Extrinsic Religious Orientation Research Articles

Are Dwarves Protestant? American Religion and “Dungeons & Dragons”

I analyze the ideology of representation of religion in the tabletop role-playing game (TRPG) Dungeons & Dragons. I approach TRPGs as a type of protostory, an interactive set of stories governed by rules which provides affordances to create different stories. Whether a specific story is relatively hard or easy to instantiate from the protostory indicates if this particular instantiation serves as a preferred, negotiated, or oppositional reading of the TRPG rules. Based on an analysis of the dimensions of religion proposed by Ninian Smart, contrasted with Harold Bloom’s idea of American religion, as well as the concept of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation, I discuss the similarity between the way Dungeons & Dragons simulates religion, and the traditional understanding of religion in American culture.

Religiosity and well-being among Nigerians: Exploring the mediating role of fatalism

The current study examined how intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations relate to hedonic and eudaimonic well-being and the mediating role of the dimensions of fatalism among Nigerians. Data were obtained from a survey of young Nigerians aged between 17 and 37 years (female = 53.85%; Christian = 88.72%). Results indicated that intrinsic religiosity and the belief in divine control, a dimension of fatalism, were associated with higher eudaimonic well-being and positive affect. Extrinsic religiosity correlated positively with eudaimonic well-being and negative affect. The belief in divine control also had a significant positive mediation effect on the influence of religiosity on eudaimonic well-being and positive affect for females. These findings are consistent with the view that religiosity and fatalism are social values associated with well-being in the Nigerian culture. One critical implication of these findings for both theory and research is that the idea that extrinsic religiosity and fatalism are detrimental to well-being is not universally tenable.

Intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation as a moderator of key predictors of romantic relationship commitment

Religious individuals often assume that their beliefs promote strong romantic relationships. Yet the empirical evidence is mixed. To better understand this association, this study examined religious orientation as a moderator within the investment model of commitment. A community sample of 84 couples completed measures on religious orientation and commitment as part of a larger study on romantic relationships. The findings indicate that although both religious motivations promote commitment, they do so differently. Specifically, intrinsic religious orientation buffered the negative effects of dissatisfaction in a relationship; whereas an extrinsic religious orientation attenuated the extent to which alternatives to the relationship influenced commitment. Future research in this area should consider religious orientation, rather than overall religiosity, and examine specific predictors of relationship commitment to provide greater clarity on how religiosity influences romantic relationships. Implications for counseling individuals with religious beliefs are also discussed.

Religiosity, Identity Confusion, and Psychological Well-Being in Turkish University Students: The Moderating Role of Religious Orientation.

Research conducted in industrialized democracies where Christianity is the prevailing religion has suggested that religiosity may play an important role in identity development and well-being. This study examined the associations between religiosity, religious orientation, identity confusion, and psychological well-being in 488 Turkish university students. The results revealed that extrinsic religious orientation was positively associated with identity confusion. On the other hand, religiosity, extrinsic religious orientation, and identity confusion were negatively associated with psychological well-being, while intrinsic religious orientation was positively associated with psychological well-being. Moderation analysis indicated that extrinsic religious orientation could facilitate psychological well-being in the midst of severe identity confusion.

Household food waste prevention behavior: the role of religious orientations, emotional intelligence, and spiritual well-being

Household food waste contributes extensively to environmental degradation, and it accounts for half of the food wasted around the globe. This study investigates the effect of religious orientations (intrinsic and extrinsic) on household food waste prevention behavior, considering the mediating role of emotional intelligence and spiritual well-being. A questionnaire was distributed to evaluate the research variables targeting women (n = 475). Structural equation modeling has been adopted to analyze the data. Findings demonstrate that intrinsic religious orientation positively impacts household food waste prevention behavior, whereas extrinsic religious orientation negatively impacts it. Moreover, emotional intelligence and spiritual well-being play a mediating role through the effect of intrinsic religious orientation on household food waste prevention behavior. This study indicates that intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations have opposite effects on household food waste prevention behavior. Also, emotional intelligence and spiritual well-being highlight the need for different strategies to encourage food waste reduction behavior specific to an individual’s religious orientation.

Toward the Understanding of Religious Orientation and Market Mavenism: Establishing a Correlation Relationship

This study argues that religious orientation may have a firm association with market mavenism. A positive association between religious orientation (Intrinsic & Extrinsic) and a market maven was hypothesized. A revision religious Scale of the Worldwide- I-E (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989) was used to measure the variables of religiosity, and Feick and Price’s (1987) 6-item scale was used to measure the extent of market mavenism. The Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation was calculated to assess the relationship between religiosity and being a market maven. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between intrinsic religious orientation and being a market maven. Results attested that there is a significant relationship between extrinsic religious orientation with positive direction (social and personal) and being a market maven. The main contribution of this study is that, to the best of the writer's understanding, this is the first study to explore the relationship between religiosity and market maven.

Toward the Understanding of Religious Orientation and Market Mavenism: Establishing a Correlation Relationship

This study argues that religious orientation may have a firm association with market mavenism. A positive association between religious orientation (Intrinsic & Extrinsic) and a market maven was hypothesized. A revision religious Scale of the Worldwide- I-E (Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989) was used to measure the variables of religiosity, and Feick and Price’s (1987) 6-item scale was used to measure the extent of market mavenism. The Pearson product moment coefficient of correlation was calculated to assess the relationship between religiosity and being a market maven. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between intrinsic religious orientation and being a market maven. Results attested that there is a significant relationship between extrinsic religious orientation with positive direction (social and personal) and being a market maven. The main contribution of this study is that, to the best of the writer's understanding, this is the first study to explore the relationship between religiosity and market maven.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКУ СПОЖИВЧОЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ ТА РЕЛІГІЙНОЇ ОРІЄНТАЦІЇ ОСОБИСТОСТІ

The article briefly analyzes the concept of «consumer behavior» theoretically and characterizes it’s main types: «individualists», «innovators», «fashionistas», «traditionalists», «conservatives», «situativists», «indifferents». A number of factors through which religion affects consumer behavior are substantiated. The peculiarities of the external (extrinsic) and internal (intrinsic) religious orientations are revealed. The purpose of the research is formulated – to investigate empirically and interpret theoretically the predicted relationships between types of consumer behavior and features of personal religiosity (external and internal). Based on the results of the research, it was established that indicators of both extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity of the respondents are to the greatest extent interconnected with the tendency to demonstrate psychological features of the «Innovator» type. It was found that extrinsic religious orientation is more unambiguous in terms of explained correlations with various types of consumer behavior. As it was empirically proved, in this context extrinsic religiosity is completely «individualistic» and «situational», as well as mostly «innovative» and «fashion-oriented»; instead, intrinsic religiosity has a contradictory system of correlations with manifestations of major types of consumer behavior. In connection with the obtained results, the prospects for further research are determined, related, in particular, to the additional study of the internal homogeneity of the intrinsic items of the «Religious Orientation Scale» by G. Allport and J. Ross.

The Moderating Effect of Religiosity on the Relationship Between Burnout and Job Satisfaction.

The aim of this study is to investigate the moderating effect of employees’ religiosity on the relationship between their burnout and job satisfaction. The research was carried out on a total of 326 people working in the banking, education, and tourism sectors. According to the research results, a significant negative relationship was found between the burnout levels of the employees and their job satisfaction. The research also determined that intrinsic religious orientation reduced the negative effect between burnout and job satisfaction, while extrinsic religious orientation had no moderating effect on the negative relationship between burnout and job satisfaction.

Role of Religion in Social and Democratic System Justification

The aim of the current study is to explore, within the Italian Catholic context, the impact of scriptural literalism and religious orientation on the ideologies that legitimate the social and the democratic system. A sample of Catholic participants completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire concerning: a) scriptural literalism; b) intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation; c) social and democratic system justification. Results show that scriptural literalism affects both intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation, with extrinsic, but not intrinsic orientation tending to increase both social and democratic system justification. These results extend previous findings on the relationship between religion and the legitimisation of the social system. Possible implications for increasing social fairness in the future, filling the gap between religious precepts and an unconditional acceptance of social order, are also discussed.

The role of religion in social and democratic system justification

The aim of the current study is to explore, within the Italian Catholic context, the impact of scriptural literalism and religious orientation on the ideologies that legitimate the social and the democratic system. A sample of Catholic participants completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire concerning: a) scriptural literalism; b) intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation; c) social and democratic system justification. Results show that scriptural literalism affects both intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation, with extrinsic, but not intrinsic orientation tending to increase both social and democratic system justification. These results extend previous findings on the relationship between religion and the legitimisation of the social system. Possible implications for increasing social fairness in the future, filling the gap between religious precepts and an unconditional acceptance of social order, are also discussed.

The influence of religious orientation on maladaptive perfectionism among perfectionist college students

Several studies have found that religion linked to perfectionism can harm mental health. Conversely, most research found that religion resulted in positive effects on mental health. Therefore, the current study was conducted to better understand this phenomenon by examining religious orientation's influence on maladaptive perfectionism among 82 college students with high levels of perfectionism as indicated by the designated instrument. The data was subject to parametric statistical analysis using Pearson Product-Moment correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that intrinsic religious orientation negatively influences maladaptive perfectionism, while extrinsic religious orientation positively influences maladaptive perfectionism. The study highlights the importance for college students to develop an intrinsic religious orientation to achieve an adaptive perfectionism.

Religious Orientation:An Exploration Towards Self-efficacy

Religion is a powerful force that holds a special and pertinent place in the lives of those who adhere to it. Amyriad of studies have indicated the positive and favourable outcomes associated with religious participation and involvement. The present study was formulated to unravel the relationship of Religious Orientation with Selfefficacy within the Indian context. It was further aimed to determine the dominant religious orientation within the sample. The present study adopted a correlational, cross-sectional research design. The desired sample of 108 young adults falling in the age bracket of 21-25 years in India was obtained by employing convenience sampling. Allport and Ross's Religious Orientation Scale was employed to determine participant's approach to religion, in addition Schwarzer and Jerusalem's General Self-efficacy Scale was also used for data collection. The paired t-test indicated extrinsic religious orientation as dominant within the sample (p < .001). Moreover, no significant correlation was found between religious orientation and self-efficacy. These findings are somewhat consistent with the previous literature and further support the notion that intrinsic orientation is a healthier and mature approach to religion in comparison to extrinsic orientation. It can thus be implied that the sample might have a higher likelihood of developing any psychopathological state due to its extrinsic religious orientation if coupled with other circumstances. The findings can be further used to design interventions which focus on imbibing religion as self-reliant on its own.

Religious Orientation and Religious Internalization in Madrasa and College Students

The research was aimed at examining the relationship between religious orientation (extrinsic,&nbsp; intrinsic and quest religious orientation) with religious internalization (Introjection religious&nbsp; internalization and identification religious internalization). A stratified convenient sample of 200&nbsp; students was selected from different madrasas and colleges of Jhang and Faisalabad. For religious&nbsp; orientation adopted Urdu version of Religious Orientation Scale developed by Francis &amp; Leslie&nbsp; (2007) and for religious internalization adopted Urdu version of Religious Internalization Scale&nbsp; developed by Ryan, Rigby, and King (1993) were used. The extrinsic religious orientation&nbsp; contributed significantly positive with introjection religious internalization and significantly&nbsp; negative with Identification Religious Internalization. Intrinsic religious orientation contributed&nbsp; significantly positive with Identification Religious Internalization and non-significantly negative&nbsp; with Introjection Religious Orientation. Quest Religious Orientation contributed significantly&nbsp; positive with Introjection Religious Internalization and non-significantly positive with&nbsp; identification religious internalization. These two groups namely the madrasa students and college&nbsp; students when compared on these dimensions it was found that college students have significantly&nbsp; higher scores on intrinsic religious orientation, extrinsic religious orientation, quest religious&nbsp; orientation, introjection religious internalization and non-significant differences on identification&nbsp; religious internalization. The findings of the current study are quite new in Pakistan and are&nbsp; important in understanding development of religiosity in the students of two competitive&nbsp; educational systems of madrasa and colleges.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Orientation of religiosity and radicalism: the dynamic of an ex-terrorist’s religiosity

Recognition of the religious motives and orientations of acts of radicalism and terrorism is often preached by mass media. The religious motive in the context of Islamic radicalism is often referred to the term of jihad, it is the act of seeking Allah's blessings or Lillahi ta'ala. The motive or religious orientation in the view of Religious Psychology is called an intrinsic religious orientation, turning religion a goal of action because of religion itself. This is distinguished from the extrinsic religious orientation that makes religion as a tool for obtaining subjective goals. We aim to understand to what extent the consistency of recognition is viewed from the perspective of religious orientation theory. This is because there is often an inconsistency between claimed motives with attitude. To examine more deeply on this issue, we raised the case of the dynamics of the religious orientation of a former terrorist, Yusuf Adirama, who experienced the dynamics and religious orientation changes of a radical and terrorist into a moderate one. This research reveals that in the case of Yusuf Adirama, the meaning of jihad could change over time following his life experience. Jihad, originally interpreted as taking up arms against the enemies of God, has turned into opposing various acts of violence and helping the needy (Dhuafa) who need help, including those caused by terrorism, both for the perpetrator and victim.

The Effects of Religious Orientations on Malevolent Creativity: Role of Positive Emotions and Spiritual Intelligence

ABSTRACT Creativity has long been touted as one of the aspects of human behavior that truly delineates mankind from all other species. However, sometimes people use creativity in negative ways, whereby it is used to reach goals through harming others. Often these malevolent acts are sensationalized in the media. Previous research found that there is a relationship between malevolent creativity and religious beliefs. This research evaluates the effect of two dimensions of religious orientation, intrinsic and extrinsic, on malevolent creativity through the mediating roles of positive emotions and spiritual intelligence. Data were collected from 862 Muslim students from the countries of Iran, Iraq, Yemen, Afghanistan and Syria. In this research, intrinsic religious orientation was found to reduce students’ malevolent creativity while extrinsic religious orientation increased the malevolent creativity. Furthermore, the effect of intrinsic religious orientation on malevolent creativity through spiritual intelligence and positive emotion was negative, whereas this effect for extrinsic religious orientation was positive. Thus, understanding how religious orientation affects malevolent creativity is vital to advancing our understanding of this area of human behavior.

Effects of religious orientation and state secularism on pre-implantation genetic diagnosis

This study aimed to test the associations of religious orientation (extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest) and secularism of state with individuals' attitudes towards the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of embryos. Moreover, we tested the mediating effects of secularism of state on the relationship between religious orientations and attitudes towards this issue related to embryos. Participants were 312 Catholic Italians that completed a questionnaire containing measures of investigated constructs. Results showed that attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis negatively correlated with intrinsic religious orientation and positively with extrinsic religious orientation and secularism. Moreover, results indicated that secularism mediated the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic orientation and attitude towards pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Taking together these results indicate that real endorsement with religion is associated with the refusal of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis because intrinsic religious orientation is related to the desire for state laws to follow religious principles; on the other hand, the use of religion for utilitarian reasons is associated to the acceptance of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis in order to have a religious state and then maintain Catholics’ privileges.

Testing the High-Risk Behavior Model Among the Students Based on Religious Orientation With the Mediation of Fear of Death.

Adolescents are at high-risk for adverse health outcomes associated with high-risk behavior. The present study aimed to test the high-risk behavior model among the students based on religious orientation with the mediation of fear of death. This descriptive correlational study utilized structural equation modeling. The statistical population comprised all senior high school female students in Mashhad. 200 students were selected using cluster random sampling method. Data collection tools included the Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale, Templer Death Anxiety Scale, and Allport and Ross Religious Orientation Scale. The result of a structural equation model suggested that the relationship between religious orientation and high-risk behavior was mediated through fear of death. Furthermore intrinsic religiosity has a negative direct relation with fear of death and high-risk behavior, and extrinsic religious orientation have a positive direct relation with fear of death and high-risk behavior. On this basis, it was concluded that religious orientation influences high-risk behavior indirectly through fear of death.

The relationship between individual differences in religion, religious primes, and the moral foundations

We present evidence for a complex relationship between religiousness and Haidt’s moral foundations, with data from four experiments, measuring 21 different dimensions of personal religiousness and utilizing six different religious primes. The more conservative dimensions of religiousness, such as intrinsic religious orientation and religious attendance, were positively related to binding moral foundations of loyalty, authority, and purity and sometimes related to the individualizing foundation of care. However, other, less conservative dimensions of religiousness, such as quest and extrinsic religious orientations, were unrelated or negatively related to binding foundations. Benevolent God concept was the only religious measure that was positively related to all five moral foundations. We did not find reliable effects of religious primes on endorsement of moral foundations. Results suggest a consistent but complicated relationship between religiousness and moral foundations at a dispositional level.

Religious tolerance among college students: How it’s influenced by religious orientation and personality traits?

Religious tolerance among college students needs to be maintained to create harmonious conditions and peace among the religious community. This study aimed to explore the influence of religious orientations and personality traits on religious tolerance among college students. This study used a quantitative approach and performed a survey method that utilized three measurement tools of psychological scales: the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised, the Personality Scale of Big Five Personality and the Scale of Religious Tolerance. The subjects of this study were 280 students from six universities in Surabaya. The results of the study show that, generally, there is a significant influence of religious orientation and personality traits on religious tolerance among college students. Partially, intrinsic religious orientation has a positive influence on religious tolerance, and on the contrary, the extrinsic religious orientation has a negative influence on religious tolerance. Of the personality traits (Big Five Personality), agreeableness and openness have a positive influence on religious tolerance. Meanwhile, extroversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism do not have a significant influence on religious tolerance. Therefore intrinsic religious orientation and two personality traits - agreeableness and openness - are important to develop religious tolerance among college students. While college student who have extrinsic religious orientation tend to have low religious tolerance.