Eyewash Solution Research Articles

Uracil possessing “turn-on” fluorescent sensor for F− and AcO− ions with the simultaneous detection of boric acid in antiseptic eye-wash solution

Fluorescent “turn-on” method was attempted for sensitive and selective recognition of F− and AcO− ions based on uracil possessing sensor, which was synthesized by single step reaction and characterized by using common spectroscopic techniques. The presence of sensed anions in acetonitrile solution of chemosensor 1 caused approximately 60-fold (F−) and 50-fold (AcO−) enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 432 nm. The complexation behaviour of chemosensor 1with detected anions was established by 1H NMR titration studies, which pointed to the binding of the F−/AcO− ion with hydrogen of amine group of uracil to expedite its detection. Computational calculations (TD-DFT) were performed for 1-F−/AcO− to obtain theoretical evidences to the experimental results. Also, the practical applicability of the chemosensor 1 has been successfully examined for detection of boric acid in commercial antiseptic eye-wash solution.

Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis using bacterial membrane vesicles

PurposePseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infection is one of the major causes of keratitis. However, effective prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against P. aeruginosa keratitis have yet to be developed. In this study, we explored the use of P. aeruginosa membrane vesicles (MVs) as a prophylactic vaccine as well as the use of immune sera derived from P. aeruginosa MV-immunized animals as a treatment for P. aeruginosa corneal infections in C57BL/6 mice. MethodsC57BL/6 mice were intramuscularly immunized with P. aeruginosa MVs; the mouse corneas were then scarified and topically infected with several P. aeruginosa strains, followed by determination of corneal clinical score and corneal bacterial load. Next, immune sera derived from P. aeruginosa MV-immunized ICR mice were administered intraperitoneally to naïve C57BL/6 mice, followed by topical P. aeruginosa challenge. Finally, the immune sera were also used as a topical treatment in the mice with established P. aeruginosa corneal infections. ResultsP. aeruginosa-specific IgG and IgA antibodies induced by intramuscular immunization were detected not only in the sera but also in the eye-wash solution. Both active and passive immunization significantly inhibited P. aeruginosa corneal infection. Finally, topical treatment with immune sera in the mice with established P. aeruginosa corneal infections notably decreased the corneal clinical score and corneal bacterial load. ConclusionsP. aeruginosa keratitis can be attenuated by vaccination of P. aeruginosa MVs and topical application of P. aeruginosa MV-specific immune sera.

A Cluster of Corneal Donor Rim Cultures Positive for Achromobacter Species Associated With Contaminated Eye Solution.

To investigate a cluster of corneoscleral rim cultures positive for Achromobacter species over a 6-month period at Massachusetts Eye and Ear. An increased rate of positive corneal donor rim cultures was noted at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between July and December 2017. Positive cultures were subjected to identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by phenotypic (MicroScan WalkAway) and genotypic (16S rDNA sequencing) methods. Samples of the eye wash solution (GeriCare) used in the eye bank were also evaluated. Antimicrobial activity of Optical-GS against Achromobacter spp. at 4°C and 37°C was assessed by time-kill kinetics assay. Of 99 donor rims cultured, 14 (14.1%) grew bacteria with 11 (78.6%) due to uncommon nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli. These had been identified by standard automated methods as Achromobacter (n = 3), Alcaligenes (n = 3), Ralstonia (n = 2), Pseudomonas (n = 2), and Stenotrophomonas (n = 1). Eight of these 11 isolates were subsequently available for molecular identification, and all were identified as Achromobacter spp. Six bottles of eyewash solution were evaluated and were positive for abundant Achromobacter spp. (3.4 × 105 ± 1.1 CFU/mL). Optisol-GS had no bactericidal activity against Achromobacter spp. at 4°C after 24-hour incubation but was bactericidal at 37°C. None of the patients who had received the contaminated corneas developed postoperative infection. An eyewash solution arising from a single lot was implicated in the contamination of donor rims by Achromobacter spp. The isolates were able to survive in the Optisol-GS medium at the recommended storage temperature. This highlights the need to continue improving protocols for tissue preparation and storage.

The Protective Effect of an Eye Wash Solution on the Ocular Surface Damage Induced by Airborne Carbon Black Exposure.

To investigate the effects of an eye wash solution on the ocular surface damage induced by airborne carbon black (CB) exposure. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ambient CB for 5 days. During the 5 days, a commercial eye wash solution (Eyebon-W) was used for irrigation twice daily on CB-exposed rat eyes; normal saline was used as the vehicle control. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-9, histamine, and lactoferrin levels were measured in tears. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in the anterior segment of the eyeball was measured by Western blot analysis. The ocular surface staining scores, tear LDH activity, tear MMP-9, histamine, and lactoferrin concentrations, and the expression of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ in the eye were significantly increased in the CB group versus the normal control group. When compared with CB group, the Eyebon-W eye wash treatment significantly reversed these elevations induced by CB, including ocular staining scores, tear LDH activity, histamine and MMP-9 concentrations in the tear fluid, and the expression of interleukin-4 in the eye. On the other hand, saline irrigation only reduced the concentrations of histamine and MMP-9 in tear fluid and the expression of interferon-γ in the eye. Both Eyebon-W eye wash treatment and saline irrigation reversed CB-induced ocular surface injury, but the efficacy of Eyebon-W was more significant than that of the saline solution when compared with CB group. The use of an eye wash solution seems to play a protective role for the ocular surface when exposed to airborne particulate matter.

The Effect of Long-Term Use of an Eyewash Solution on the Ocular Surface Mucin Layer.

The use of eyewash solutions in Japan, especially in patients with allergic conjunctivitis and contact lens wearers, has been increasing. Our aim was to investigate how the use of preservative-free eyewash solution in healthy eyes for one month affects corneal safety and ocular surface mucin. We analyzed 42 eyes of 21 individuals (17 males, four females; mean age: 36.1 ± 7.4 years) without ocular allergies, dry eyes, or other ocular diseases through a prospective study. Eyes were randomized to a wash group (group one) and a nonwash follow up group (group two). We evaluated the dry eye-related quality-of-life score (DEQS), tear film breakup time (TBUT), fluorescein staining score, mRNA expression of MUC5AC and MUC16, MUC16 immunohistochemistry, and MUC5AC periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining. There was a significant decrease in DEQS scores after one month of eyewash use (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other evaluation items that were analyzed (all p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between group one and group two in all endpoints (all p > 0.05). The results suggest that one month use of a nonpreserved eyewash solution has no detrimental effects on the tear film and the ocular surface mucins.

안구세안액 사용법 미준수가 써클 소프트콘택트렌즈의 파라미터 및 착색에 미치는 영향

안구세안액 사용법 미준수가 써클 소프트콘택트렌즈의 파라미터 및 착색에 미치는 영향

안구세안액의 사용 실태 및 이의 반복사용에 따른 투명소프트렌즈의 파라미터 변화

안구세안액의 사용 실태 및 이의 반복사용에 따른 투명소프트렌즈의 파라미터 변화

Efficacy and safety of an eye wash solution in allergic conjunctivitis after conjunctival allergen challenge

Efficacy and safety of an eye wash solution in allergic conjunctivitis after conjunctival allergen challenge

Use of hydropulsion for the treatment of superficial corneal foreign bodies: 15 cases (1999–2013)

To describe the use of hydropulsion with sterile isotonic buffered ophthalmic solution (ie, eyewash) for the treatment of superficial corneal foreign bodies in veterinary patients and evaluate signalment, clinical findings, and outcomes following the procedure. Retrospective case series. 11 dogs, 2 cats, and 2 horses. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients that underwent hydropulsion treatment for a superficial, nonpenetrating corneal foreign body confirmed by ophthalmic examination. Data regarding signalment, reason for evaluation, ocular diagnoses, and treatment were recorded. Hydropulsion was performed with a 6-mL syringe filled with eyewash solution and a 25-gauge needle with the needle tip removed. Owners and referring veterinarians of patients that did not have a recheck examination recorded were contacted by telephone for follow-up information. The corneal foreign body was an incidental finding in 3 of 15 patients. The most common clinical signs included blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal vascularization. Hydropulsion was successful for foreign body removal in all 15 cases. No complications were observed during or following the procedure. In the 9 patients that had a follow-up examination, the cornea tested negative for retention of topically applied fluorescein (with a mean of 6.3 days from treatment to follow-up). At the time of last follow-up examination or telephone follow-up, no patients were reported to have clinical signs of ocular discomfort or corneal opacity associated with the affected site. In these patients, hydropulsion was easily performed with readily available materials and was successful for the removal of superficial corneal foreign bodies with no adverse effects.

Effects of action of proparacaine and tetracaine topical ophthalmic formulations on corneal sensitivity in horses

To compare the corneal anesthetic effects and duration of action of 2 ophthalmic anesthetic agents in horses. Prospective, randomized masked crossover study. 8 clinically normal adult horses. Corneal sensitivity was determined by measuring each eye's corneal touch threshold (CTT) with a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. Each eye's baseline CTT was recorded prior to anesthetic instillation at 0 minutes and every 10 minutes thereafter for 60 minutes. Each eye was randomly assigned to receive 2 of 4 treatments: 0.5% aqueous proparacaine ophthalmic solution (aqueous proparacaine; 8 eyes); 0.5% aqueous tetracaine ophthalmic solution (aqueous tetracaine; 8 eyes); 0.5% viscous tetracaine ophthalmic solution (viscous tetracaine; 8 eyes); and saline (0.9% NaCl) eyewash solution (8 eyes) as a negative control. There was a 48-hour washout period. Every horse received all treatments. Median baseline CTT of eyes was 4.5 cm (range, 0.5 to 6 cm). Median CTT for saline solution-treated eyes never differed significantly from baseline. The maximum anesthetic effect with the other 3 treatments occurred at 10 minutes. Median CTT of eyes at 10 minutes was 0.5 cm (range, 0 to 2.5 cm) with aqueous proparacaine treatment, 0.25 cm (range, 0 to 2.0 cm) with aqueous tetracaine treatment, and 0 cm (range, 0 to 0.5 cm) with viscous tetracaine treatment. Maximum anesthetic duration was 20 minutes with aqueous proparacaine and aqueous tetracaine treatments and 30 minutes with viscous tetracaine treatments. Treatment of eyes with viscous tetracaine resulted in the greatest decrease in CTT and the longest duration of action, compared with treatment with aqueous proparacaine or aqueous tetracaine.

Facial resurfacing: An overview

Facial resurfacing is a broad topic referring to procedures that change the texture and appearance of skin. Resurfacing procedures are broadly classified as ablative or nonablative. Ablative procedures are considered the first line treatment for the most common indications for facial resurfacing, which are photoaging and acne scarring. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the factors that optimize the clinical efficacy of an ablative procedure, including careful patient selection, preoperative skin preparation, correct operative technique, and vigilant postoperative care, as well as review both the traditional and some of the latest technologies that effectively resurface facial skin.

A new non-invasive, quantitative Raman technique for the determination of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical liquids by direct measurement through a plastic bottle

The concentration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (povidone) in a commercial eyewash solution has been measured directly through a plastic (low-density polyethylene: LDPE) container using a wide area illumination (WAI) Raman scheme. The WAI scheme allows excitation using a 6 mm laser spot (focal length: 248 mm) that is designed to cover a wide sample area. As a result, it has the potential to improve the reliability Raman measurements by significantly enhancing representative sample interrogation, thus improving the reproducibility of sampling. It also decreases the sensitivity of sample placement with regard to the excitation focal plane. Simultaneously, isobutyric anhydride was placed in front of the bottles to use for a synchronous external standard configuration. This helps to correct the problematic variation of Raman intensity from the inherent fluctuation in laser power. Using the WAI Raman scheme combined with the synchronous standard method, the povidone concentration was successfully measured with spectral collection that was performed through a plastic barrier. The conventional Raman scheme was difficult to employ for the same purpose because of the degraded spectral reproducibility resulting from the smaller laser illumination area and the sensitivity of such an approach to the position of the sample bottle. The result from this study suggests that the WAI scheme exhibits a strong potential for the non-destructive quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals measured directly in plastic containers. Preliminary work also shows that similar measurements can also be made in glass bottles. If implemented, this technique could be utilized as a simple and rugged method for quality assurance of final products in a manner consistent with Process analytical technology (PAT) requirements.

Changes in vitreous amino acid concentrations in a rabbit model of cataract surgery

We previously reported marked elevation of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and alanine in the vitreous after combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy for macular disorder. Photo-stimulation by the operating microscope and increased intraocular pressure (IOP) are possible causes of postoperative increases in amino acids. An animal model was used to verify this hypothesis. Forty-five coloured rabbits were studied; stress was applied to simulate cataract surgery. Simultaneous photic and pressure stress, photic stress alone, or pressure stress alone were exerted for 20 mins. The vitreous was extracted at the end of the stress period, or 10 mins or 30 mins later. Levels of six amino acids (asparate, glutamate, glycine, taurine, alanine and GABA) in the vitreous were analysed quantitatively. Significant increases in vitreous glutamate concentrations in treated eyes were observed following simultaneous photic and pressure stress, as well as after pressure stress alone, whereas no difference was found after photic stress alone. The mean glutamate concentrations in treated eyes and fellow eyes, respectively, were 5.59 +/- 2.03 microM and 4.36 +/- 2.09 microM (p < or = 0.05) 10 mins after simultaneous photic and pressure stress, and 4.32 +/- 0.97 microM and 2.29 +/- 0.51 microM (p < 0.05) 10 mins after pressure stress alone. Taurine concentration was elevated by pressure stress alone at 0 min and at 10 mins post-stress. Alanine concentration was reduced by photic stress alone at 10 mins post-stress. In all protocols, no significant differences between treated and fellow eyes were observed at 30 mins after stress. Time-dependent changes were observed not only in the treated eyes, but also in untreated fellow eyes. Elevations of vitreous glutamate in cataract surgery may be caused by pressure stress due to irrigation. Photic stress caused by the operating microscope has little influence. Sympathetic response may be involved in amino acid changes due to stress in cataract surgery.

Emergency treatment of eye burns: which rinsing solution should we choose?

In the treatment of eye burns few data on the comparative application of rinsing solutions exist. We present experiments in vitro and ex vivo on the pH changes that can be achieved in alkali eye burns with currently distributed and propagated rinsing fluids like water, saline solution, Cederroth Eye Wash Solution (including borate buffer), Diphoterine, Ringers lactate solution and phosphate buffer. Titration curves in beakers are compared with ex vivo experiments on isolated rabbit eyes. We exposed eyes to burns from filter paper soaked in 2 mol NaOH, continuously measuring the anterior chamber pH by means of a micro pH electrode placed near the endothelium. In each experiment--repeated five times--the corneal burn of 20 s in 2 mol NaOH was followed by a period of 15 min of rinsing under a defined flow of 66 ml/min. We found highly significant differences in intracameral pH related to different types of rinsing solutions. The return of the intracameral pH to normal was not achieved by any of the rinsing fluids, but the best results were noted for of Cederroth Eye Wash Solution (Cederroth Industrial Products, Upplands Väasby, Sweden) and the Diphoterine- and Previn solutions (Prevor, Cologne, Germany). Water played an intermediate role whereas saline and phosphate buffer were not efficient at lowering intracameral pH after alkali burns. In alkali burns we recommend efficient buffering solutions. The tested isotonic phosphate buffer (PBS) was not effective at buffering the intraocular pH. Water was found to be much less efficient than Previn, Diphoterine or Cederroth Eye Wash solution in balancing intraocular pH.

Survival of equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in multidose ophthalmic solutions.

To determine survival over time of infectious equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in three commercially available and commonly used ophthalmic solutions (eyewash, fluorescein, and proparacaine HCl). Viruses used in this study were originally isolated from eyes of animals referred to the University of Illinois. Equine herpesvirus-4 was propagated in MDBK cells and feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus in CRFK cells. After separately inoculating a designated solution with a specific titer of an individual virus, solutions were incubated per manufacturer's recommendations, either at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Virus titers within solutions were subsequently measured at 1, 8, and 24 h and 3, 5 and 7 days post inoculation using either plaque or TCID50 assays. Equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus were present in eyewash for 7 days, 5 days, and 7 days, respectively. Eyewash did not decrease survival time of any virus when compared to controls. Equine herpesvirus-4 and feline herpesvirus-1, both enveloped viruses, were not recovered at any time > or = 1 h post inoculation in fluorescein. Feline calicivirus, a nonenveloped virus, was present in fluorescein for 7 days. Equine herpesvirus-4 and feline herpesvirus-1 did not remain infectious in proparacaine at any time > or = 1 h post inoculation, but feline calicivirus was recovered at up to 24 h post inoculation. Equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus may be readily transmissible via the eyewash solution used in this study. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of the three viruses used in this study was significantly reduced in both fluorescein and proparacaine solutions. Feline calicivirus, the only nonenveloped virus evaluated, remained viable longer in both fluorescein and proparacaine solutions.

Topical ophthalmic exposure to rattlesnake venom

An 18-year-old woman was struck in the eye from a distance of about 1 m by a stream of venom projected by a western diamond-back rattlesnake. She experienced an immediate burning sensation in the eye. The eye was irrigated first with tap water and later with a commercial eye wash solution. The patient's symptoms abated and no further eye injury was noted. Topical ophthalmic exposures to North American snake venom usually produce only transient symptoms, but the venom from tropical snakes has produced significant eye injury.