Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Scales Research Articles

Application of Polystyrene Nanofiber in Detection of Anxiety-Related Bio-Marker Cortisol

This work aimed to explore the correlation between plasma cortisol level and the occurrence of anxiety through the polystyrene (PS) nano-fiber solid phase extraction technology. The PS nano-fibers were prepared, and its characterization was performed to detect its adsorption selectivity and blood compatibility. 32 anxiety patients treated in the hospital were recruited as the research subjects, with another 35 mentally healthy people as controls. The Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) Scale, Symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90) scale, and Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) were used to analyze the anxiety degree, psychological disorder degree, and personality of the two groups. The plasma cortisol level was detected by PS nano-fiber solid phase extraction technology. Finally, the Pearson correlation test was performed to analyze the correlation between the plasma cortisol level and the scores of HAMA scale, SCL-90 scale, and EPQ scale in anxiety patients. It was revealed that the HAMA scale and SCL-90 scale scores of anxiety patients were superior to those of healthy subjects (P < 0.05). The “neuroticism” factor score in EPQ were obviously higher than that of healthy subjects (P < 0.05). The diameter of the prepared PS nano-fiber was within 200~900 nm, with a small specific surface area (BET), pore volume, and pore size, and the cellular structure was noted on the fiber surface. The PS nano-fiber demonstrated relatively good adsorption performance for benzene hydrocarbon compounds and had excellent anti-protein adsorption capacity. It was found that the plasma cortisol level of anxiety patients was higher than that of healthy subjects (P < 0.05), and the plasma cortisol level was positively correlated with HAMA scale, SCL-90 scale, and EPQ scale scores (r = 0.996, 0.993, and 0.971, respectively; P < 0.05). In conclusion, the PS nano-fiber solid phase extraction technology can be applied to identify the plasma cortisol level, which was with a good anti-interference property. An increased plasma cortisol level can be used as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of anxiety.

Psychometric properties of eysenck personality questionnaire-revised (EPQ-R) short scale in Arabic among undergraduates in Kuwait

IntroductionThe 48-item EPQR-S is a short version of EPQ-R widely used to assess neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), psychoticism (P) and Lie scale (L) for research purposes. The EPQR-S was chosen for the Arab population because it is a well-established Eysenck theory of personality.ObjectivesTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic EPQR-S.MethodsThe EPQ-R S, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI-3) were administered to 1842 (538 males, 1304 females) Kuwait University undergraduates with a mean age = 20.42 ± 1.42. The internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity of the EPQR-S with EPQ and NEO–FFI-3 were assessed.ResultsCronbach’s alpha was satisfactory for N (0.76), E (0.72), L (0.70) and low for P. (0.60). The results revealed significant gender differences in P & E with a favor for males and in N & L a favor with females. PCA showed that EPQR-S four factors explains 52.48% of the total variance. Moreover, the high correlations between the EPQR-S and EPQ scales, with coefficients of (0.92) for the N, (0.88) for the E, (0.78) for the L, and (0.76) for the P as the majority of items of the dimensions of the EPQR-S are the same with those of the EPQ. Furthermore, there were high correlations between the same scales of the EPQR-S and NEO–FFI-3, with coefficients of (0.67) for the N scales, and (0.52) for the E scales.ConclusionsThe findings support the psychometric properties N, E, L scales only.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Effect of physical activity on depression symptoms in patients with IgA nephropathy.

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the effects of physical activity (PA) on depression symptoms in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN).MethodsWe developed a 6-month personalized PA training program for patients with IgAN. At the beginning and after completion of the training intervention, patients’ cardiopulmonary function was assessed via a spiroergometric study. Prior to the start of and after the intervention, we administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Quality of Life Index (QLI), Life Satisfaction Index, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) to all participants. Scores of the QLI were used as the dependent variable.ResultsA total of 216 patients were included in our analysis. After completing the PA training program, cardiopulmonary function and depressive symptoms were significantly improved in patients with IgAN, as compared with baseline values. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that regular PA; extended hemodialysis interval; decreased scores of the BDI-II, EPQ, and SF-36 Mental Component Scale; and increased SF-36 Physical Component Scale scores were independently associated with improved QLI.ConclusionsRegular PA may improve cardiopulmonary function, depression symptoms, and health-related quality of life in patients with IgAN.

Association of dental anxiety with personality traits among Al Azhar arts students in Thodupuzha, Kerala

Introduction: Dental anxiety remains a barrier to dental care for a considerable proportion of the population. The psychological profile of patients dentally anxious but not highly anxious is quite similar to normal (non-anxious) patients’ profile. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess personality traits and prevalence of dental anxiety and to find an association between dental anxiety and personality traits in arts students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 arts students out of which 86 were males and 44 were females. Modified dental anxiety scale was used to measure dental anxiety using a five-point Likert scale. Personality trait was assessed using the short-form revised Eysenck personality questionnaire scale which consisted of 48 questions. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test with statistical significance at 5%. Results: Overall prevalence of dental anxiety was 56.93% (males 53.38% and females 63.63%). The mean score of dental anxiety for males was 9.6 ± 3.7 and for females 11.3 ± 4.2, and difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A total of 30 (23.07%) were classified as extraversion, 24 (18.46%) as neuroticism, 32 (24.61%) as lie scale, and 20 (15.38%) as psychoticism according to the scale used. In the present study, there was no association between dental anxiety and personality trait. Conclusion: In general, dental anxiety is not gender related, but in the present study, females had higher dental anxiety (63.63%) compared to males (53.38%).

Association of dental anxiety with personality traits among Al Azhar arts students in Thodupuzha, Kerala

Introduction: Dental anxiety remains a barrier to dental care for a considerable proportion of the population. The psychological profile of patients dentally anxious but not highly anxious is quite similar to normal (non-anxious) patients’ profile. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess personality traits and prevalence of dental anxiety and to find an association between dental anxiety and personality traits in arts students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 arts students out of which 86 were males and 44 were females. Modified dental anxiety scale was used to measure dental anxiety using a five-point Likert scale. Personality trait was assessed using the short-form revised Eysenck personality questionnaire scale which consisted of 48 questions. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test with statistical significance at 5%. Results: Overall prevalence of dental anxiety was 56.93% (males 53.38% and females 63.63%). The mean score of dental anxiety for males was 9.6 ± 3.7 and for females 11.3 ± 4.2, and difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A total of 30 (23.07%) were classified as extraversion, 24 (18.46%) as neuroticism, 32 (24.61%) as lie scale, and 20 (15.38%) as psychoticism according to the scale used. In the present study, there was no association between dental anxiety and personality trait. Conclusion: In general, dental anxiety is not gender related, but in the present study, females had higher dental anxiety (63.63%) compared to males (53.38%).

Anxiety and Extraversion in Lupus-Related Atherosclerosis.

Objectives: Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk as well as heightened rates of psychological distress. Since a link between psychological issues and CV morbidity has been previously suggested, the influence of psychological burden on subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE patients was investigated.Methods: 71 SLE patients were assessed for the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis—defined either as carotid and/or femoral plaque formation or arterial wall thickening [Intima Media Thickness (IMT) levels > 0.90 mm by Doppler ultrasound]; personality traits, anxiety and depression, sleeping habits and fatigue levels were also evaluated by specific questionnaires including Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Zung Depression Scale, Athens Insomnia Scale and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F). Disease related clinical and laboratory features and traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis were documented. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed.Results: SLE patients with arterial wall thickening displayed higher STAI anxiety scores (either as a current state or as a personality trait) compared to those without (49.8 ± 5.6 vs. 46.9 ± 5.4, p-value: 0.03 and 49.2 ± 4.4 vs. 45.7 ± 6.8, p-value: 0.009, respectively). In a multivariate model, trait anxiety and extraversion personality scores were found to be independently associated with arterial wall thickening and plaque formation, respectively [OR95%(CI):1.2(1.0–1.5) and 0.7(0.6–1.0), respectively], following adjustment for potential confounders. No other associations were detected.Conclusions: Anxiety and extraversion personality traits have been independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in lupus patients, implying psychoneuroimmunological interactions as contributors in SLE related atherosclerosis.

Fatigue in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: Clinical, Laboratory, Psychometric, and Biologic Associations.

To identify independent contributors of fatigue in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients, taking into account clinical, laboratory, and psychological features, and to explore the potential role of interferon (IFN)-induced gene indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), anti-21-hydroxylase (anti-21[OH]) antibodies, and soluble BAFF. Detailed clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded for 106 primary SS patients. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue, Zung Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Scale, and Athens Insomnia Scale were adopted to assess fatigue, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances, respectively. Peripheral whole blood expression levels of IDO-1, as well as type I and II IFN-induced genes were calculated using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Serum anti-21(OH) antibodies and soluble BAFF levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Univariate and multivariate models were performed to identify determinants of fatigue. Fatigue was detected in 32 of 106 (30.2%) primary SS patients. In univariate analysis, fatigue was associated with arthralgias/myalgias, fibromyalgia hydroxychloroquine therapy, both state and trait anxiety scores, depression, and neuroticism, as well as impaired sleep patterns. Multivariate analysis revealed neuroticism (odds ratio [OR] 6.9, [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.7-28.0]), depression (OR 3.0 [95% CI 0.8-11.0]), and fibromyalgia (OR 5.5 [95% CI 1.1-27.7]) as independent fatigue contributors. Soluble BAFF levels, anti-21(OH) autoantibodies, and IDO-1 messenger RNA expression did not significantly differ between fatigued and nonfatigued primary SS patients. Depression, neuroticism, and fibromyalgia play a major role in primary SS-associated fatigue and should be addressed in clinical practice, with active collaboration between rheumatologists and mental health professionals. Further studies are warranted in order to explore underlying pathophysiologic pathways that might explain fatigue in the setting of primary SS.

Related Factors of the Influence on Mental Symptoms of the Recruits in the Basic Military Training

The objective of the study is to explore the psychosocial characteristics of recruits for mental health education during the basic military training. A total of 1,366 male recruits were assessed during the basic military training. The psychosocial characteristics, such as effects of LE (life events), mental symptoms, personality trait coping style and social support of the recruits were assessed with LEI-CSLA (LE Inventory for Compulsory Servicemen of Land Army), SCL-90-R, EPQ (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire), SCSQ (Simple Coping Style Questionnaire) and social support scale respectively. Statistical analyses, such as multiple stepwise analyses, interaction analyses and path analysis, were used. Neuroticism trait, negative coping style, objective social support and LE were significant factors in determining the score of mental symptoms, accounted for 64% of the total variance, the absolute value of β of each variable was 0.09-0.48. LE and neuroticism had direct effect on SCL-90 symptom index. LE, mental symptoms, personality trait, coping style as well as social support should be taken into consideration when psychological intervention and mental health education are needed in service for recruits in the basic military training.

Structural and functional equivalence of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire within and between countries

The question was examined as to whether scores at the individual level and scores at the country level on the four scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) have the same psychological meaning. Using data of 24 countries, it was found that the EPQ has different factorial structures at both levels. Both the Lie scale and the Psychoticism scale were shown to jeopardize cross-level equivalence. For further exploration of the meaning of the EPQ scales within countries and between countries country-level correlations were calculated with a variety of country characteristics such as Gross National Product, political indices, religiosity, Hofstede's measures, and subjective well-being. Significant findings for 38 countries included correlations of the EPQ scales with Hofstede's Masculinity, Diener's Subjective Well-Being, religiosity, the number of deaths in a country due to political violence, and bribery. The most striking finding was a substantial negative correlation of the Lie scale with Gross National Product and other wealth-related indices.

Reliability of Scores from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: A Reliability Generalization Study

A reliability generalization study was conducted on data from 69 samples found in 44 studies that employed the Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N), and Lie (L) scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) or EPQ-Revised. The reliability of the scores varied considerably between scales, with P scores tending to have the lowest reliability. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that a larger standard deviation of scores was associated with higher score reliability for all four EPQ scales. More variability in age was associated with higher score reliability for the P scale and the L scale. Samples composed of students provided scores with higher reliability than those composed of other types of individuals for the P scale. Several other potential predictors (form, language of administration, average score, average age, gender composition, and number of items per scale) were not significantly related to score reliability.

A population–based study of personality in 34 000 sib–pairs

Several theoretical studies have suggested that large samples of randomly ascertained siblings can be efficiently used to ascertain phenotypically extreme individuals and increase power to detect genetic linkage. Phenotypes that can be reliably measured by questionnaire are of obvious utility for such selection strategies, as large numbers of individuals can be contacted without laborious individual interview. As the first step in developing a large randomly-ascertained family cohort in southwest England, a sample of 88 000 individuals, including more than 34 000 sibling pairs in 20 000 sibships, was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) by commercial mailing. The sample age ranges were 20–67 years and comprised 59% males and 41% females. Descriptive properties of the EPQ scales are similar to those reported from other large family cohorts. Test–retest correlations on 1681 probands in the sample are substantial for the N-scale (r = 0.93), but somewhat more modest for the other scales (range r = 0.70–0.88). Phenotypic and sibling correlations correspond quite closely to those of twin studies. Twin Research (2000) 3, 310–315.

A population-based study of personality in 34 000 sib-pairs

Several theoretical studies have suggested that large samples of randomly ascertained siblings can be efficiently used to ascertain phenotypically extreme individuals and increase power to detect genetic linkage. Phenotypes that can be reliably measured by questionnaire are of obvious utility for such selection strategies, as large numbers of individuals can be contacted without laborious individual interview. As the first step in developing a large randomly-ascertained family cohort in southwest England, a sample of 88,000 individuals, including more than 34,000 sibling pairs in 20,000 sibships, was administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) by commercial mailing. The sample age ranges were 20-67 years and comprised 59% males and 41% females. Descriptive properties of the EPQ scales are similar to those reported from other large family cohorts. Test-retest correlations on 1681 probands in the sample are substantial for the N-scale (r = 0.93), but somewhat more modest for the other scales (range r = 0.70-0.88). Phenotypic and sibling correlations correspond quite closely to those of twin studies.

Motivational, emotional, and personality characteristics of smokeless tobacco users compared with cigarette smokers

Consistent evidence from a large number of studies suggests that personality, motivation, and emotional factors contribute to the initiation and continued use of tobacco products. This study compared the reasons why male smokers (N = 267) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) users (N = 271) begin and continue to use tobacco products. The study participants completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), and Spielberger State–Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) and Anger EXpression (AX) Scale. They also responded to questionnaires designed to evaluate the initiation, maintenance, and motivation to use tobacco. Both SLT-users and smokers reported novelty and enjoyment as the primary reasons for beginning to use tobacco products. Enjoyment, stimulation and management of emotions were ranked by both groups as the most important reasons for continuing to use tobacco. Significant correlations of the EPQ, STPI, and AX scales with measures of the initiation, maintenance and motivation to use tobacco support Eysenck Diathesis Stress Model in explaining the persistent use of tobacco products.

Are reported stress and coping style associated with frequent recurrence of genital herpes?

OBJECTIVES: This paper reports on the cross sectional data from the longitudinal study examining the impact of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection on quality of life. In particular the...

Genetic and environmental variation in Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scales measured on Australian adolescent twins

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to 1400 Australian twin pairs aged 11 to 18, and the data were analyzed by a multivariate normal model using the software FISHER. For each scale, attempts were made to transform to normality, about a mean modeled separately for each sex as a quadratic function of age. Variances and covariances were estimated for each sex-zygosity group as a monotone function of age. Evidence for genetic sources of variation were assessed in part by fitting models which allowed for age-dependent, sex-specific, and correlated additive genetic factors, and age-dependent and sex-specific environmental factors, under the assumption that effects of environmental factors common to twin pairs are independent of zygosity. Evidence for genetic factors independent of age and sex was most compelling for Psychoticism and Neuroticism. For Extraversion, if genetic factors exist they would be mostly sex-specific and age-dependent. For the Lie scale there was evidence for, at most, a small component of genetic variation.

A comparison of self-report and relative ratings of personality

As part of a prospective study of recovery from glandular fever, over 200 primary care patients were asked to complete the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Bortner's Type A scale. Ratings of their personality were also obtained from their nearest relative (usually the opposite sex parent) who was asked to complete the questionnaires as though they were the subject. These observers scored the EPQ lie scale significantly higher than did the subjects ( P<0.001). But with this exception, the mean scores obtained by the two methods were remarkably similar. Uncorrected correlations between the two sets of ratings were in the range 0.29 to 0.57. This provides evidence supporting the validity of the main EPQ scales and Bortner's Type A scale through the little-used technique of obtaining observer (informant) ratings of personality.

Factorial structure of the revised children manifest anxiety scale in a Spanish sample: Relations with Eysenck personality dimensions

A Spanish translation of the Revised Children Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was administered to 1576 students, with an age range of 9–12 years, from a Spanish elementary school. The factor analysis under a 5-factor model gave a structure similar to that obtained in the U.S. version. Relations between the RCMAS and the Extraversion and Neuroticism Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire scales were investigated by means of a canonical correlation analysis. As expected, the three anxiety subscales correlated highly and significantly with the Neuroticism scale and lower and negatively with Extraversion.

Personality and second language learning

Relationships between personality differences and differences in language learning ability were studied by first administering the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) to 41 tertiary level students learning French as a second language. Subsequently, it was possible to examine relationships between scores on the EPQ scales and marks obtained in the French oral and written examinations. One major finding was that the personality dimension of Neuroticism accounted for 23% of the variance of French oral examination marks: a value which approaches the predictive power of the written French test. A second important finding was that individuals with high neuroticism and high extraversion scores did better on the oral test than on the written test when compared with individuals having high neuroticism and low extraversion scores who did better on the written test than on the oral test. These and corresponding factor analysis results conform to theoretical expectations and indicate that a “two-factor” model is necessary to explain observed relationships. One factor is attributed to differences in cerebral “arousal” that cause differences in neuroticism as well as determining differences in general learning ability. A second factor is attributed to differences in cerebral “arousability” that cause the psychological contrast between melancholic and choleric personality types. This includes differential performance on oral and written measures of language learning.

Personality of drug addicts: Eysenckian analysis

A sample of 58 male crude-heroin (‘brown sugar’) addicts and a comparison sample of 58 male non-addicts matched in terms of age, education and occupation were administered the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R). The results supported the four hypotheses that the addicts would score high on the P (psychoticism) and N (neuroticism) scales and low on the E (extraversion) and L (lie) scales. The two groups differed on the P, E, and N scales even after treating the L scores as covariate. The stepwise discriminant analysis, however, retained only three predictors—the P, N, and E scales for predicting group-membership. The results demonstrate the cross-cultural applicability of the Eysenckian theory in the area of the personality of drug addicts and also provide evidence for the validity of the EPQ-R scales.

Intercorrelations of attitudes, personality, and sex role orientation in a college sample

Four hundred and eleven college students were administered the Comrey Radicalness- Conservatism Scale, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). With the exception of a positive correlation of psychoticism with radicalness among females, personality and masculinity/femininity were not significantly related to social attitudes. Several significant correlations were found between the EPQ and BSRI scales.