Eye Tracking Pattern Research Articles

From reading style to cognitive style and its possible application: an eye-tracking and CFT approach

Reading strategies and cognitive styles have been the objective of many researchers. However, the relation between these two concepts remains unclear. This paper is focusing on three goals. Firstly, we verify the reliability of the eye-tracking indicators of risky and conservative reading style. Secondly, we aim to explore an additional eye-tracking pattern that may reflect the reading style on the global level. Thirdly, we explore the relationship between reading style and the holistic/analytic cognitive style. The study is based on a combination of Compound Figure Test (CFT) as a main tool for analyzing cognitive style and eye-tracking study consisting of several text stimuli related to verify reading style patterns. Results showed stability across the reading tasks, which validates for the usefulness and reliability of original Rayner’s as well as the new additional eye-tracking metrics. The stability of the eye-tracking metrics allows us to treat them as a behavioral profile in information processing that may be viewed as a stable personality trait known as reading style. However, the eye-tracking results and the CFT global preference score did not show a detectably close relation between cognitive style and reading style. In conclusion, we also discuss the possibility of applying these eye-tracking patterns to foreign language material design.

Looking beyond the laboratory: Exploring behavioral and eye-fixation patterns in individuals with severe mental illness during a real-life supermarket task.

Individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI) often have difficulty performing daily activities that require intact executive functions, such as grocery shopping. Performance-based evaluations are valuable but lack the subjects' viewpoints during task performance. This study aims to combine performance-based observation and cognitive science methods to provide insights regarding real-life behavior and problem-solving in populations with SMI. In this correlational-research study, 42 participants (10 in the SMI group and 32 in the control group) performed the Test of Grocery Shopping Skills (TOGSS) while wearing an eye-tracking device. We hypothesized that patterns in task planning, task-time use, and attention allocation to written information relevant to the task would differ between the groups during the task. The results showed between-group differences in both TOGSS efficiency outcomes (time and redundancy), duration, and number of fixations. An eye-tracking pattern analysis determined between-group differences in scanning patterns of the grocery list but similarities in task planning. The selection process was found to be significantly more accurate and efficient for the control group than for the SMI group. Our findings suggest that a combination of perspectives allows us to better understand the behavior of SMI individuals in a regular daily task.

Evaluation of a Caloric Eye Tracking Pattern Test (CETP) for differentiation between peripheral and central vestibular vertigo

Evaluation of a Caloric Eye Tracking Pattern Test (CETP) for differentiation between peripheral and central vestibular vertigo

Dynamic Interaction between Reinforcement Learning and Attention in Multidimensional Environments

Little is known about the relationship between attention and learning during decision making. Using eye tracking and multivariate pattern analysis offMRI data, we measured participants' dimensional attention as they performed a trial-and-error learning task in which only one of three stimulus dimensions was relevant for reward at any given time. Analysis of participants' choices revealed that attention biased both value computation during choice and value update during learning. Value signals in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and prediction errors in the striatum were similarly biased by attention. In turn, participants' focus of attention was dynamically modulated by ongoing learning. Attentional switches across dimensions correlated with activity in a frontoparietal attention network, which showed enhanced connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex between switches. Our results suggest a bidirectional interaction between attention and learning: attention constrains learning to relevant dimensions of the environment, while we learn what to attend to via trial and error.

Using eye tracking and gaze pattern analysis to test a "dirty bomb" decision aid in a pilot RCT in urban adults with limited literacy.

BackgroundEye tracking is commonly used in marketing to understand complex responses to materials, but has not been used to understand how low-literacy adults access health information or its relationship to decision making.MethodsThis study assessed how participants use a literacy appropriate “dirty bomb” decision aid. Participants were randomized to receive a CDC “factsheet” (n = 21) or literacy-appropriate aid (n = 29) shown on a computer screen. Using 7 content similar slides, gaze patterns, mean pupil fixation time and mean overall time reading and looking at slides were compared. Groups were also compared by literacy level and effect on 'confidence of knowledge' and intended behavior.ResultsResults revealed differing abilities to read densely written material. Intervention participants more precisely followed text on 4 of 7 content-similar slides compared to control participants whose gaze patterns indicated unread text, or repeated attempts at reading the same text, suggesting difficulty in understanding key preparedness messages. Controls had significantly longer pupil fixations on 5 of 7 slides and spent more overall time on every slide. In those with very low literacy, intervention participants were more likely than controls to say they understood what a “dirty bomb” is and how to respond if one should occur.ConclusionsResults indicate limited- literacy adults, especially those with very low literacy, may not be able to understand how to respond during a “dirty bomb” using available materials, making them vulnerable to negative health events. This study provides insights into how individuals perceive and process risk communication messages, illustrating a rich and nuanced understanding of the qualitative experience of a limited literacy population with written materials. It also demonstrates the feasibility of using these methods on a wider scale to develop more effective health and risk communication messages designed to increase knowledge of and compliance with general health guidelines, and enhance decision making. This has application for those with learning disabilities, those with limited media-literacy skills, and those needing to access the diverse array of assistive technologies now available. Eye tracking is thus a practical approach to understanding these diverse needs to ensure the development of cogent and salient communication.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0304-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A Passing Glance? Differences in Eye Tracking and Gaze Patterns Between Trainees and Experts Reading Plain Film Bunion Radiographs

Eye tracking and gaze pattern studies have been used to evaluate human behavior for decades. This is because of its ability to reveal conscious and subconscious behaviors when subjects are tasked with observation, decision making, and surgical performance. Many have popularized the use of this technology for radiographic assessment while evaluating radiologist behaviors, but little has been described for surgeon behavior patterns when evaluating preoperative deformities by radiograph. Because the radiographic assessment strongly influences surgical selection, the present study was designed to evaluate the differences between groups of novice and experienced surgeons' gaze patterns when tasked to describe hallux valgus deformities. The subjects were asked to rate the deformity as “none,” “mild,” “moderate,” or “severe.” Using an externally mounted eye tracking system, our study assessed saccades, fixations, overall time spent per radiograph, and the subjects' chosen bunion rating. Both the novice and advanced groups of foot and ankle surgeons were tasked to evaluate 25 total anteroposterior radiographs from patients who presented with a primary complaint of bunion pain. These patients were chosen at random, such that all participating surgeons had no previous patient familiarization. Statistically significant differences were observed with regard to the activity and rating of the moderate bunion films. The experience of surgeons does appear to modify gaze behavior with respect to time and attention, such that less overall time spent per image is needed by the advanced group, with improved efficiency. Future academic curriculum and training techniques could be developed to reflect these potential technical differences in search behavior, diagnostic technique, and surgical selection strategy.

Evaluation of user Interface Design for Leaning Management System (LMS): Investigating Student's Eye Tracking Pattern and Experiences

E-learning is an innovation technology with the aim to provide a strategy to improve the quality of teaching and learning. The establishment of LMS is to improve the teaching and learning environments and to have better learning delivering through electronic device. The interface design of LMS plays an important role to deliver the learning process to both learners and educators. The usability of LMS is an important criterion for providing an effective and easy learning environment. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate user interface design of LMS by analyzing student's eye tracking pattern though the gaze plot and heat map. The interface of LMS was divided into three area; top, left and content. Student's area of interest was identified using the eye tracing pattern. Students eye movement was studied using Tobii Series Eye Tracker Model T60/T12 and ManGold software suite to capture their eye tracking pattern when using the LMS to complete their task. The analysis from the student's eye tracking pattern indicated some interface design issues in LMS. Based on this finding, we discuss the user interface design guidelines applied in LMS and suggested some improvement for identified design issues.

Quantitative assessment of visual behavior in disorders of consciousness

The study of eye behavior is of paramount importance in the differential diagnosis of disorders of consciousness (DoC). In spite of this, assessment of eye movement patterns in patients with vegetative state (VS) or minimally conscious state (MCS) only relies on clinical evaluation. In this study we aimed to provide a quantitative assessment of visual tracking behavior in response to moving stimuli in DoC patients. Nine VS patients and nine MCS patients were recruited in a Neurorehabilitation Unit for patients with chronic DoC; 11 matched healthy subjects were tested as the control group. All participants under went a quantitative evaluation of eye-tracking pattern by means of a computerized infrared eye-tracker system; stimuli were represented by a red circle or a small color picture slowly moving on a PC monitor. The proportion of on- or off-target fixations differed significantly between MCS and VS. Most importantly, the distribution of fixations on or off the target in all VS patients was at or below the chance level, whereas in the MCS group seven out of nine patients showed a proportion of on-target fixations significantly higher than the chance level. Fixation length did not differ among the three groups significantly. The present quantitative assessment of visual behaviour in a tracking task demonstrated that MCS and VS patients differ in the proportion of on-target fixations. These results could have important clinical implications since the quantitative analysis of visual behavior might provide additional elements in the differential diagnosis of DoC.

An eye localization, tracking and blink pattern recognition system

This study is to investigate the fundamental problems of, (1) facial feature detection and localization, especially eye features; and (2) eye dynamics, including tracking and blink detection. We first describe our contribution to eye localization. Following that, we discuss a simultaneous eye tracking and blink detection system. Facial feature detection is solved in a general object detection framework and its performance for eye localization is presented. A binary tree representation based on feature dependency partitions the object feature space in a coarse to fine manner. In each compact feature subspace, independent component analysis (ICA) is used to get the independent sources, whose probability density functions (PDFs) are modeled by Gaussian mixtures. When applying this representation for the task of eye detection, a subwindow is used to scan the entire image and each obtained image patch is examined using Bayesian criteria to determine the presence of an eye subject. After the eyes are automatically located with binary tree-based probability learning, interactive particle filters are used for simultaneously tracking the eyes and detecting the blinks. The particle filters use classification-based observation models, in which the posterior probabilities are evaluated by logistic regressions in tensor subspaces. Extensive experiments are used to evaluate the performance from two aspects, (1) blink detection rate and the accuracy of blink duration in terms of the frame numbers; (2) eye tracking accuracy. We also present an experimental setup for obtaining the benchmark data in tracking accuracy evaluation. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the capability of this approach.

先天性眼振２８症例の臨床的検討

Congenital nystagmus can be divided into five types : jerky, pendular, pendular-jerky, latent and periodic alternating. We examined 28 patients with congenital nystagmus from 1987 to 1992 and analysed the results of ENGs recorded with eyes open, eyes closed, eyes open in the dark and during eye tracking and optokinetic pattern testing. Eleven patients had jerky, 6 had pendular, 8 had pendular-jerky, 2 had latent, and 1 had periodic alternating nystagmus.

Eye movement dysfunctions in psychiatric patients: a review.

Impairments of smooth pursuit eye movements occur in a high proportion of schizophrenic patients and in a lower but significant percentage of patients with affective psychoses, as well as patients with structural and metabolic disorders of the central nervous system. These findings have been confirmed using a wide range of tracking tasks, recording techniques, and scoring procedures, and therefore cannot be attributed to measurement artifact. The eye movement disruption in schizophrenics does not seem to result from drug treatment or simple inattention. Eye tracking pattern appears to be under genetic control and some impairments may reflect a predisposition to functional psychosis. The smooth pursuit eye movement impairment has been attributed to a central nervous system dysfunction that manifests itself in a disorder of nonvoluntary attention. The study of other oculomotor functions, such as the oculocephalic reflex, optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus, and saccadic eye movements, suggests that the locus of the central nervous system disruption is above the brainstem.

I. Manual Quantitative Assessment of Eye-Tracking Patterns

Quantitative assessment of the electronystagmogram of the eye-tracking test (eye-tracking pattern) was undertaken in 20 normal subjects and 70 patients with vertigo. The abnormal recordings, contrary to the normal, showed, in varying degrees, remarkable irregularities of eye speed. These irregularities appeared in the form of spikes on the electronystagmogram at the time constant of 0.03 second. We measured the height of the spikes using 40°/sec as a unit and added the units of spikes appearing during a nine-second period to obtain the total index. Total indices ranged from zero (normal) to 40 + (severely abnormal), and their values showed levels of abnormality in the eye-tracking pattern more accurately than the visual analysis in current use.

Quantitative Assessment of Eye Tracking Patterns

Electronystagmograms of the eye tracking test, that is, eye tracking patterns were quantitatively assessed in 63 subjects. Abnormal findings consisted in remarkable irregularities of eye speed. These irregularities appeared in the form of spikes on electronystagmograms at the time constant of 0.03 sec. We measured the height of the spike by taking 40°/sec as a unit, and summed up the units of spikes appearing for 9 seconds to obtain the total index. The total indices ranged from zero (normal) to the forties (markedly abnormal). These numerals showed the level of abnormality of the eye tracking pattern more accurately than visual analysis, the method of determination in current use.

Alcohol and the oculomotor system.

The influence of alcohol on the oculomotor system was observed by means of the caloric eye tracking pattern (CETP) test, the visual suppression test on caloric nystagmus, and the positional nystagmus, eye tracking and gaze nystagmus tests. In Group A (nine cases whose CETP before the intake of alcohol was normal), the influence of alcohol consumption appeared regularly and consistently in the following order: abnormality of CEPT greater than or equal to positional alcohol nystagmus greater than or equal to abnormality of the eye tracking pattern greater than or equal to alcohol gaze nystagmus. On the contrary, in Group B (eight cases whose CETP before the consumption of alcohol was already abnormal), with one exception, the regularity noted in Group A was not observed. This phenomenon may be attributable to the presence of latent disorders of the oculomotor system. In both groups, the duration of the caloric nystagmus itself was slightly shortened and its amplitude somewhat suppressed after the consumption of alcohol. The results were confirmed by experiments in which the subjects kept their eyes open in darkness. On the other hand, when the eyes were kept open in light surroundings, the duration and amplitude of the caloric nystagmus were exaggerated in appearance because the mechanism of visual suppression was disturbed by alcohol.

The mild caloric eye tracking pattern and repeated mild caloric eye tracking pattern tests in determination of vertiginous attacks

The data obtained in patients with vertigo and equilibrium disorders following β-adrenergic stimulant (dl-isoproterenol hydrochloride) and Co-enzyme Q (Ubiquinone) administration indicated that vertiginous attacks in these patients probably were the results of enhancement of the β-sympathetic system.The regional action of β-sympathetic system in β-adrenergic stimulant administration was more likely to appear with changes in excitability of the unilateral vestibular organ (in Meniere's disease) other than static dysfunction (in sensorineural hearing loss and equilibrium disorders) and effectively provided relief for the symptoms of Meniere's disease. Attacks of vertigo did follow in some patients.On the other hand, the uniform mass discharge in the sympathetic system was likely to appear in cases of β-adrenergic stimulant administration to patients with bilateral positive findings in The Mild Caloric Eye Tracking Pattern and Repeated Mild Caloric Eye tracking Pattern Tests.The results (the superimposed phenomena) in these tests revealted indications of β-adrenergic stimulant and Co-enzyme Q administration to patients with vertigo and equilibrium disorders.

Alcohol and the oculomotor system (author's transl)

It is known that alcohol affects the oculomoto system and elicits positionalacoholnystagmus Recently it has been shown that disturbance in smooth pursuit eye movements occurs depend-ing on the quantity of ingested alcohol.However, it is also known that test is normal at the early stage of alcohol-induced breakdown of smooth pursuit movements.This indicates that alcohol affects the cerebellum prior to affecting the midbrain and pons(WILKINSON et al., 1974).In order to further investigate the effect of alcohol on th cerebellum, subjects ingested alcohol(whisky)and their oculomotor function was tested.The followings are general findings obtained.1)Low blood-alcohol concentration causes slight disturbance in the caloric eye-tracking pattern and slight positional nystagmus is occasionally evident.2)As the blood-alcohol level increases, positional nystagmus becomes more apparent and the eye-tracking pattern begins to break down.The caloric eye-trackingpa ttern be-comes severely disturbed.3)Gaze nystagmus does not appear until the blood-alcohol level becomesmuch higher.hese findings indicate that alcohol affects the caloric eye-tracking patterns prior to the conventional eye-tracking patterns.Alcohol must therefore initially affect the areas of the cerebellum related tovisual suppression, namely the flocculo-nodular system.

The Mild Caloric (20°C 20ml) Eye Tracking Pattern Test (MCETP-test) and Re-MCETP-test for Meniere's Disease and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Equilibrium Disorders

The Mild Caloric (20°C 20ml) Eye Tracking Pattern Test (MCETP-test) and Re-MCETP-test for Meniere's Disease and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Equilibrium Disorders

THE CALORIC EYE TRACKING PATTERN TEST (CETP-TEST)

During the examination of patients who complain of vertigo or who have equilibrium disorders, it is often difficult to determine the etiology of the disorder, that is to determine whether it is dependent on a peripheral or central vestibular disorder. In an attempt to determine the etiology in these cases, we devised a new method, the caloric eye tracking pattern test (CETP-Test).Twelve normal subjects and 95 patients were tested. The latter group included 17 with per-pheral disorders such as Meniere's disease, benign paroxysmal positional nystagmus, and others, and 78 with central disorders such as vertebral basilar artery insufficiency, Wernicke's encephalopathy, and others. The cases of central disorders were limited to those patients whose eye tracking pattern, before the caloric stimulation was normal.In normal subjects and in patients with peripheral disorders, as is well known caloric nystagmus had no influence on the eye-tracking pattern. In contrast, in patients with central vestibular disorders, caloric nystagmus evoked superimposed abnormalities or saccades on the eye tracking pattern, in spite of the fact that eye tracking pattern before the caloric stimulation was normal.It is obvious that in normal subjects and in patients with vestibular periphral disorders, there are no oculomotor disorders. The efore even if vestibular asymmetry is revealed by the caloric test, neither superimposed nystagmus nor saccades is evoked. In some cases of central disorder of the oculomotor system is slight, the eye tracking pattern is normal. It seems however that once the vestibulais asymmetry is shown by the caloric test, the latent saccadic movements are evoked. In regard to, a vascular lesion, since the disorder is reversible, the caloric eye tracking pattern will be also reversible during recovery. With an irreversible organic disorder, of course, the caloric eye tracking pattern remains constant These results allow us to make the differential diagnosis between peripheral and central disorders.

An Rvaluaiion of Eye Tracking Pattern Induced by Three Different Instruments

An Rvaluaiion of Eye Tracking Pattern Induced by Three Different Instruments