Industrial Fabrication Research Articles

Kalibrasi Wire Feeder Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW) Mengacu Pada Standar British Standard (BS) 7570:2000 Dan British Standard (BS) European Standard (EN) 50504:2008

In the fabrication industry, the welding process plays a crucial role in both engineering and repair production processes. Continuous use of welding machines can lead to a decline in their effectiveness. Suboptimal machines may produce low-quality products. A common issue encountered is the poor quality of welds, even when each step has been aligned with the Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). One source of this problem is the welding equipment itself. The objective of this study is to calibrate arc welding equipment to ensure it remains within machine standards. Calibration is performed in accordance with BS EN 50504:2008 and BS 7570:2000. The calibration focuses on measuring constant voltage and wire feed speed (WFS). The measurement results for WFS variation indicate that it does not exceed a 10% error margin. This suggests that the WFS complies with the established standards. Consequently, the Lincoln LN-25X wire feeder speed is ready for use in fabrication and production processes.

Micro-Nanoparticle Characterization: Establishing Underpinnings for Proper Identification and Nanotechnology-Enabled Remediation.

Microplastics (MPLs) and nanoplastics (NPLs) are smaller particles derived from larger plastic material, polymerization, or refuse. In context to environmental health, they are separated into the industrially-created "primary" category or the degradation derivative "secondary" category where the particles exhibit different physiochemical characteristics that attenuate their toxicities. However, some particle types are more well documented in terms of their fate in the environment and potential toxicological effects (secondary) versus their industrial fabrication and chemical characterization (primary). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR/µ-FTIR), Raman/µ-Raman, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR), Curie Point-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CP-gc-MS), Induced Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Field Flow Fractionation-Multiple Angle Light Scattering (FFF-MALS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TGA), Differential Mobility Particle [Sizing] (DMPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Scanning Transmission X-ray Microspectroscopy (STXM) are reviewed as part of a suite of characterization methods for physiochemical ascertainment and distinguishment. In addition, Optical-Photothermal Infrared Microspectroscopy (O-PTIR), Z-Stack Confocal Microscopy, Mueller Matrix Polarimetry, and Digital Holography (DH) are touched upon as a suite of cutting-edge modes of characterization. Organizations, like the water treatment or waste management industry, and those in groups that bring awareness to this issue, which are in direct contact with the hydrosphere, can utilize these techniques in order to sense and remediate this plastic polymer pollution. The primary goal of this review paper is to highlight the extent of plastic pollution in the environment as well as introduce its effect on the biodiversity of the planet while underscoring current characterization techniques in this field of research. The secondary goal involves illustrating current and theoretical avenues in which future research needs to address and optimize MPL/NPL remediation, utilizing nanotechnology, before this sleeping giant of a problem awakens.

Process optimization of victoria blue dye removal using polypyrrole-encapsulated zirconium oxide: Mechanistic pathway and economic assessment

In this study, an organometallic composite, namely a polypyrrole-encapsulated zirconium oxide (ZrO2/PPy) nanocomposite, was developed and used to eliminate Victoria blue dye (VB) from water system. Specific surface area of the ZrO2/PPy obtained from BET study was observed to be 61.822 m2/g. Solution pH of 7.0, ZrO2/PPy nanocomposite dose of 0.8 g/L, sonication period of 40 min and initial VB dye concentration of 50 mg/L were chosen as optimal test parameters, at which 86.23 (±1.15) % of VB dye elimination was observed. The VB dye uptake process follows pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, with the later providing the maximum VB dye adsorption capacity of ZrO2/PPy nanocomposite as 238.09 mg/g. Thermodynamics study suggests the spontaneous (ΔGo< 0) and endothermic (ΔHo> 0) nature of the adsorption study. Food processing wastewater causes maximum hindrance (∼20 (±0.90) % −25 (±1.03) %) in the VB dye uptake process while the presence of phosphate (PO43−) ions can create highest interference (∼17 (±0.93) % −19 (±1.08) %) in the VB dye uptake process. At the optimum test parameter values (adsorbent dose: 1.3 g/L, initial VB dye concentration: 20 mg/L, sonication period: 70 min) as suggested by response surface methodology (RSM), maximum VB dye elimination of ∼96 % was observed. Electrostatic attraction, π–π interaction and hydrogen bond formation are amongst the major uptake mechanisms. Regeneration study indicates ∼19 (±1.36) % of decrease in VB dye elimination (%) after fifth cycle of reuse. The lab scale and industrial scale fabrication expense of 1.0 kg of ZrO2/PPy nanocomposite were obtained as 75.74 and 22.20 USD, respectively. The findings of this study suggest the potential of ZrO2/PPy nanocomposite as an effective and economically viable adsorbent to eliminate VB dye from wastewater.

Advanced CMOS manufacturing of superconducting qubits on 300 mm wafers

The development of superconducting qubit technology has shown great potential for the construction of practical quantum computers1,2. As the complexity of quantum processors continues to grow, the need for stringent fabrication tolerances becomes increasingly critical3. Utilizing advanced industrial fabrication processes could facilitate the necessary level of fabrication control to support the continued scaling of quantum processors. However, at present, these industrial processes are not optimized to produce high-coherence devices, nor are they a priori compatible with the approaches commonly used to make superconducting qubits. Here we demonstrate superconducting transmon qubits manufactured in a 300 mm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) pilot line using industrial fabrication methods, with resulting relaxation and coherence times exceeding 100 μs. We show across-wafer, large-scale statistics of coherence, yield, variability and ageing that confirm the validity of our approach. The presented industry-scale fabrication process, which uses only optical lithography and reactive-ion etching, has a performance and yield in line with conventional laboratory-style techniques utilizing metal lift-off, angled evaporation and electron-beam writing4. Moreover, it offers the potential for further upscaling through three-dimensional integration5 and more process optimization. This result marks the advent of an alternative and new, large-scale, truly CMOS-compatible fabrication method for superconducting quantum computing processors.

Preface

With the rapid progress of science and technology, the research and application in the fields of energy technology and materials science are increasingly in-depth, and experts and scholars around the world are committed to promoting the innovation and development in these areas. It is against this background that we welcomed the highly anticipated 2024 8th International Conference on Energy Technology and Materials Science (ICETMS 2024). The conference was successfully held in Chongqing, China from May 31st to June 2nd, 2024, attracting the participation of almost 100 scholars, researchers and industry experts from all over the world. The convening of this conference has benefited from the active participation and enthusiastic support of experts and scholars around the world. We received a large number of high-quality paper submissions, covering New and Renewable Energy Technologies, Traditional Energy Transformation and Cleaner Production, Energy Storage Technologies and Battery Materials, Energy Security and Sustainable Development, Energy System Simulation and Optimization, and many other aspects. After a rigorous review process, excellent papers from different countries and regions were finally accepted, which fully demonstrated the latest research results and innovative ideas in these domains. In the course of the conference, we invited well-known experts and scholars at home and abroad to give keynote speeches and reports, and their wonderful speeches provided valuable academic inspiration and reflection for the participants. Among these, with the research Industrial Fabrication of Electrocatalysts for Green Hydrogen Production, Prof Hui Pan (University of Macau, China) introduced the design, synthesis and possible industrial production of novel electrocatalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER and OER). And his research demonstrated that multi-metal compound systems were catalytically active for OER and HER in electrochemical energy devices, which may find practical application in hydrogen-energy technologies. At the same time, we also organized a number of group discussions, providing participants with more in-depth communication and interaction opportunities. The successful holding of this conference not only promoted the academic exchanges and cooperation in the fields of energy technology and materials science, but also injected new vitality and impetus into the development of these domains. Finally, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks and high respect to all the experts and scholars who participated in this conference. At the same time, we would also like to thank the organizing committee for its hard work and selfless dedication, which has provided a strong guarantee for the success of the conference. We look forward to continuing to work with experts and scholars in the coming days to promote the development and progress of energy technology and materials science! List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Theoretical analysis and technical application of mechanical intelligent manufacturing based on system digital-driven technology

With the accelerating process of global industrialization, the automated fabrication industry, as an important part of the industry, is also developing rapidly. Due to the low efficiency and high resource consumption of traditional manufacturing, it is more important to improve the production efficiency of conventional manufacturing and realize the resource-saving development mode. Due to the characteristics of system digital-driven technology, it can promote the intelligent development of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, the deep integration of system digital-driven technology and manufacturing is conducive to the intelligent promotion of manufacturing. Comparing the difference between the traditional manufacturing industry and the intelligent manufacturing industry, the application potential of system digitalization technology in the manufacturing field is analyzed. Based on the analysis of the theoretical basis of the system digital-driven technology and the application of the system digital technology in the main fields, the importance of the technology for the improvement of the accuracy index in the manufacturing process is emphatically analyzed. The maximum increase can be 5.3%, and the minimum increase can be 3.3%. It can be seen that the deep integration of digital-driven technology and manufacturing can not only improve the intelligent level of manufacturing, realize the intensive development of the industry, but also realize the data sharing of the entire industrial chain.

(Invited) Hierarchically Structured Electrocatalysts Using Scalable Synthesis Techniques for Membrane Water Electrolyzers

Beyond composition, the morphology of catalyst particles is a key-parameter to allow for a high accessibility to catalytic sites but it is also of paramount importance to manage gases and water transport within catalyst layers in membrane-electrode assembly based devices. Besides their electrochemical activity, fabricating high performance catalysts and catalyst layers that are compatible with industry fabrication processes is critical for their implementation in commercial electrochemical devices. Considering these requirements, we are developing green, cheap and scalable solution synthesis techniques to prepare hierarchically structured catalysts that can be readily incorporated into catalyst layers.Two strategies will be discussed. We have recently introduced an aerosol synthesis technique for the preparation of highly porous iridium pure and mixed oxides that are highly active and stable towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in acidic media. Beside beeing ideally suited for the preparation of highly porous catalyst layers, the hierarchical morphology can also be used for fundamental studies [1] or used as a probe to follow the catalyst degradation in PEM water electrolysis devices.[2]We also implemented the well-known polyol process [3] to prepare heterofunctional catalysts with ultra-low PGM content that are active towards another challenging reaction in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer: the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in alkaline media. The structure-properties relationship in these materials is assessed by a large set of techniques including SEM, XRD, XRF and STEM-EDX as well as surface (XPS) and bulk (XAS) characterizations, including operando XAS. Nature Communications, 2021, 12, 3935, 1038/s41467-021-24181-x Chemistry of Materials, 2023, 35, 20, 8590–8598, 1021/acs.chemmater.3c0152. Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2018, 47, 5187-5233, 10.1039/C7CS00777A

Hard transparent nanogradient coating for ultradurable omniphobic liquid-like surface

Omniphobic liquid-like surface (LLS) offers excellent dynamic liquid repellency owing to the highly mobile polymer chains mediating at the solid–liquid interface. These polymer chains, often achieved by surface grafting, are not durable against abrasion or oxidation, which seriously hinders their practical application. Here we report a new vapor-based approach to create transparent nanogradient coating for LLSs with unprecedented mechanical strength and durability. The nanogradient coating is composed of a sandwich structure with an ultrathin primer, a rigid bulk, and a nanocomposite surface with abundant polydimethylsiloxane-like chains, all of which achieved via sequential plasma polymerization of a linear and a cyclic siloxane. The plasma-polymerized cyclic siloxane enables coating good mechanical strength while the plasma-polymerized linear siloxane confers coating sub-nanometer roughness and excellent dynamic liquid repellency. The resultant coating exhibits contact angle hysteresis < 5° towards many low-surface-energy liquids, as well as good mechanical strength with the hardness exceeding 1 GPa and superior durability enduring 100,000 cycles of abrasion. The coating also survived industrial standard thermal and accelerated UV-aging tests without losing its liquid repellency and transparency. The reported method is facile, scalable, and substrate-independent, offering exciting new opportunities towards industrial fabrication and real-world application of LLS.

Integration of Waste Management in Textile Industries of India

The foundation of India's economic growth, the textile sector, has experienced unheard-of growth in recent decades, along with a rise in environmental issues brought on by significant waste generation. This comprehensive study sets out to look into and analyze how waste management techniques are incorporated into the rich history of the Indian textile sector. The study offers a thorough review of current waste management techniques, environmental impact evaluations, and creative solutions influencing the path toward sustainability, bridging the gap between qualitative and quantitative analysis. The introduction sets the context by outlining the mutually beneficial relationship between the expansion of the textile industry and its subsequent environmental load. The clothing industry has gained prominence due to the increase in demand for its products, however, a paradigm shift is required due to the waste generated by this industry. The study aims to perform a thorough analysis of waste management processes, conduct a quantitative assessment of the environmental implications, and investigate comprehensive strategies for sustainable waste management. The chapter on qualitative analysis explores the complex aspects of waste management in the textile industries of India. This section explains the nuances of waste generation at different phases of textile production by carefully examining existing methods, case studies, and industry dynamics. A thorough grasp of the qualitative landscape is revealed, encompassing everything from yarn and fabric waste to the difficulties presented by chemical residues and the disposal of end-of-life textiles. The importance of awareness and corporate responsibility in influencing waste management methods is also highlighted in this section. Case studies of top textile producers present creative approaches and offer insights into the possibilities of technological developments, cooperative efforts, and models of the circular economy. Nonetheless, difficulties ranging from technology constraints to cultural obstacles highlight how difficult it is to smoothly integrate sustainable practices throughout the sector. The chapter on integration strategies looks at potential directions that could change the way waste is managed in the textile industry in India. Models of the circular economy take center stage because they provide a comprehensive approach to production and disposal. Case studies from real-world applications highlight the revolutionary potential of upcycling and sophisticated recycling technology, offering insights into how these strategies could lessen the industry's environmental impact. Co-processing in cement kilns is a two-pronged method that solves waste disposal issues and produces useful resources. The potential for improved trash sorting and identification is demonstrated by the combination of artificial intelligence and data analytics, opening the door to increased process efficiency in waste management. The study's conclusion emphasizes that although the study has been helpful, the search for India's sustainable textile waste management is still an ongoing project. The industry is at a turning point in its evolution, and the factors pushing it in that direction will be sustained research and innovation leading the way toward a time when environmental stewardship and economic prosperity coexist together. Every thread woven into the fabric of the Indian textile industry offers a story of sustainability, adaptability, and responsible International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) Volume: 08 Issue: 07 | July - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930 © 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM36458 | Page 2 growth; therefore, the success of this journey will depend on the collective duty of industry stakeholders, policymakers, and consumers. Essentially, the goal of this extensive study is to serve as a compass for the Indian textile sector, offering a path forward to a time when environmental conservation and economic growth coexist peacefully.

Tensile strength optimisation in AA2014 aluminum alloy joints via friction stir welding: a rivet-free approach examining materials flow behaviour

ABSTRACT Steel rivets are alternative materials for connecting materials for structural fabrication industry. The use of rivets may significantly increase the structure weight, impacting its overall performance. Additionally, there is a risk of inducing corrosion at the interface due to galvanic coupling. Therefore, careful consideration of material choices and potential consequences is necessary during the design and fabrication processes. When joining dissimilar alloys, manufacturers and designers face numerous challenges with conventional fusion welding techniques. Friction stir welding is effective at joining materials without reaching their melting points; instead, it relies on severe plastic deformation and recrystallization to create a welded joint. Proper selection of the tool and process parameters is crucial for achieving a sound weld result. The results from experimental investigations highlight the significance of plastic deformation, material flow, and recrystallization as influential factors on joint strength. This finding suggested that FSW is an ideal joining process for high-strength alloys. Although friction stir welding is a suitable alternative to permanent joints, such as rivets, notably, the experimental findings reveal that friction stir welding of both but and lap joints yields maximum load-carrying capabilities of 50.5 and 51.2 kN, respectively, emphasising the efficacy of the method in structural applications

Fluorinated natural rubber with enhanced strength and excellent resistance to ozone, organic solvent, and acid and alkali via in situ reactive melt extrusion

Natural rubber (NR), as a green and renewable industrial raw material, is applied in many fields. However, the relatively weak resistance originated from its unsaturated backbone structure restricts the further application in some harsh conditions. To incorporate the excellent resistance feature of the fluorinated components into NR, fluorinated natural rubber (FNR) was prepared with dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFHMA) via in situ melt extrusion reaction. The results indicated that fluorinated reaction of NR mainly happened at the α-H of double bond in backbone chain and that styrene could promote fluorination and increase the size of fluorinated side chain. The vulcanized FNR (VFNR) exhibited wonderful mechanical performance, remarkable hydrophobicity, and excellent resistance to ozone, organic solvent, acid and alkali. The water contact angles of VFNR increased from 89 ° to 104 °and the ozone aging cracking time of VFNR increased by one time longer than that of VNR. The swelling degree of VFNR in the full synthetic engine oil is only two-thirds that of VNR, and the retention of tensile strength after immersion in HCl, H2SO4, and NaOH solution was elevated by 13 %, 11 %, and 5 % compared to those of VNR, respectively. This work presents a simple and eco-friendly method to prepare the fluorinated natural rubber facilitating the industrial fabrication of green and high-performance NR via melt extrusion.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUDIT EXPENDITURE IN PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS

The paper embarks on a thorough examination, comparing the audit expenditures incurred by private sector banks and public sector banks. It's not merely a financial analysis; rather, it aims to uncover whether there's a discernible variance in how these two categories of banks allocate resources to auditing. However, the focus extends beyond financial figures; it seeks to unravel the underlying attitudes and perceptions towards auditing within the banking landscape. The study endeavors to unravel the intricate fabric of the banking industry, by scrutinizing these divergent perspectives, where perceptions often shape practices and policies. The core inquiry revolves around whether private sector banks and public sector banks view auditing through the same lens of importance. The paper intends to settle query whether they both equally invested in ensuring robust audit mechanisms, or does one category regard it as a perfunctory exercise? This line of questioning opens a window into the broader ethos of banking governance and risk management. Is auditing perceived merely as a regulatory obligation, a box to be checked to fulfill compliance requirements? Or is it recognized as a fundamental pillar of organizational resilience and financial health?

A Novel Process for Improving the Drug Loading of Highly Water-Soluble High-Dose Drug in FDM 3D Printed Tablets

ABSTRACTBackground: 3D printing technologies, also known as additive manufacturing technologies, are gaining importance in pharmaceutical research and manufacturing. These technologies are widely used in automobile, plastic, and material fabrication industries. In the recent past, pharmaceutical industries are actively working to increase the applicability of these technologies in commercial manufacturing. On the other hand, clinics and hospitals are ready to adopt these technologies due to their versatility such as flexibility, individual customization, and low-cost investment. FDM 3D printing technology is one of the widely used technologies for the manufacturing of finished products. However, this technology has limitations such as drug loading, scale-up issues, and regulatory requirements. The present study focused on developing a suitable solvent system along with a drug-loading method to increase the industrial applicability of this technology. Methods: Metformin, a high-dose, highly soluble drug, was selected as a model. Solvents such as water, ethanol, and methanol and their combinations were explored. Saturation solubility and drug loading in both PVA filaments and printed tablets were tested for drug loading. The solvent ratio of ethanol/methanol/water (8:1:1) was selected. The different infills of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% were printed using PVA filaments and were subjected to drug loading using soaking and solvent curing methods. Results: The soaking method has resulted in poor drug loading as well as layer separation and swelling of the polymer. The solvent curing method has a maximum drug loading of 91.9% w/w without physical deformities of the tablets. Moreover, the solvent curing method is a scalable process with less process time, and hence this method could be useful for both large-scale commercial manufacturing as well as customized formulations for personalized therapies. Conclusion: This method could be used for manufacturing thermoliable drug products and moderate-dose drug substances. Based on the research outcomes, we propose a novel, scalable, and rapid solvent-curing method for drug loading in the FDM 3D printing technique.

Large-scale production of a “skin-like” self-pumping fabric for personal sweat management

Fabrics designed for personal sweat management, capable of efficiently transporting sweat away from the skin, are highly sought after for enhancing thermal comfort and conserving energy. However, the fabrication processes for these functional garments require intricate physical and chemical modifications, resulting in poor durability and limited suitability for mass production. In this study, a “skin-like” self-pumping fabric, consisting of hydrophobic polyester coils and hydrophilic microfiber polyester coils arranged on a bi-layer knitting fabric, is presented. This configuration allows for unidirectional wicking of sweat away from the skin. The accumulative one-way transport index increased to 717.18% when spandex filaments were introduced into the polyester fabric, which was greater than that of the pristine polyester fabric (393.71%). This exceptional property is achieved by creating differential capillary effects across a predominant combination of microfiber polyester and ordinary hydrophobic polyester. In addition to functional clothing, this “skin-like” self-pumping fabric has great potential for various applications, including industrial textiles, medical wound dressings, geotechnical engineering, and device diaphragms. Overall, this work presents an effective design to achieve large-scale manufacturing of personal sweat management fabrics, which is expected to guide material design for future innovations in functional textiles.

Rational design of a novel siloxane-branched waterborne polyurethane coating with waterproof and antifouling performance

Inferior water resistance remains a bottleneck in the development of the waterborne polyurethane (WPU) coatings industry. Herein, a novel strategy for the facile preparation of hydrophobic antifouling WPU coatings is presented in this work. Specifically, a series of siloxane-branched modified polyurethanes (BSi-WPU) was prepared by synergistically introducing diol-hydroxyl single-ended silicone oil (DSSiO) as the branched modified monomer and hydroxylated fluorinated siloxane (HTFSi) as the functional soft-chain segment into the WPU system via a simple polycondensation process. The effects of the introduction of DSSiO on the water resistance and mechanical properties of the BSi-WPU were investigated, and the antifouling and chemical resistance of the modified coatings were also examined. The results demonstrated that the branched DSSiO possessed excellent surface migration efficiency, which effectively improved the water repellence (contact angle up to 109.3°), waterproofness (absorption reduced to 7.5 %), and hydrolysis resistance (minimum 1.6 % loss of strength after water immersion) of the coatings. In addition, owing to thermodynamic immiscibility, the incorporation of HTFSi and appropriate DSSiO amounts enlarged the microphase separation of the polyurethane, whereby the material exhibited improved mechanical properties over ordinary polyurethanes. More importantly, based on the surface enrichment of low-surface-energy silicon and fluorine units, the coatings exhibit excellent repellency to contaminated liquids and corrosive chemical solutions. This approach provided a more applicable alternative idea to the industrial fabrication of hydrophobic and antifouling WPU coatings.

Characterization of material flow behavior in friction stir welded AA2014 aluminum alloy joints

Abstract Steel rivets serve as a substitute material for connecting similar and dissimilar materials within the structural fabrication industries. However, the use of steel rivets can result in a significant increase in the structure’s weight and may trigger corrosion at the interface due to galvanic coupling. Combining dissimilar alloys through the fusion welding process poses numerous challenges for manufacturers and designers. A solid-state welding technique called friction stir welding (FSW) has been developed. FSW can effectively join materials without reaching their melting points, relying on severe plastic deformation and recrystallization to form a welded joint. The proper selection of the tool and process parameters is essential for achieving a sound weld. The findings of this study indicate that plastic deformation, material flow, and recrystallization play pivotal roles in the strength of the joint. This implies that FSW represents an ideal joining process for high-strength alloys and serves as a viable alternative to replace permanent joints like rivets.

Modeling and Analysis of sustainability performance Indicators in spool fabrication industry.

Modeling and Analysis of sustainability performance Indicators in spool fabrication industry.

Preparation and properties of an organosilicon-modified coating to protect combustible cartridge cases

To improve the environmental adaptability and mechanical properties of combustible cartridge cases (CCCs), a novel organosilicon-modified coating was proposed to increase heat resistance, water resistance, salt resistance, and mechanical properties. Herein, four organosilicon-modified coatings were prepared using the sol-gel method with an alkaline silica sol, methyltrimethoxysilane, and diphenyldimethoxysilane. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis of the organosilicon resins, which possessed cross-linked semi-inorganic polymers with Si-O-Si main chains and various grafted organic functional groups. The optimal sample retained its heat resistance at 230 ℃ for 168.4 s, which was significantly longer than the previous resin-centric composite layer result of 108.8 s. Moreover, after the sample was immersed in water for 120 h, it only absorbed 1.98 wt% water, and 5.78 wt% saltwater after 3 days, and the water contact angle (WCA) reached 101º. Furthermore, the elongation-at-break reached 29.22%, which was significantly higher than the 3.69% of the CCC control sample. Therefore, the organosilicon-modified coating may protect CCCs during industrial fabrication processes, which can significantly improve the overall performance of CCCs.

Welding of Steel - Its Mechanism and Applications in Multiple Sectors

Among different metals steel can be easily welded and welded steel has required strength, good ductility and sufficient resistance to general corrosion media. Since steel welding is being used in all types of fabrication industries, the mechanism of steel welding has been explored for different types of steel along with its multiple applications.

A review of flame aerosol synthesis technology for the synthesis of nanoparticles and functional energy materials

The outstanding performance of nanomaterials in chemical, magnetic, electrical, catalytic, and mechanical properties has paved the way for the huge market in material fabrication, energy storage, electronics, and many other industries. Traditional synthesis methods are relatively stunted in industrial applicability and scalability due to complex manufacturing processes and long preparation times, hampering the development and commercialisation of nanomaterials. On the other hand, the flame synthesis method emerges as an inexpensive, efficient, and easily scalable method for the commercial production of nanoparticles. The present review aims to highlight the research status and applications of the nanomaterials synthesised by the flame aerosol method. The advancement of flame aerosol synthesis technologies is reviewed, with emphasis on the state-of-the-art flame reactor configuration and design. Critical flame parameters that govern the formation of nanoparticles in the flame are reviewed to provide an understanding of the formation criteria and growth of nanomaterials in the flame environment. The properties and characteristics of carbon-based, platinum group metal, metal oxide, bimetallic nanoparticles, perovskite and high entropy oxide nanomaterials produced by flame synthesis are extensively reviewed. In addition, commercial manufacturing of flame-synthesised materials along with applications of the nanomaterials in the field of thermal or photocatalytic energy storage, fuel cells, and gas sensing are presented.