Eyelid In Dogs Research Articles

Surgical Treatment of Nictitans Membrane Eversion in Dogs

The presented study is the first retrospective evaluation of the scrolling of the third eyelid in a total of 44 dogs referred to the Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Surgery between 2012 and 2021 with a sudden onset of an ocular mass in the medial canthus with epiphora and conjunctival hyperemia. The clinical appearance of the patients, the treatment procedures applied, and the results were examined. A complete ophthalmological inspection revealed the cartilage eversion of the nictitating membrane in sixteen patients (24 eyes) due to the scrolling of the third eyelid and cartilage eversion accompanied by a prolapsed gland in twenty-eight patients (32 eyes). Cartilage eversion was treated by the resection of the defected cartilage portion. In cases with prolapse of the nictitans gland accompanying cartilage eversion, the Morgan pocket method was applied to reposition the prolapsed gland by resectioning the rotating cartilage. In conclusion, -taking into account the potential effect of breed, age, and gender predispositions- the therapeutic approach followed revealed satisfactory results in maintaining the functional capacity of the third eyelid in dogs with cartilage eversion of the nictitating membrane and hyperplasia of the nictitans gland.

Hemangiosarcoma of the Third Eyelid in an American Pit Bull Terrier

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm arising from the endothelial cells of blood vessels. It has fast growth, and severe local infiltration and metastasis power, in addition to risk of hemorrhage due to the fragility of its vessels. HSA develops in dogs aged 8 to 13 years but can affect younger animals too. Ocular involvement in HSA is rare, but when identified, the third eyelid and bulbar conjunctiva close to the limbus are the most affected sites by this neoplasm. This study aimed to report the clinicopathological aspects of a case of HSA in the third eyelid of an American Pit Bull Terrier breed. Case: A 10-year-old male American Pit Bull Terrier with a history of a red hemorrhagic mass on the third eyelid of the left eye was examined at a veterinary clinic. On physical examination, the animal showed signs of ocular discomfort and bleeding. On ophthalmologic examination, a raised red mass, approximately 2 cm in diameter, was identified on the anterior surface of the third eyelid. The mass was surgically excised. The excised tissue fragment was fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution for 24 h and sent for histopathological examination. Macroscopically, the fragment was irregular, soft, and brownish and measured 2.0 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm. Histologically, proliferation of non-delimited and non-encapsulated atypical endothelial cells, which were organized in vascular arrangements forming small lakes filled with red blood cells, was observed. The cells exhibited elongated and basophilic cytoplasm, oval nuclei with coarse chromatin, and evident nucleoli. Moderate anisocytosis and anisocariosis were observed, with no mitotic figures. Epithelial hyperplasia with mild mixed inflammatory infiltrate was noted. Surgical margins were compromised. Sections of neoplastic tissue were processed for immunohistochemical evaluation with anti-CD31, anti-factor VIII, and anti-Ki-67 antibodies. Neoplastic cells exhibited marked immunostaining for CD31 and factor VIII, and only 8% of these cells were immunostained for Ki-67. Discussion: The diagnosis of HSA in the third eyelid was based on histological features and positive immunostaining for CD31 and factor VIII. The Ki 67 protein is a marker of cell proliferation, being highly expressed in malignant cells, and has been applied as a prognostic marker for different types of neoplasms. Hemangiosarcoma of the third eyelid is a rare malignant neoplasm in small animals. Dogs are the species most affected by this tumor, with the incidence age varying from 8 to 13 years; however, it can also affect younger animals. Animals with thin, light hair and glabrous regions, especially on the face and periocular region, may be more predisposed to this neoplasm. Surgical excision with a wide margin of safety is the recommended treatment for HSA. In addition, chemotherapy may be indicated as a complement to the surgical procedure, especially if the margins are compromised. The main chemotherapy protocols used for this neoplasm include VAC I and VAC II, which are associated with the drugs, doxorubicin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide. Another alternative to conventional protocols is the use of metronomic chemotherapy, which involves intensifying an anti-tumor immune response and decreasing tumor vascular density. Differential diagnoses for hemangiosarcoma (HSA) of the third eyelid in dogs include other neoplasms with ocular-conjunctival involvement, such as third eyelid gland adenocarcinoma, conjunctival melanoma, mastocytoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Keywords: angiosarcoma, HSA, malignant neoplasm, immunohistochemistry, eye, ocular, dog.

Clinical Evaluation of Two Techniques for Surgical Correction of Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid in Dogs

Clinical Evaluation of Two Techniques for Surgical Correction of Prolapsed Gland of the Third Eyelid in Dogs

Breed and conformational predispositions for prolapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) in dogs in the UK: A VetCompass study.

BackgroundProlapsed nictitating membrane gland (PNMG) is the most common disorder of the third eyelid in dogs. However, the epidemiology of PNMG in the wider dog population remains understudied.MethodsUsing de-identified clinical data from the VetCompass Programme, this cohort study aimed to report the prevalence, demographic and breed-related risk factors of PNMG in dogs attending UK primary care veterinary practices in 2016.ResultsThere were 1,802 PNMG cases identified from 905,543 dogs, yielding an annual prevalence of 0.20% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19–0.21). The median age at first diagnosis was 0.63 years (IQR 0.33–1.98, range 0.11–18.00). Dogs aged under 1 year had 10.82 times the odds (95% CI 9.17–12.76) compared with dogs aged from 2 to under 4 years. Neutered animals had higher odds than entire animals within both sexes. Breeds with the highest odds of PNMG compared with crossbred dogs included Neapolitan Mastiff (odds ratio (OR) 34.26, 95%CI 15.92–73.75), English Bulldog (OR 24.08, 95% CI 20.62–28.13), Cane Corso (OR 14.66, 95% CI 8.18–26.28), Lhasa Apso (OR 12.37, 95% CI 10.26–14.92) and American Cocker Spaniel (OR 11.57, 95% CI 5.59–23.96). Purebred dogs had 1.43 times the odds (95% CI 1.26–1.63) of PNMG compared with crossbreed dogs. Breeds with brachycephalic skull conformation had 6.71 times the odds (95%CI 5.89–7.64) compared with breeds with mesocephalic skull conformation. Insured dogs had 1.89 times the odds (95% CI 1.65–2.16) compared with uninsured dogs.ConclusionsThis study reports the largest cohort of primary-care PNMG cases assembled to date. The results showing young age at diagnosis along with the breed, purebred and brachycephalic skull conformation predispositions suggest a hereditary involvement in PNMG development. These results may help to guide breeding strategies to reduce the prevalence of PNMG and improve welfare in predisposed individuals.

Hemangiosarcoma of the third eyelid in dogs

Hemangiosarcoma of the third eyelid in dogs

Surgical Treatment of Prolapse of the Third Eyelid Gland in Dogs using Modified Morgan Pocket Technique

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome, complications, recurrence rate, and results of the pocket technique in the treatment of prolapse of the third eyelid gland, cherry eye namely. Thirty eyes of 26 dogs diagnosed with prolapse of the third eyelid gland were included the study. Conjunctivitis and ocular discharges were noticed in the affected eyes. The four cases were (15%) bilateral and twenty-two (85%) were unilateral. Of the dogs with unilateral disease, the affected eye was on the left side in 10 (45%) dogs and the right side in 12 (55%). Eighteen dogs were male and eight were female. Twenty-six dogs, 30 eyes with protrusion of the third eyelid gland were treated using Modified Morgan’s pocket technique. In the postoperative period, the dogs were controlled 3 times with 7 day intervals and no clinical problem was detected. Modified Morgan pocket technique was used with 96.1 percent success rate for the re-positioning of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.

Morgan's pocket technique for the surgical management of cherry eye in dogs: A report of 14 cases

The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the pocket technique for the treatment of prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs. In 14 cases of protruded third eyelid gland, Morgan’s pocket technique was used. Duration of protrusion ranged from 7 days to 6 months. The affected dogs were of 6 months to 2 years. In four dogs the cherry eye was bilateral. Nine dogs were male and 5 were female. Eighteen protruded third eyelid glands were surgically treated with success in 15 eyes. Pocket technique was successfully used for repositioning of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.

Pocket technique or pocket technique combined with modified orbital rim anchorage for the replacement of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs: 353 dogs.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the results obtained in 353 dogs (420 eyes) using two different surgical techniques for correction of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid: the Morgan's pocket technique and a technique combining Morgan's approach with a slightly modified periosteal anchoring technique of Stanley and Kaswan. The pocket technique was used in 234 eyes and the combined technique in 186 eyes. Successful repositioning was obtained in 95% of all cases, with recurrence occurring in 5%. The recurrence rate in large breed dogs such as the English Bulldog and Boxer was lower with the combined technique than with the pocket technique.

Neoplasmas oculares e de anexos em cães e gatos no Rio Grande do Sul: 265 casos (2009 -2014)

Neoplasias oculares causam desconforto, problemas de visão e podem refletir doenças sistêmicas. Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado para identificar e analisar neoplasmas oculares e de anexos obtidos por biópsias enviadas ao Setor de Patologia Veterinária (SPV) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Durante o período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014 realizou-se 265 diagnósticos de neoplasmas oculares e de anexos, destes 87,5% na espécie canina e em 12,5% na espécie felina. As neoplasias ocorreram mais em animais com idade superior a 12 meses e idosos, e os cães (52/232) e gatos (21/33) sem raça definida foram os mais acometidos. A pálpebra foi o local mais acometido na espécie canina (164/232) e felina (20/33), seguida pela terceira pálpebra em cães (20/232) e órbita nos felinos (5/33). O tumor mais diagnosticado nos cães foi o adenoma meibomiano (82/232) e nos gatos o carcinoma de células escamosas (10/33), ambos em pálpebras. Foram identificados nos cães 24 tipos tumorais e nos gatos 16. Em caninos as neoplasias benignas representaram o maior número de diagnósticos (56%) sendo que em felinos o maior número de casos foi de neoplasias malignas (75,8%).

Suture anchor placement technique around the insertion of the ventral rectus muscle for the replacement of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs: 100 dogs

To evaluate a rapid and efficacious procedure to anchor the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs. This is a retrospective study of 100 affected dogs (122 eyes) with third eyelid gland prolapse that were surgically anchored with a nonabsorbable suture around the insertion of the ventral rectus muscle. Hundred dogs (122 eyes) were included in this study. Twenty-three pure-bred and several mixed-breed dogs were represented with the right eye affected in 60 cases and the left eye in 62 cases. Thirty-four eyes (27.9%) were previously operated on at another facility prior to referral. The average age of the patients was 2.2 years (57 days to 11 years). No recurrences of gland prolapse were observed over the course of study. Minor intraoperative conjunctival perforations were observed and easily repaired at the time of the surgery in 21 cases (17.2%). Five cases demonstrated preexistent keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), and all had improved Schirmer tear test following surgical correction and medical therapy. The suture anchor placement technique provides a cosmetic, rapid, and successful replacement of the prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs. No recurrences were noted. Complications were easily addressed.

Canine eyelid granular cell tumor: a report of eight cases

To describe a previously unreported neoplasm of the medial canthus and eyelid in dogs. Clinical and pathologic features of granular cell tumors in the dog were reviewed. Granular cell tumors, arising from the medial canthal eyelid of eight dogs, were identified from the archives of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). The affected dogs ranged in age from 5 to 12 years (mean of 9.25 years). Follow-up information was available for seven of the eight cases. The clinical presentation included swollen hyperemic lids (4/8), ulcerated skin overlying the mass (2/8), and red conjunctiva (7/8). All eight of the cases had firm masses extending from the palpebral conjunctiva to the eyelid margin at the medial canthus. Histologically, the tissue was composed of a highly collagenous neoplastic growth. The neoplastic cells were oval to strap-like cells with an oval bland appearing nucleus and abundant amounts of granular cytoplasm with very distinct cell boundaries. These granular cells were embedded in a dense collagen matrix. A PAS stain faintly highlighted the granular appearance of the neoplastic cells, which is a defining characteristic of this tumor. There was no recurrence in the seven cases available for follow-up. Canine granular cell tumors of the medial canthus present clinically and histologically as a benign neoplasm. Granular cell tumors have a characteristic histological appearance. Granular cell tumors should be on the differential list for nodules of the medial canthus in dogs.

Clinical evaluation of the pocket technique for replacement of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and complications of the pocket technique in the repositioning of the prolapsed third eyelid gland in dogs. From 28 dogs, 38 eyes with protrusion of the third eyelid gland were treated using the pocket technique. Of the dogs, 22 (79%) were less than 1 year of age when the prolapse was first noted by the owner. Protrusion of the glands in both eyes was found in 10 of the dogs (36%). The success rate of surgical replacement was 97% (37 eyes). The complication rate was 13.15%. The pocket technique does not alter tear production or the morphology of the third eyelid gland ducts; therefore, this procedure can be used on the prolapse of the third eyelid gland without damaging the gland’s duct system. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that the pocket technique can be considered as a reliable procedure for the repositioning of a prolapsed gland of the third eyelid.

Intranictitans tacking for replacement of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs

To evaluate a new procedure for fixation of prolapsed nictitans glands to the cartilage of the nictitans that will not interfere with the mobility of the nictitating membrane. A prospective clinical trial utilizing a nonabsorbable suture to anchor the prolapsed gland to the cartilage of the third eyelid was undertaken. Fifteen eyes of 10 dogs were included in the study. A 4-0 nylon suture was passed from the anterior surface of the third eyelid through the base of the cartilage to the posterior aspect and then tunneled circumferentially beneath the conjunctiva over and around the prolapsed gland. The suture was then passed through the cartilage again to the anterior face of the third eyelid. The gland was replaced into its normal position as the suture was slowly tightened and then tied on the anterior aspect of the nictitans. Over a period of several weeks, the glands reduced in size and took on a normal appearance. All glands but one remained in place for the length of follow-up, which ranged from 2 weeks to 33 months. This procedure results in acceptable cosmetic effects with the return of the gland to its normal position posterior to the nictitating membrane. The advantage of this technique over traditional tacking to the orbital rim is that the third eyelid retains its normal mobility and, thus, its protective functions. The procedure once mastered is very quick and can be performed in less time than many of the traditional replacement techniques.

Microvascularization of the Third Eyelid in Dogs

The third eyelid protects the eye, contribute to the aqueous portion of the pre‐ocular film and its distribution over the corneal surface, as well as removal of foreign material from the anterior surface of the eye. It is rather vulnerable during fights and clinicians often have to perform surgery for third eyelid neoplasia. In dogs, this lid has a triangular shape, being widest at its free margin. It is vascularized by branches of the malar artery. Being of such importance as an adnexa of the eye, the authors concentrated their attention on its vascularization, which is not well defined.Methods: Scanning Electronic Microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and intact tissue.Observations: It was quite interesting to notice the presence of two patterns of vascularization inside the third eyelid. One can say that there are two segmental levels of vessels. In one of these there is a predominance of arteries and veins, while in the other a meshwork of third order arteries, capillaries and post‐capillary venules are present. In fact, the branch of the malar artery that reaches the base of the third eyelid divides into smaller branches that cross almost the complete length of the lid giving only a few collateral vessels, in a monopodical way, and only near the free margin of the lid is possible to observe dicothomical ramifications that became rather anastomotic (being anastomoses of type I and II are present) and contribute to the microvascular meshwork. This microvascular net is drained by post‐capillary venules and veins that empty as a brush into bigger veins that occupy the same segmental level as the third eyelid artery.Remarks: This uncommon angioarchitecture is probably an adaptation to the fact that in the medial canthus of the eye this lid has a smaller space and the way of obtaining an efficient vascularization is by going straight to the top of the lid.

The cartilage of the third eyelid: A comparative macroscopical and histological study in domestic animals

The purpose of this comparative study was to evaluate morphological differences between the cartilages of the third eyelid in dogs, cats, pigs, cows, small ruminants and horses. For that reason a total of 83 third eyelids were investigated. By the aid of a modified maceration technique, the three-dimensional form of the cartilage could be demonstrated for the first time. Generally, the cartilage consists of a long narrow appendix which is followed by a variable crossbar. In dogs the appendix is cone shaped in the basal end and extends to form a triangular plate. The former is crescent-like in shape and has a marked bulge. The cartilage of the cat consists of an appendix which is enlarged in the proximal end as compared to the dog. The crossbar resembles a reverse s-form with ends tapering off to a point. In contrast pig and cow cartilage possess a typical anchorform whereas the cartilage of small ruminants starts with a thin rod which extends in a slightly curved form ending in an oval plate. The crossbar is crescent-like in these animals. In the horse the base of the cartilage is surrounded by a massive fatty tissue and the crossbar has a characteristic hook-form. Moreover, there are significant differences in regard to the quality of the cartilage, especially concerning the presence and distribution of elastic fibres. In cats and horses the elastic fibres of the adjacent connective tissue penetrate the perichondrium. Additionally, the centre of the cartilage shows a very dense network consisting of fine elastic fibres. In dogs, pigs, cows and small ruminants the cartilage consists of hyaline quality and only in the neighbouring connective tissue are some elastic fibres detectable.

Modification of the orbital rim anchorage method for surgical replacement of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs

Modification of the orbital rim anchorage method for surgical replacement of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs

On Sensory Innervation of Eyelid in Dog

The canine eyelid shows little essential difference in histology from that of man, but it shows sundry features in the relative development and arrangement of the component parts specific to dog, which stand in close relation to the innervation, especially sensory innervation of the parts.The tarsus is powerfully formed and contains well developed MEIBOM's glands. The conjunctiva palpebralis is composed of only a very poorly developed propria and a thin uncornified stratified flat epithelium in the area where it touches the tarsus, but in the deeper part, the epithelium changes into a cylindrical one, the propria becomes thicker and the so-called papillary bodies are formed.The lidmargin is covered by a mucous membrane, of which the epithelium is a stratified flat one of considerable thickness and provided with a horn-plate. But, the development of the propria and the papillae into the epithelium is far worse developed than in man.The outer edge of the lidmargin is covered by a haired skin, on which grow eyelashes in 2-3 rows, of which the hair-follicles and the sebaceous glands belonging thereto are considerably well developed. This part as well as the cutaneous part of the eyelid have a thin epidermis, under which the stratum papillare is very poor in development, being nearly altogether absent in some places. In this palpebral skin, we must specially mention that instead of the meagre downs on human eyelids hairs with follicles only somewhat inferior to the eyelashes in development are rather densely growing, and that peculiarly shaped epidermal swellings are often formed in the epidermis. These swellings are of deep interest as no such formation has ever been found in man and seem to be sensory receptors of a specific kind.The sensory innervation of the conjunctiva palpebralis is much poorer than in man, especially so in the area touching the inside of the tarsus, owing to the extremely poor development of the propria. Namely, only a very small number of sensory fibres run into it and their terminations are limited to the simplest unbranched type, such glomerular terminations as found in man being never found. No intraepithelial fibres have been demonstrated here either. The propria of the conjunctiva after parting from the tarsus and nearing the fornix, however, becomes better developed and the sensory fibres coming into it somewhat increase in number. These fibres always end subepithelially in simple branched terminations.The canine tarsus contains sensory fibres though smaller in quantity than in the human tarsus, and their terminations formed therein are also simpler than in man, usually consisting only of simple branched terminations which are mostly formed in the marginal parts of the tarsus, that is, adjacent to the conjunctiva palpebralis and the lidmargin. The fibres resemble those in the human tarsus only in that they consist in thick fibres frequently changing their size and that their terminal fibres end sharply or bluntly. Some of these terminations are often found extending from the tarsus into the propria of the palpebralis and the lidmargin.The propria of the lidmargin is very poor in development, and accordingly the sensory fibres and their terminations in it are also much inferior in development than those in man. So nothing comparable to the very peculiar complex glomerular or loop-like terminations as found in man was ever found in dog, only a few straggling sensory fibres being observed ending subepithelially in unbranched or simple branched terminations.The outer edge of the lidmargin and the skin part of the lid are covered by a common haired skin, and most of the rather numerous sensory fibres coming into there end in the SETO's so-called hair-nerve shields or tubes in the specific tissue hair-follicle necks as sensory hair-nerve fibres, only a small part ending in the stratum papillare.