Extrinsic Motivational Factors Research Articles

Differences in fear of failure and college adjustment by type of medical school entrance extrinsic motivation using a latent profile analysis.

The decision to enroll in medical school is largely influenced by extrinsic motivation factors. It is necessary to explore the factors that affect pre-med students' motivation to enter medical school and their college adjustment, and to develop measures to help them adjust. A total of 407 pre-med students were surveyed regarding their motivation to enter medical school, fear of failure, and college adjustment. We analyzed the latent profiles of extrinsic motivation factors using latent profile analysis. One-way analysis of variance was conducted to examine the differences in fear of failure and adaptation to university life according to the latent groups. After analyzing the latent profiles of entrance motivation, three latent profiles were selected. They were divided into high, medium, and low extrinsic motivation groups. Three profiles scored the highest on job security, followed by good grades and social status. Sophomores were more likely to be high extrinsic motivators than freshmen were. Fear of failure was high in the group with high extrinsic motivation, and adaptation to college life was highest in the group with low extrinsic motivation. Job security was the most important extrinsic motivator for entering medical school, and extrinsic entrance motivation influenced fear of failure and college adjustment. Given the high level of extrinsic motivation among medical students, it is meaningful to analyze the extrinsic motivation profile of entering medical students and how it affects failure motivation and college adjustment.

Teaching English at Tertiary Level: Motivating Students of Technical Study Programs

Student motivation has always concerned foreign language instructors. It has become more topical in recent years, after the introduction of COVID-19 restrictions, and the new global phenomenon known as remote learning. Previously, it has been claimed that teachers should pay greater attention to intrinsic motivation (e.g., curiosity, autonomy, interest in the subject, novelty), as only intrinsically motivated learners are kept motivated throughout the whole course of learning. It has been proven that extrinsic motivational factors (e.g., awards, positive feedback, good marks, pressure from the family) are inadequate to keep learners motivated over a long period. Still, psychologists suggest that both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation must be activated to ensure an efficient learning process. The present research is aimed at investigating the view of the learners of technical study programs on intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors as regards foreign language learning, the interrelation between the teacher’s character, studying environment, classroom management, and family involvement in the studying process and motivation, as well as to investigate the factors that motivate the technical students to learn and kept them motivated in the remote learning setting. The author of this research surveyed 140 students of Riga Technical University of the technical study programs. The results showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are essential for student motivation in the post-pandemic time. However, in a crisis situation, even self-motivated students appear to lose their intrinsic motivation and seek support from families, peers, and teachers to stay motivated. The challenging, entertaining, and engaging tasks, good classroom management, and the application of digital teaching methods are appreciated by students in these times.

Methods and techniques of forming the perceptions and motivation of English teachers

The article explores the dynamic methodologies and strategies used to shape perceptions and enhance motivation among English teachers. Recognizing the crucial role educators play in language acquisition and proficiency, it provides a comprehensive review of innovative methods designed to invigorate and empower these teachers. The study incorporates interdisciplinary perspectives from psychology, pedagogy, and cognitive sciences to examine approaches like positive reinforcement, professional development programs, peer collaboration, and technology integration. It also assesses the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors on teacher efficacy and classroom dynamics. By integrating empirical research and best practices, the article offers valuable insights for educational stakeholders aiming to create a vibrant and engaging learning environment for teachers and students alike.

Motivational Factors and Academic Performance among Learners in Tagoloan District, Misamis Oriental

The Department of Education's main aim is to ensure top-tier education for every Filipino student. This study in Tagoloan District assesses motivational factors and academic performance to support this goal. The study aimed to determine the motivational factors, academic performance, and their relationship among 563 students from three public high schools in Tagoloan District, Misamis Oriental, Philippines, using a descriptive-correlational research design and a questionnaire adapted from Lepper (2005). The study found high levels of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, marked as "True for Me." Academic performance in Filipino, English, Mathematics, Science, and Araling Panlipunan for the 1st and 2nd Quarter was very satisfactory. There was no significant relationship between motivational factors and academic performance, except for intrinsic curiosity and independent mastery. Most participants were internally motivated, yet their external motivators mirrored their intrinsic drives. Teachers should clearly communicate goals and expectations to students for better understanding.

ADAPTASI MSLQ UNTUK KESUKSESAN MAHASISWA: EKSPLORASI FAKTOR MOTIVASI BELAJAR DI FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS BUDI LUHUR

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence Student Learning Motivation. Data collection using online forms with the Census method and the analysis method used is Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with a Research Sample of 238 Students of the Faculty of Economics and Business Class of 2023. Based on the results of this study, 10 factors were obtained that influence student learning motivation, self-confidence factors, self-doubt factors, Intrinsic Motivation, Academic Motivation or Motivation to Learn, Emotions Related to Academic Achievement, Confidence in Academic Ability, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation factors, Self-Confidence in Learning Ability, Knowledge Transfer Confidence. Confidence in Learning Ability. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that there are 10 factors out of 31 indicators that motivate student learning. Factors that influence students' learning motivation are self-confidence factors, self-doubt factors, Intrinsic Motivation, Academic Motivation or Motivation to Learn, Emotions Related to Academic Achievement, Confidence in Academic Ability factors, Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation factors, Self-Confidence in Learning Ability, Confidence Knowledge Transferability. Confidence in Learning Ability.

Examining the moderating effect of host country image on the relationship between tourists’ motivation and their intention to visit mega sporting events in India

This study uses the self-determination theory of motivation to examine the impact of tourists’ motivations on their intention to attend mega sporting events held in a developing nation such as India. The present study utilized partial least square-based structural equation modeling to examine the proposed hypotheses. The data for this study were collected from a sample of 348 international visitors who visited India in January 2023 to attend the fifteenth edition of the Hockey World Cup. The results of this study have validated that the two elements of extrinsic motivation, specifically perceived benefit and perceived risk, exert a substantial influence on visitors’ propensity to visit India. Similarly, the intrinsic travel motivation elements of cultural experience and self-accomplishment are found to positively influence the visit intention of international tourists seeking to partake in the Hockey World Cup in India. On the other hand, the cosmopolitanism dimension of intrinsic drive does not have a statistically significant impact on the intention of these tourists to visit India. This study additionally verified that the perception of a country strongly influences the relationship between extrinsic and intrinsic motivational factors and the tourist’s intention to visit India.

Role of Human Resource Management Value-Added on Financial Performance Efficiency Management: The Mediating Role of Employee Commitment

This study explores the interconnections among transformational leadership, employee motivation, employee commitment, and financial management efficiency in the Central Sulawesi banking sector, Indonesia. It aims to uncover how transformational leadership and employee motivation impact a company's financial management efficiency and assesses the mediating function of employee commitment in this context. The research encompasses a sample of 396 employees drawn from various Central Sulawesi banks, selected via convenient sampling. Inclusion criteria encompassed a minimum one-year tenure at their current organization and direct exposure to their superiors' leadership styles and familiarity with financial management practices. Data collection entailed a self-administered questionnaire comprising four sections. The first segment gathered demographic data, including age, gender, education, job position, and tenure. The second assessed transformational leadership, employing adapted items from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). It scrutinized idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. The third section gauged employee motivation, adapting items from the Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS), covering extrinsic and intrinsic motivation factors. The fourth section measured financial performance efficiency, considering metrics such as stock price, firm innovativeness, and learning orientation. It also assessed employee commitment, comprising affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Responses utilized a Likert-type scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A pilot test ascertained questionnaire clarity and comprehensibility. The findings illuminate the intricate web of factors impacting financial management efficiency, underscoring employee motivation and transformational leadership's pivotal roles, mediated by employee commitment. This study enriches practical and theoretical understanding, offering invaluable insights for leaders, managers, and researchers striving to enhance financial management efficiency and organizational performance.

Employee value proposition: Which factors matter? A Swiss case study on motivational factors

Companies are developing strategies to attract and retain talented workforce in an always more effervescent labor market. The ones that relate to attracting talents are usually referred to as employer branding, and the ones related to retaining talents are usually referred to as employee value propositions. This study aims to investigate the motivational factors in the employee value proposition model and suggest an extension of the common models. A questionnaire was elaborated to check the validity of the hypothetical model. The sample includes a large Swiss financial institution that decided to remain anonymous. 517 employees have provided valid observations; the multivariate analysis conducted under the lenses of structural equation modeling confirms the validity of the hypothetical model. In particular, the study illustrates that extrinsic (salary, benefits, career) and intrinsic (work environment, work purpose, and job strain) motivational factors must be considered in the employee value proposition model. The intrinsic motivational factors contribute slightly more than the extrinsic motivational factors; the salary factor contributes the most among the extrinsic motivation variables, and the working environment factor contributes the most among the intrinsic motivation variables. The elaborated model has practical application for corporations who want to govern their employee value proposition and align their employer branding identity. It extends the theoretical foundations to support further research in this domain.

Prediction of Sustainable Environment Training Towards Knowledge Transfer Through Motivation to Learn

Purpose: In today's organizational phenomenon, the attainment of knowledge enhances the organizations’ success. Hence, the present study examines the prediction of sustainable environment training towards knowledge transfer directly and through motivation to learn. Design/Methodology/ Approach: In this study, the researcher used quantitative methods. In Saudi Arabia, the researcher collected data from different organizational employees such as services, finance, resources, information technology, management services, etc. The study utilized 288 samples to infer the results. Findings: The researcher applied the famous software, i.e. analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 26.0, to conclude the results. The study's outcomes confirmed a significant positive effect of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and motivation to learn on transfer knowledge. Besides, motivation to learn mediates the association between intrinsic motivation and knowledge transfer but does not mediate the connection between extrinsic motivation and knowledge transfer. Research, practical and social implications: The study's outcomes help foster a sustainable environment for training, implying a proactive approach to align education with ecological principles and promoting responsible resource use and conservation. Moreover, integrating knowledge transfer through motivation underscores the importance of cultivating a compelling learning environment and enhancing the effectiveness of educational initiatives by leveraging intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Originality/ value: The anticipation of an enduring learning environment and motivation-based information dissemination can cultivate a cohort endowed with the requisite abilities and mindset to tackle worldwide predicaments and make meaningful contributions towards a more sustainable future.

Impact of Motivation and Temperament in Pre-School and School Setting. A Narrative Review

Motivation and temperament are integral determinants of a child's learning journey and social adaptation in early educational settings. This paper examines how intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence engagement, curiosity, and academic outcomes, while also exploring the diverse temperamental profiles, peer interactions, and propensity for leadership that children exhibit. The unique interplay between motivation and temperament has profound implications for classroom dynamics, peer interactions, and the cultivation of foundational leadership traits. Recognizing and harnessing these influences can optimize individual learning experiences, fostering both academic growth and the development of essential life skills in young learners.

Main factors and causes that are influencing the digital competences of human resources

The integration of digital technologies in public administration is influenced by the digital competences of human resources. The objectives of this research are to identify the main factors and causes that influence human resources’ level of digital competences and to find out the correlations between factors, causes, and digital competences. The survey was conducted within the National Agency of Civil Servants (NACS) responsible for the management of civil servants from the Romanian public administration. 25 variables were selected and grouped in three categories. The main research instruments used were: SPSS and Principal Component Analysis. According to the research results, the main factors influencing digital competences are social factors, extrinsic motivation factors, and administrative and managerial factors. The main causes with a relevant impact on digital competence development are data security and privacy risks, the dynamic of technologies, lack of continuity in ICT integration in organization activities, and excessive bureaucracy. All variables in the model have positive correlations. The results of the research are useful and interesting both for scholars and governmental institutions. The causes, factors, and correlations between them are discussed for the first time in the specialized literature and are raising up the key elements of digital competences that should be taken into account for an efficient digital transformation of public administration.

Differences of motivation profile of public sector employees in Israel depending on age and job seniority

The problem of differences of labour motivation in public sector institutions in Israel is discussed in relation to the age and job seniority of the employees. The motivation structure of public sector employees is presented from the perspective of the 12-factor motivation theory developed by Sh. Ritchi and P. Martin. The concept of labour motivation has been viewed from different perspectives, and key factors of motivation of public sector employees have been allocated. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors of the state service workers have been discussed. Based on the above, this empirical research was conducted among the 585 people aged 18 to 65 working in public institutions in Israel. The structure of the motivation sphere of the employees was studied from the perspective of the 12-factor motivation theory. Statistical analysis shows that there are differences in the level of motivation depending on the employee’s age and job seniority. Intrinsic motivation factors, such as structuring of work, social contacts, diversity and change, and the need for selfimprovement, growth, and development appear to be stronger among older employees. The results contribute to the development of work motivation plans for the employees and help to understand the key factors of public sector employee performance.

NATURE OF TEACHERS MOTIVATION TECHNIQUES ADOPTED BY DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS

Teachers motivation and successful retention of teachers for a longer period is purely depends on the intrinsic, extrinsic and altruistic motivation factors. This research article aims to analyse nature of teachers motivation technique adopted by different categories of schools (based on the ownership pattern) in Coimbatore city. Convenience sampling technique was applied for collection of data from the targeted sample group of teachers i.e., 100 teachers from each category of private schools. Researcher succeed in collecting 390 filled questionnaires. Data analysis indicates that the private trust schools and privately owned educational institution (entrepreneurs) attempts to keep their teachers motivate through provision of right value of monetary benefits (salary and other perks). And this motivation factor slightly varies and lower in the specific community owned schools and the schools that are run by the minority communities. At the next level, with slight differences in the percentage values, it was observed that all categories of school aim to reduce the stress level of teachers and ensure that they work in a relaxed environment. At the third level all schools functioning in Coimbatore city ensure that their school has pleasant environment and enough equipped in terms of infrastructure. The private schools functioning in Coimbatore city are suggested to focus on offering the teachers training cum upskilling opportunities, that not only support them to offer their service effortlessly cum effectively, it also supports them to plan for their career progress and move-upward in their career. All categories of the private school managements are suggested to be fairness and be approachable to the teachers. KEY WORDS: Private Schools, Teachers, Motivation, Retention

High School Student and Caregiver Preferred Communication Method Regarding School Meals: A Qualitative Approach.

This study examined student and caregiver preference for school communication and explored the feasibility and acceptability of a digital tool to assist with communication about school meal program between schools and families. The study used qualitative methodology through youth focus groups and caregiver semi-structured phone interviews. The study was conducted in 4 high schools in a large, urban city. The phenomenon of interest included the exploration of preferences regarding communication around school meal programs and feasibility and acceptability of a digital tool for communication and promoting the ordering of healthful foods in the school environment. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed through NVivo qualitative software using thematic analysis approach to examine themes. Forty-seven students (ages 14-21, grades 9-12) participated in 7 focus groups and 24 caregivers participated in semi-structured phone interviews. Three themes emerged around (1) communication preferences, (2) accessibility, and (3) extrinsic motivational factors for engagement in healthy eating behaviors. Results indicated that communication methods could potentially influence motivation and engagement in youth school meal participation.

Attitude Towards Knowledge Sharing as a Mediator in Understanding the Impact of Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Other Motivations, and OCB on the Performance of Police Officers

Leaders are crucial in influencing members' motivation and improving organizational performance. In the National Police, member performance is vital to maintaining public trust. Motivations such as expected corporate rewards and satisfaction in knowledge sharing can influence knowledge-sharing behavior. Other factors, including confidence, leadership, and information technology, affect members' knowledge-sharing abilities. Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) reflects members' commitment and positive contribution to the organization and is closely related to motivation and knowledge sharing. Therefore, improving performance through motivation, knowledge sharing, and OCB is crucial in the National Police, which upholds public security and order. This study investigates the role of attitude towards knowledge sharing in linking motivation, OCB, and Polri members' performance in Southeast Sulawesi. By doing so, we hope to improve the service and image of the National Police. The literature review includes the Knowledge-Based View (KBV), which stresses the importance of knowledge in creating a competitive advantage. The Social Exchange Theory (SET) views employee behaviors as the result of social exchange and knowledge sharing.Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation are central to knowledge-sharing behavior, whereas OCB includes voluntary behavior that supports organizations. The research was conducted at the Regional Police Office of Southeast Sulawesi Province, involving members of the National Police. The study lasted for four months, with a sample of 338 people. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The results of data analysis using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method show that extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and other motivational factors influence knowledge-sharing attitudes in organizations. Organizational civic behavior also affects knowledge-sharing attitudes. The relationship between Motivation, OCB, and performance of members of the National Police is not direct, but instead through the mediation of knowledge-sharing attitudes. Therefore, knowledge-sharing is a crucial factor linking motivation and behavior with significant performance outcomes in the context of the National Police, supporting the effectiveness of such organizations in maintaining public security and order.

Exploring Motivation in Organizational Behavior: A Review

This review explores the multifaceted field of motivation within organizational behavior by synthesizing insights from some research. The research is founded on an extensive literature review encompassing various studies that address motivation-related issues within organizational behavior. Spanning foundational theories to contemporary paradigms, the review delves into intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, justice perceptions, emotional influences, and the interplay of creativity. It highlights the evolution of motivational theories, ranging from Adams' equity theory to modern constructs like self-determination theory and goal-setting theory, emphasizing the dual nature of motivation. Justice perceptions emerge as crucial influencers of behavior, while transformational leadership behaviors amplify motivation, job satisfaction, and commitment. The relationship of emotions adds another layer, where positive affect enhances expectancy and motivation. The temporal dynamics of motivation and its creative potential are also explored. The review culminates in a nuanced understanding of motivation's essence, guiding organizations toward fostering engagement and productivity. It serves as a foundation for further exploration, reflecting the intricate variety of motivational factors that influence organizational behavior.

Building Motivation for Learning Indonesian Language: Psychological and Social Strategies

Acquiring proficiency in Indonesian involves diverse psychological and social elements shaping learners' motivation. This abstract examines strategies to enhance motivation for Indonesian language acquisition, drawing from psychological and social insights. Understanding these strategies is pivotal for educators and learners to optimize language learning outcomes. This study adopts a mixed-method approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses. Data collection includes surveys identifying intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors impacting Indonesian language learning, alongside in-depth interviews to delve into students' motivational experiences. Quantitative analysis involves descriptive and regression statistical techniques to reveal relationships between motivational factors and language proficiency. Qualitative analysis employs coding and thematic processes to uncover motivational patterns from interviews. Results highlight intrinsic factors like personal interest and satisfaction as key in sustaining motivation. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors such as recognition also influence motivation significantly. These findings stress the importance of a holistic approach to motivation in language learning. Implications underscore educators' need to address both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in designing effective learning strategies. Utilizing a comprehensive psychological and social framework, educators can create supportive environments fostering higher Indonesian language proficiency. This can positively impact academic performance and personal growth.

The Influence of Extrinsic Motivation, Affective Commitment, and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance During COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective – The purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis of the interrelationships by testing hypotheses regarding the positive and significant impact of extrinsic motivation factors, affective commitment, and job satisfaction on the performance of employees at SMK PGRI 109 Tangerang, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Methodology/approach – The method used in this research is a quantitative causal approach. A total of 78 individual employees participated as respondents in this study, and the sample was drawn from the entire population. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SmartPLS 3.2.9 software. Findings – The results of this research indicate that there is a strong and significant relationship between extrinsic motivation, affective commitment, job satisfaction, and employee performance at SMK PGRI 109 Tangerang. These findings are proven to be applicable both partially and comprehensively across all tested paths. Therefore, the hypotheses regarding the positive and significant influence of these three factors on employee performance can be accepted. Novelty/value – The findings provide deeper insights into the factors influencing employee performance, namely extrinsic motivation, affective commitment, and job satisfaction. With a better understanding of this relationship, management has the opportunity to design strategies aimed at enhancing employee performance through increasing extrinsic motivation, affective commitment, and job satisfaction. Moreover, this research also contributes novel insights to the literature on the relationships among the mentioned factors.

Adaptive Gamification in Science Education: An Analysis of the Impact of Implementation and Adapted Game Elements on Students’ Motivation

In recent years, gamification has captured the attention of researchers and educators, particularly in science education, where students often express negative emotions. Gamification methods aim to motivate learners to participate in learning by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. However, the effectiveness of gamification has yielded varying outcomes, prompting researchers to explore adaptive gamification as an alternative approach. Nevertheless, there needs to be more research on adaptive gamification approaches, particularly concerning motivation, which is the primary objective of gamification. In this study, we developed and tested an adaptive gamification environment based on specific motivational and psychological frameworks. This environment incorporated adaptive criteria, learning strategies, gaming elements, and all crucial aspects of science education for six classes of third-grade students in primary school. We employed a quantitative approach to gain insights into the motivational impact on students and their perception of the adaptive gamification application. We aimed to understand how each game element experienced by students influenced their motivation. Based on our findings, students were more motivated to learn science when using an adaptive gamification environment. Additionally, the adaptation process was largely successful, as students generally liked the game elements integrated into their lessons, indicating the effectiveness of the multidimensional framework employed in enhancing students’ experiences and engagement.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Frederick Herzberg’s Two-Factor Motivation Theories: Implications for Organizational Performance

Motivation is an essential component in the enhancement of organizational performance. Motivation theories have emerged over time toward providing insight into the importance of motivation in achieving organizational success. The paper embarks on a comparative study of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor motivation theories to ascertain any relationship and implications for organizational performance. The study relied on qualitative data collected from scholarly articles whereby they were analyzed using the case study approach and expounded thematically. The study bares a correlation between Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two-factor motivation theories, in which they provided overlapping models on the structure of needs that represents both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The implication of the theories has shown that individual needs differ and that the blend of both the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors, as shown by both theories, cannot be isolated, as the regular application of both factors would produce robust employees energized for higher performance. It is concluded that the success of any organization is pivot not only on the capacity of a manager to organize and coordinate material resources, but also to recognize the divergence of the needs of individuals and develop approaches to satisfy them.