Eye-spotted Bud Moth Research Articles

Increasing catches of adult moth pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pome fruit with low‐intensity LED lights added to sex pheromone/kairomone lure‐baited traps

AbstractStudies of moth pests (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) of pome fruit in Washington State, USA, evaluated the addition of low‐intensity light‐emitting diode (LED) lights to traps baited with sex pheromone or kairomone lures. Species included codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), oriental fruit moth (OFM), Grapholita molesta (Busck), oblique banded leafroller (OBLR), Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), and eye‐spotted budmoth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffenmüller). Lures included (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (codlemone) plus (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (pear ester) and acetic acid (AA) (Combo) and a blend of pear ester, (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, pyranoid linalool oxide, and AA (4K) for CM; a three‐component OFM sex pheromone ((E)‐8‐dodecen‐1‐yl‐acetate, (Z)‐8‐dodecen‐1‐yl acetate, and (Z)‐8‐dodecen‐1‐ol) plus codlemone and terpinyl acetate plus AA for OFM; and 2‐phenylethanol and AA for OBLR and ESBM. Traps baited with only LEDs were not attractive for any of these tortricids. The addition of a LED to lure‐baited traps increased male and female catches 2‐12‐fold across the four pest species. The proportional increase in CM catches with the LEDs was similar with both the Combo and 4K lures. Traps baited with the 4K lure caught significantly more CM with a UV LED than with either blue or green LEDs. The proportion of females caught in traps that were mated did not change with the use of the lights across species. Significantly more CM of both sexes were caught in the adhesive on the side of the liner nearest the LED. The addition of LEDs sometimes increased the by‐catch of minute insects, but liners' saturation was never a factor impacting targeted moth catch. Adding the LED light significantly increased the catch of ESBM in CM‐baited traps and CM in OFM‐baited traps, respectively. The development of inexpensive, dual‐modality traps that add a light stimulus to a kairomonal‐based lure may improve direct control of these key orchard pests via female removal.

Spilonota ocellana (eyespotted bud moth)

Spilonota ocellana (eyespotted bud moth)

Spilonota ocellana (eyespotted bud moth)

This datasheet on Spilonota ocellana covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

Caterpillar-Induced Plant Volatiles Attract Adult Tortricidae

Binary and ternary combinations of volatile organic compounds identified earlier from caterpillar-infested apple foliage caught more than one thousand individuals of both sexes of several adult tortricid leafroller species in several days of trials conducted in apple orchards in southern British Columbia. A series of combinations with phenylacetonitrile, benzyl alcohol, and/or 2-phenylethanol and acetic acid enabled substantial catches of both sexes of eye-spotted budmoth, Spilonota ocellana, oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana and three-lined leafroller, Pandemis limitata. These findings suggest that new monitoring aides can be developed to seasonally track populations, enabling practical applications in surveillance of female leafroller populations for the first time. It may also be possible to develop suppression tools based on combinations of kairomone compounds originally identified from leafroller larval-damaged apple trees, given the level of attraction. The discovery of these adult tortricid attractants (aromatic compounds plus acetic acid) raises new ecological questions about evolved direct plant defences against herbivores. Larval feeding-induced attraction of adult herbivores produces signals that are potentially harmful to the plant by increasing herbivory in the same family and probably feeding guild, but evidence for effects on plant fitness is needed.

Cold tolerance of the spring-feeding larvae of the eyespotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

AbstractIn this study, we explore the low-temperature thresholds of a pest of apple (Malus pumilaMiller; Rosaceae), the eyespotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellanaDenis and Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in the context of spring frost.Spilonota ocellanaoverwinters as a larva, resuming activity and feeding early in the growing season when it could be vulnerable to unexpected freezing temperatures. We determined that the mean supercooling point of spring instars did not differ for larvae within or outside leaf shelters and ranged from −9.1±0.2 °C for fourth instars, to −7.9±0.2 °C for sixth instars. Larval weight increased with instar and was positively related to the supercooling point. As some insects are freeze tolerant and able to recover from freezing, we also exposed larvae to brief freeze events between −4.5 °C and −9.5 °C and found that the median lower lethal temperature, was −7.3±0.4 °C across all instars; indicating thatS. ocellanaspring instars are susceptible to freezing temperatures above their supercooling point. These low-temperature thresholds suggest that in the spring, S. ocellanalarvae are chill susceptible, and a hard frost (<−7 °C) would be necessary to cause significant larval mortality.

Caterpillar-induced plant volatiles attract conspecific adults in nature.

Plants release volatiles in response to caterpillar feeding that attract natural enemies of the herbivores, a tri-trophic interaction which has been considered an indirect plant defence against herbivores. The caterpillar-induced plant volatiles have been reported to repel or attract conspecific adult herbivores. To date however, no volatile signals that either repel or attract conspecific adults under field conditions have been chemically identified. Apple seedlings uniquely released seven compounds including acetic acid, acetic anhydride, benzyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile, indole, 2-phenylethanol, and (E)-nerolidol only when infested by larvae of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. In field tests in New Zealand, a blend of two of these, benzyl nitrile and acetic acid, attracted a large number of conspecific male and female adult moths. In North America, male and female adults of the tortricid, oblique-banded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana, were most attracted to a blend of 2-phenylethanol and acetic acid. Both sexes of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana, were highly attracted to a blend of benzyl nitrile and acetic acid. This study provides the first identification of caterpillar-induced plant volatiles that attract conspecific adult herbivores under natural conditions, challenging the expectation of herbivore avoidance of these induced volatiles.

Necílové druhy motýlů přítomné ve feromonových lapačích pro vybrané druhy obalečů v letech 2002 a 2003

Pheromone traps were used to monitor the following tortricid moths, i.e. Adoxophyes orana, Archips podanus, A. rosanus, Hedya nubiferana, Pandemis heparana, Spilonota ocellana, Cydia pomonella, Cydia funebrana and Cydia molesta in the localities Brno-Tuřany (Brno-město), Nebovidy (Brno-venkov) and Prakšice (Uherské Hradiště). Other Lepidoptera non-target species were present in these target-species pheromone traps, i.e. Adoxophyes orana, Agrotis segetum, Amphipoea oculaea, Archips rosanus, Celypha striana, Cydia coronillana, Enarmonia formosana, Epiblema scutulanum, Epinotia huebneriana, Eucosma fervidana, Euxoa tritici, Hedya pruniana, H. nubiferana, Lymantria dispar, Noctua pronuba, Notocelia rosaecolana, N. roborana, Pammene albuginana, P. suspectana, Pandemis cerasana, Pyrausta rectefascialis, P. aurata, Spilonota ocellana, Yponomeuta malinellus and Zygaena purpuralis.

Use of glacial acetic acid to enhance bisexual monitoring of tortricid pests with kairomone lures in pome fruits.

Studies were conducted to assess glacial acetic acid (GAA) with various host plant volatiles (HPVs) and the sex pheromone, (E,E)-8, 10-dodecadien-1-ol, of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L), as lures in traps for tortricid pests that often co-occur in tree fruits in the western United States. In addition to codling moth, field trapping studies were conducted with oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), obliquebanded leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), the leafroller Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, and the eyespotted budmoth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller). HPVs included ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, butyl hexanoate, (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-farnesene, and farnesol. Three types of GAA co-lures differing in a 10-fold range in weekly evaporation rates were tested. The evaporation rate of GAA co-lures was an important factor affecting moth catches. The highest rate tested captured fewer codling moth but more leafrollers and eyespotted budmoth. GAA co-lures caught both sexes of each species. The field life of butyl hexanoate and (E)-β-ocimene lures were much shorter than pear ester or sex pheromone lures. Adding GAA to pear ester or to (E)-β-ocimene significantly increased the catches of only codling moth or oriental fruit moth, respectively. Combining pear ester or (E)-β-ocimene with GAA did not affect the catch of either species compared with the single more attractive HPV. Adding HPVs to GAA did not increase the catches of either leafroller species or eyespotted budmoth. Traps baited with pear ester, sex pheromone, and GAA for monitoring codling moth were also effective in classifying pest pressure of both leafroller species within orchards.

Forecasting Emergence, Flight, and Oviposition of Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia

Eyespotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), is becoming an important pest of pome fruits in British Columbia because implementation of noninsecticidal controls for codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., have removed routine sprays that inadvertently controlled it. Knowing the phenology of S. ocellana could improve timing of controls for this pest. Seasonal flight activity of male, eyespotted bud moths was monitored using pheromone-baited traps hung in unsprayed apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia from 1993 to 1996. Emergence of adult males and females and oviposition was monitored from 1994 to 1996 to establish relationships between their phenology and accumulated degree-days above 10 degrees C air temperature or number of days after the 1st moth was caught (biofix). Biofix occurred between 1-5 June, except in 1996, when it occurred 2-3 wk later, and flight activity continued until late August. Males and females emerged on the same day, 2.0 +/- 1.7 d (mean +/- SD, n = 3 yr) before biofix, and oviposition began 4.3 +/- 1.5 d after biofix. The nonlinear relationship between cumulative trap catch and d or number of degree-days after biofix was modeled with cumulative Weibull functions. A model based on data from Summerland using days after biofix as the predictor variable was more accurate at predicting the interval between biofix and 50% cumulative trap catch for independent data sets from Kelowna and Winfield than a model using degree-days after biofix as the predictor variable. However, the use of degree-days as a predictor variable has wider application to other regions and years. Similar models were used to describe the relationship between days or degree-days after biofix and cumulative emergence of males, emergence of females, and oviposition, respectively. These models will assist in the development of pheromone-based management programs for the eyespotted bud moth, and can be used to formulate control strategies for this pest.

Development of pheromone‐based mating disruption for control of the eye‐spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana

AbstractThe potential for pheromone‐based mating disruption of eye‐spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small‐plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z8‐14:OAc) and Z8‐tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8‐14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone‐baited traps, but treatment with Z8‐14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two‐component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8‐14:OAc and Z8‐14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone‐treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone‐treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over‐ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin‐female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two‐component pheromone. The total amount of Z8‐14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha−1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha−1 h−1. The low levels of Z8‐14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8‐14:OAc and Z8‐14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.

Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to different pheromone blends in north America and The Netherlands

Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10-50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10-50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.

SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE EYESPOTTED BUD MOTH, SPILONOTA OCELLANA (DENIS AND SCHIFFERMÜLLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)

AbstractZ8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14OAc andZ8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14OH) were identified as sex pheromone components of the eyespotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Compounds were identified by gas chrornatographic-eleclroantennographic (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectroscopic analyses and field tested in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley, B.C. Although Z8-14OAc alone was attractive to male S. ocellana, the addition of 1–5% Z8-14OH strongly synergized its attraction. Field tests comparing the attractiveness of virgin female S. ocellana with various doses of a 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAc and Z8-14OH indicated the natural sex pheromone has only two significant components. A 99:1 blend of Z8-14OAC and Z8-14OH is suggested for monitoring and control of S. ocellana populations in British Columbia.

Spilonota ocellana . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiff.) ( Eucosma ocellana [Spilonota ocellana] Denis & Schiff.) (Lepid., Tortricidae) (Eye-spotted Bud Moth). Host Plants: Apple, cherry, peach, pear, plum, quince. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE (excl. USSR), Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romani, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA (excl. USSR), China, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, USSR, AFRICA, Madeira, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA.

An Experimental Spray Program for Integrated Control of Insects Affecting Sour Cherry1

The effectiveness of an experimental spray program for integrated control of insects affecting sour cherries was investigated in Door County, Wisconsin. The sod of a Montmorency cherry orchard was treated with endrin in October 1960. In 1961 and 1962, one half of the orchard was treated with foliar sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner plus dodine (fungicide) in the petal-fall and cover sprays. The second half received dodine only. A survey of leaf nests of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), in June of both years showed that the spring larvae were retarded in development and their mortality increased in the Bacillus plot with no apparent adverse effect on larval parasitization. Fruit surveys at harvest each year revealed no evidence of injury by the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Total fruit injury was 4% or less in both the check and treated plots, with external injury by lepidopterous larvae averaging less than 2%. A piercingsucking type injury by an unknown species accounted for 3% of the total fruit injury in both plots in 1962. Further experimental studies are suggested, using foliar sprays of B. thuringiensis in sour cherry orchards where endrin is used for rodent control.

The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XVI. The Long-Term Effect of Mild Pesticides on Pests and Their Predators1

This paper gives a summary of a 13-year test of the integration of chemical and biological control methods for apple pests in Nova Scotia. The test was a practical demonstration which showed that this method of approach has promise. The major pests in the orchard – the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller); the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.); and the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), became moderately abundant immediately after the change to integration. These pests soon readjusted to low densities and remained at low levels for the remainder of the period. In the latter half of the period the pests requiring special treatments were the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.); the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris); and the apple brown bug, Atractotomus mali (Meyer). The control of these pests interfered some with the natural enemy populations but the interruptions were transitory because only relatively selective materials were used when required.

Studies on Integrated Control of Apple Pests1

Studies on integrated control of apple pests were conducted in Door County, Wisconsin, from 1960 through 1962. Ryania, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, phosphamidon, and lead arsenate were used in various combinations and dosage rates. Carbaryl and captan were used as the insecticide and fungicide check, respectively. Apples harvested from the ryania- Bacillus plot were 88 and 86% free of insect injury in 1960 and 1961, respectively, compared with 97 and 95% in the carbaryl plot and 37 and 45% in the captan plot. Ninety-one percent of the apples in the lead arsenate-ryania plot and 94% of those from the lead arsenate-phosphamidon plot were devoid of insect injury in 1961, compared with 95% for the carbaryl program. In 1962, apples from the ryania- Bacillus -lead arsenate plot were 94% free of insect injury compared with 95, 96 and 80% from the lead arsenate-phosphamidon, carbaryl, and captan plots, respectively. The codling moth, Carpocapsa pornonella (L.), red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and eye-spotted bud moth, spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), in that order, were responsible for most of the insect injury, except in 1962 when the codling moth was a minor problem. The highest two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch), population occurred in the carbaryl plot where phytoseiids were practically eliminated, The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), increased progressively each year of the study in the plot where B. thuringiensis was used, The high population which occurred in 1962 caused economic injury to the foliage and fruit. The lead arsenate-phosphamidon program adversely affected both the phytophagous and predaceous mite populations. Six phytosciid species were collected in the captan plot during 1960. Amblyseius fallacies (Carman) and Typhlodromus Caudiglans (Oudemans) were the most abundant. The ryania-lead arsenate program, was considered the most effective for integrated control of apple pests because of its overall effectiveness for both direct and indirect pests without adversely affecting natural enemies of the latter.

Insect Injury to Sour Cherries in the Absence of Insecticide Sprays1

The effect of insect populations on sour cherries in the absence of insecticide sprays was studied in a Montmorency cherry orchard from 1959 through 1962. Fruit from trees sprayed only with a fungicide (dodine) was examined for insect injury at harvest. Results for 1961 and 1962 are given in detail. Seventeen percent were injured in 1961 and 20% in 1962 with the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), causing 14 and 17%, respectively. The remaining 3% injury was due primarily to lepidopterous larvae, including internal injury by the cherry fruitworm, Grapholitha packardi Zeller, and the destructive pruneworm, Mineola scitulella Hulst, and external feeding by the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), and fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker), The plum curculio was responsible for additional losses of 9 and 6% owing to fruit “drop” prior to harvest in 1961 and 1962, respectively. The total crop loss caused by insect injury was 26%.

An Ecological Study of Arthropod Populations on Apple in Northeastern Wisconsin: Species Affecting the Fruit1

The effect of insect populations on fruit was studied in a mature apple orchard under a natural and 2 artificial environments from 1959 through 1962. About 15, approximately 2%, of the 763 species collected from the orchard injured the fruit directly. Ninety-nine to 100% of the apples in the check and captan environments were injured each year, with the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst); apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh; and codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.), causing most of the injury, in that order. Fruit injury by other species in the check and captan environments was insignificant. Injury in the DDT-captan block was gencrally low except for that caused by larvae of red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and of eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), which progressively increased each year. Apple scab, Venturia inequalis (Winters), was an important factor in the natural (check) environment, affecting tree growth, fruiting, and insect populations. The last mentioned were generally favorably affected in the captan environment, and adversely so in the DDT-captan. Fruit production increased substantially from the check to the captan and DDT-captan blocks with an average yield ratio of 1:1.2:2.1, respectively, for the 4-year study. An additive effect was obtained with the use of DDT in the DDT-captan block, which was greater than the combined effect of scab and insect population suppression, resulting in increased tree vigor and fruit set which improved each year.

The Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on Some Lepidopterous Larval Pests, Apple Aphid and Predators, and on Phytophagous and Predaceous Mites on Young Apple Trees1

The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner on the arthropod fauna of young apple trees when used as a fullseason spray program during 1961 and 1962 is discussed. Mortality of overwintering larvae of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermuller), was approximately 50% higher in the Bacillus plot; spring larval growth was retarded, pupation delayed, and mortality increased; and the summer larval infestation was less than half that occurring in the check. Casebearer populations were adversely affected; the apple aphid, Aphis pomi De Geer, population was increased; and aphid predators apparently were unaffected by the Bacillus sprays. Fruit injury was reduced by approximately 50% in the Bacillus plot owing primarily to its adverse effect on codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) ; redbanded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker); and eye-spotted bud moth larval populations. The European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), population increased and phytoseiid mites decreased on Red Delicious trees in the Bacillus plot, with the former reaching numbers twice as high as those attained in the check. The potential role of B. thuringiensis in apple insect control programs is discussed.

The Effect ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on the Fauna of an Apple Orchard

AbstractPlots in a bearing apple orchard were sprayed with formulations ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner on five to seven occasions in each of four consecutive seasons. Larvae of the winter moth, eye-spotted bud moth, orchard tent caterpillar, and fall webworm were less numerous on foliage in plots treated withB.thuringiensisthan in the check plot. Numbers of free-living blister mites were reduced by treatment with the bacterium. Other phytophagous mites were not numerous in any of the plots. Injury to fruit by larvae of the codling moth, winter moth, and eye-spotted bud moth and by the miridAtractotomus mali(Meyer) was lower in plots treated with the bacterium. Only three taxa of predacious arthropods were consistently affected by the application ofB.thuringiensis; one was less numerous where the bacterium was applied and two were more numerous.