and (3) a canonical editor that enables efficient manipulation of semantic masks in canonical view and produces high-quality editing results. Our approach is competent for many applications, e.g. free-view face drawing, editing and style control. Both quantitative and qualitative results show that our method reaches the state-of-the-art in terms of photorealism, faithfulness and efficiency.

Group Synchronization during Collaborative Drawing using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a noninvasive method particularly suitable for measuring cerebral cortex activation in multiple subjects, which is relevant for studying group interpersonal interactions in ecological settings. Although many fNIRS systems technically offer the possibility to monitor more than two individuals simultaneously, establishing easy-to-implement setup procedures and reliable paradigms to track hemodynamic and behavioral responses in group interaction is still required. The present protocol combines fNIRS and video-based observation to measure interpersonal synchronization in quartets during a cooperative task.This protocol provides practical recommendations for data acquisition and paradigm design, as well as guiding principles for an illustrative data analysis example. The procedure is designed to assess differences in brain and behavior interpersonal responses between social and non-social conditions inspired by a well-known ice-breaker activity, the Collaborative Face Drawing Task. The described procedures can guide future studies to adapt group naturalistic social interaction activities to the fNIRS environment.

Artistic expertise shapes face perception: An alpha frequency and N170 study on portraiture

Expertise in several areas appears to modulate neurocognitive processes. These processes have been observed to differ in visual arts experts compared to the general population. Here, we aimed to investigate whether visual artists' neural responses to tasks within and outside their field of expertise are contrasting to the responses of non-experts. Fifteen visual artists' and fifteen non-artists’ EEG measures were recorded as each participant was presented with two consecutive tasks: face perception and drawing. Face perception activities were assessed by comparing the groups’ amplitude and latency of the N170 in response to complete and incomplete faces. Artists exhibited a larger N170 amplitude to facial stimuli than non-artists, pointing toward significance. Complete faces elicited the stronger response for both groups. A cluster-based permutation test showed that alpha frequency, previously linked to expertise, significantly differed between the artist and nonartists groups during drawing. Our results suggest differing neurocognitive processing for artists compared to non-artists in both field-specific and nonfield-specific tasks, in that expertise in drawing impacts neuronal activity in response to faces.

Attentional biases toward real images and drawings of negative faces

The allocation of attention is affected by internal emotional states, such as anxiety and depression. The attention captured by real images of negative faces can be quantified by emotional probe tasks. The present study investigated whether attentional bias toward drawings of negative faces (line drawings and cartoon faces) differs from that of real faces. Non-clinical university students indicated their levels of anxiety and depression via self-report questionnaires, and completed a probe discrimination task under three face image conditions in a between-participants design. Significant correlations were found between bias scores and scores on the self-reported BDI-II under the real face condition. However, two types of face drawings were only weakly correlated with self-report scores. In our probe task to investigate attentional bias to facial stimuli in nonclinical adults, the strength of the relationship between depression and attentional bias to negative face was stronger for real faces than for face drawings.

Temporal-and orientation-based properties of the relationship between imagination-and observation-based face drawings.

Temporal-and orientation-based properties of the relationship between imagination-and observation-based face drawings.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale – Faces (MCDASf) into Brazilian Portuguese

Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale - Faces (MCDASf) into Brazilian Portuguese. Material and Methods: The MCDASf consists of eight questions about anxiety toward dental procedures that are answered on a five-point Likert scale ranging from “not worried” (1 point) to “very worried” (5 points). The answers correspond to a scale of face drawings ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive. The process consisted of initial translation, back-translation, expert committee review, and pretesting. Results: The first revised version was applied to 32 children aged 5 to 12 years, 16 from the city of Governador Valadares, Brazil (southeastern region) and 16 from the city of Pelotas, Brazil (southern region). In the first pretest, Item 5 was misunderstood by 6.25% of children in the southern region; Item 6 by 6.25% in both regions; Items 7 and 8 by 87.5% and 100% of those from the southeastern region, respectively, and by 12.5% and 25% of those from the southern region, respectively. Items 7 and 8 were modified by the expert committee, and the second revised version was applied to 32 children, 16 from each region. The only misunderstood items were 4 and 5, both by a 7-year-old boy in Governador Valadares. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the MCDASf was well understood by the sample of children.

A Decision-Making Tool for Creating and Identifying Face Sketches

A criminal can be quickly identified and prosecuted using a face sketch based on an eyewitness description . Several applications for converting hand-drawn face drawings and using them to automatically identify and recognize the suspect from the police database have been proposed in the past, but the existing system dealt with some drawbacks. It featured a lot of flaws, including as a limited facial features kit and a cartoonish feel to the constructed suspect face, which made it much more difficult to use these apps and acquire the results and efficiency that were required. In this paper, we present a stand- alone tool that allows users to create composite face sketches of suspects without the need for forensic artists. The application offers a drag-and-drop feature that can match the produced composite facial sketch with the criminal database in real time. This can be done considerably more rapidly and efficiently using deep learning and cloud infrastructure.

Evaluation of a Simulation-Based Minielective on Medical Student Interest in Plastic Surgery.

Exposure to plastic surgery in preclinical years of medical school is extremely limited. It is in the interest of the field to educate all medical students about plastic surgery so that otherwise excellent candidates are not excluded because of inexperience and that a capable and diverse student body can be identified early and mentored closely. Furthermore, with the increasing competitiveness of integrated training programs,1 it is advantageous for medical students to be able to decide to apply to a plastic surgery residency earlier.2 Our goal was to create an opportunity for medical students to learn about the diverse field through lectures, engage through hands-on simulations, discover research opportunities, connect with resident and faculty mentors, and prepare applicants for the Match process and possibly a career in a plastic surgery. A plastic surgery minielective was developed for preclinical medical students consisting of five 3-hour sessions, with each week focusing on a different topic, including the following: craniofacial, cleft lip and palate, microsurgery, breast, hand, aesthetics, research, and education. Sessions consisted of lectures followed by a hands-on component including a suturing session, flap design, facial drawings, hand examination, and resident panel. Precourse and postcourse surveys were administered to identify interest in, awareness of, and barriers to the field of plastic surgery. This course was offered to all preclinical medical students at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine: 25 students completed the precourse survey, and 22 completed the postcourse survey. The majority of students were first-year medical students (76 percent), female (56 percent), and Asian (52 percent). Awareness of the independent and integrated pathways increased from 80 percent and 72 percent, respectively, to 100 percent following the course (p < 0.05). There was a 34 percent increase in plastic surgery as the top residency to which students would most likely apply (p < 0.05). Students’ self-rated ability to perform skills such as a laceration repair, knot tying, craniofacial examination, reading a hand radiograph, assessing wound reconstruction (p < 0.05), identifying breast reconstruction options (p < 0.05), and initiating and completing a hypothesis-driven research project improved. Results from the overall experience obtained by means of a postcourse survey showed that 100 percent of medical students strongly agreed or agreed that the minielective increased knowledge of plastic surgery (Table 1). All participants strongly agreed or agreed that residents and attending physicians, respectively, engaging with students improved the minielective experience. Importantly, 100 percent of students felt more comfortable in seeking out a mentor in plastic surgery, as mentorship is a crucial factor when deciding specialty.3,4 Lastly, 95 percent strongly agreed or agreed that the minielective promoted interactions between students and attending physicians. Table 1. - Students’ Evaluation of the Overall Course Experience Issue Strongly Agree (%) Agree (%) Neutral (%) Disagree (%) Strongly Disagree (%) Lectures increased interest in plastic and reconstructive surgery as a career 17 (77.27) 3 (13.64) 2 (9.09) 0 0 Simulations increased interest in plastic and reconstructive surgery as a career 14 (63.64) 7 (31.82) 1 (4.55) 0 0 Increased knowledge in plastic surgery 18 (81.82) 4 (18.18) 0 0 0 Simulations made me feel more confident about pursuing a surgical career 11 (50.0) 6 (27.27) 5 (22.73) 0 0 Resident instructors for simulations increased my interest 15 (68.18) 6 (27.27) 1 (4.55) 0 0 Residents engaged with students improved experience 18 (81.82) 4 (18.18) 0 0 0 Attending physicians engaged with students improved experience 20 (90.91) 2 (9.09) 0 0 0 Promoted interactions between students and attending physicians 18 (81.82) 3 (13.64) 1 (4.55) 0 0 Feel more comfortable in seeking out a mentor in plastic surgery 17 (77.27) 5 (22.73) 0 0 0 In conclusion, the plastic surgery minielective is a positive way to increase interest in and awareness of the field of plastic surgery for preclinical medical students. Our results indicate multiples benefits for students, including longitudinal exposure, hands-on experiences, and access to residents and faculty for mentorship and research opportunities. This is a simple curriculum that could be adapted by other institutions and can help prepare medical students for the Match process and a career in plastic surgery. We hope that a plastic surgery minielective can help engage medical students and help shape the future of plastic surgery. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. No funding was received for this article. Eva Roy, B.S.Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Erin E. Anstadt, M.D.Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center Joseph E. Losee, M.D.Division of Pediatric Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterChildren’s Hospital of Pittsburgh Vu T. Nguyen, M.D.Department of Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center Jesse A. Goldstein, M.D.Division of Pediatric Plastic SurgeryUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterChildren’s Hospital of PittsburghPittsburgh, Pa.

Dissociating the Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Task Relevance in Face Perception Using Simultaneous EEG-fMRI.

Current theories of visual consciousness disagree about whether it emerges during early stages of processing in sensory brain regions or later when a widespread frontoparietal network becomes involved. Moreover, disentangling conscious perception from task-related postperceptual processes (e.g., report) and integrating results across different neuroscientific methods remain ongoing challenges. The present study addressed these problems using simultaneous EEG-fMRI and a specific inattentional blindness paradigm with three physically identical phases in female and male human participants. In phase 1, participants performed a distractor task during which line drawings of faces and control stimuli were presented centrally. While some participants spontaneously noticed the faces in phase 1, others remained inattentionally blind. In phase 2, all participants were made aware of the task-irrelevant faces but continued the distractor task. In phase 3, the faces became task-relevant. Bayesian analysis of brain responses demonstrated that conscious face perception was most strongly associated with activation in fusiform gyrus (fMRI) as well as the N170 and visual awareness negativity (EEG). Smaller awareness effects were revealed in the occipital and prefrontal cortex (fMRI). Task-relevant face processing, on the other hand, led to strong, extensive activation of occipitotemporal, frontoparietal, and attentional networks (fMRI). In EEG, it enhanced early negativities and elicited a pronounced P3b component. Overall, we provide evidence that conscious visual perception is linked with early processing in stimulus-specific sensory brain areas but may additionally involve prefrontal cortex. In contrast, the strong activation of widespread brain networks and the P3b are more likely associated with task-related processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How does our brain generate visual consciousness-the subjective experience of what it is like to see, for example, a face? To date, it is hotly debated whether it emerges early in sensory brain regions or later when a widespread frontoparietal network is activated. Here, we use simultaneous fMRI and EEG for high spatial and temporal resolution and demonstrate that conscious face perception is predominantly linked to early and occipitotemporal processes, but also prefrontal activity. Task-related processes (e.g., decision-making), on the other hand, elicit brain-wide activations including late and strong frontoparietal activity. These findings challenge numerous previous studies and highlight the importance of investigating the neural correlates of consciousness in the absence of task relevance.

Right up- left down

BackgroundWhen performing the clock-drawing test healthy participants often draw the clock face using a counter clockwise movement. The reason for this circular directional bias is not known. These actions may be related to the development of motor or attentional programs that associate leftward with downward movements, and rightward with upward movements. MethodsTo further examine this down-left, up-right programming hypothesis, we examined the direction of circular movements made during cursive writing by dividing the first curved movements into the following pairs, up versus down, and leftward versus rightward. Results and conclusionsWith almost all the letters analyzed, when initially moving upward there was a simultaneous rightward movement and when initially moving downward a leftward movement. The results suggest that there appears to be a relationship between downward and leftward movements as well as between upward and right rightward movements. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that the right-upward movements may be mediated by the left hemisphere and left-downward movements by the right hemisphere. Although our results suggest motor or spatial attentional programs may account for counter clockwise face drawing, activities such as learned writing direction may influence this spatial bias. Therefore, additional research is needed to better understand if these spatial biases are learned or intrinsic and the neuropsychological mechanisms that might account for these asymmetries.

Manifestation of Face Asymmetry and Emotions in the Drawing Test Taken by Students from Different Ethnic Groups of the Small Siberian Region of Russia in the Republic of Altai

The study was conducted in the Republic of Altai, one of the Russian regions, with the participation ofstudents of different ethnic and gender backgrounds. The main idea was to clarify the anthropoestheticpreferences when choosing a sexual partner; however, in this work, attention is paid to a characteristicfeature of the drawn face – its asymmetry. One of the original projective psychodiagnostic methods was used– face drawing, which made it possible to determine the coefficient of asymmetry of its structural elementsand the manifestation of emotions in relation to a potential sexual partner. The algorithm for obtaining a facepattern, drawing reference (cephalometric) points, and a module for calculating asymmetry was describedin detail. In addition, the authors made an attempt to show the connection between asymmetry and the spaceoccupied by facial structural elements with the emotional background.

Typical emotional expression in children’s drawings of the human face

This study was aimed at verifying if children introduce emotional expressions in their drawings of human faces, and if a preferential expression exists; we also wanted to verify if children’s pictorial choices change with increasing age. To this end we examined the human figure drawings made by 160 boys and 160 girls, equally divided in 4 age groups: 6–7; 8–9; 10–11; 12–13 years; mean ages (SD in parentheses) were: 83,30 (6,54); 106,14 (7,16) 130,49 (8,26); 155,40 (6,66). Drawings were collected with the Draw-a-Man test instructions, i.e. without mentioning an emotional characterization. In the light of data from previous studies of emotion drawing on request, and the literature about preferred emotional expressions, we expected that an emotion would be portrayed even by the younger participants, and that the preferred emotion would be happiness. We also expected that with the improving ability to keep into account both mouth and eyes appearance, other expressions would be found besides the smiling face. Data were submitted to non-parametric tests to compare the frequencies of expressions (absolute and by age) and the frequencies of visual cues (absolute and by age and expressions). The results confirmed that only a small number of faces were expressionless, and that the most frequent emotion was happiness. However, with increasing age this representation gave way to a variety of basic emotions (sadness, fear, anger, surprise), whose representation may depend from the ability to modify the shapes of both eyes and mouth and changing communicative aims of the child.

Do portrait artists have enhanced face processing abilities? Evidence from hidden Markov modeling of eye movements

Recent research has suggested the importance of part-based information in face recognition in addition to global, whole-face information. Nevertheless, face drawing experience was reported to enhance selective attention to the eyes but did not improve face recognition performance, leading to speculations about limited plasticity in adult face recognition. Here we examined the mechanism underlying the limited advantage of face drawing experience in face recognition through the Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models (EMHMM) approach. We found that portrait artists showed more eyes-focused eye movement patterns and outperformed novices in face matching, and participants' drawing rating was correlated with both eye movement pattern and performance. In contrast, portrait artists did not outperform novices and did not differ from novices in eye movement pattern in either the face recognition or part-whole tasks, although the eyes-focused pattern was associated with better recognition performance and longer response times in the whole condition relative to the part condition. Interestingly, in contrast to the face recognition and part-whole tasks, participants' performance in face matching was predicted by their drawing rating but not eye movement pattern. These results suggested that artists' advantage in face processing is specific to tasks similar to their drawing experience such as face matching, and may be related to their better ability in extracting identity-invariant information between two faces rather than more eyes-focused eye movement patterns.

Infants' recognition of their mothers' faces in facial drawings.

This study examined the development of ability to recognize familiar face in drawings in infants aged 6-8months. In Experiment 1, we investigated infants' recognition of their mothers' faces by testing their visual preference for their mother's face over a stranger's face under three conditions: photographs, cartoons produced by online software that simplifies and enhances the contours of facial features of line drawings, and veridical line drawings. We found that 7- and 8-month-old infants showed a significant preference for their mother's face in photographs and cartoons, but not in veridical line drawings. In contrast, 6-month-old infants preferred their mother's face only in photographs. In Experiment 2, we investigated a visual preference for an upright face over an inverted face for cartoons and veridical line drawings in 6- to 8-month-old infants, finding that infants aged older than 6months showed the inversion effect in face preference in both cartoons and veridical line drawings. Our results imply that the ability to utilize the enhanced information of a face to recognize familiar faces may develop aged around 7months of age.

The Effects of Disrupting Holistic Processing on the Ability to Draw a Face

Previous research has demonstrated that those more skilled in drawing tend to exhibit stronger local perceptual processing biases than those less skilled in drawing. However, due to the correlational nature of this research, it is unclear whether drawing performance is facilitated by biasing perception towards local visual information. In order to investigate this, we conducted an experiment where participants drew an aligned face or a horizontally-misaligned face. Previous perceptual research has demonstrated that aligned faces are processed holistically, whereas misaligned faces are processed locally. Thus, drawings of aligned faces are assumed to be guided by holistic processing, whereas drawings of misaligned faces are assumed to be guided by local processing. Drawings were objectively measured according to the relative spatial positioning of facial features. Relative to drawings of aligned faces, the accuracy of misaligned face drawings was either impaired (for drawings of the distance between the eyes and mouth) or was not affected (for drawings of the interocular distance, the distance between the nose and mouth, and the distance between the eyes and eyebrows). This pattern of drawing errors mirrored the effects of face inversion that has previously been reported, another manipulation that is thought to disrupt holistic processing. At least with respect to drawing the relative spatial positioning of facial features, we did not observe any evidence that supports the notion that biasing perceptual processing towards local visual information directly facilitates drawing performance.