Extrinsic Attributes Research Articles

Reflecting on the Journeys of Women in Higher Education Leadership: A Case Study in South Africa

Indra Nooyi (2021, p. 273/4), former Chairperson and CEO, PepsiCo, wrote in her biography on why she accepted as many invitations as possible to conferences in support of and to advance women: “These events are important for keeping society’s inequities in the spotlight and for supporting women as they manoeuvre in tough careers. But they do more than that. They build our sisterhood. Women share. We gain resolve when we hear others’ stories and meet people who sympathize with our struggles”. This paper shares the stories of four women who have achieved the highest levels of leadership in South Africa’s public universities. The sharing the journeys and experiences of two deputy vice-chancellors and two vice-chancellors, pick up on themes that echo through time, in supporting and advancing equity in and towards leadership. In a society where patriarchy still dominates and holds a violent, oppressive grip over women and girl-children, women’s stories of struggle and achievement need to be told. In their navigation and victories over their own challenges, these women become the role models for young women and girl-children. Their achievements affirm women, their resilience and strength. Their determination and courage in taking up apex positions in universities, affirm women as equal members of society, debunking patriarchal notions of gendered roles and spaces. The paper highlights their lessons learnt, and contributes to the body of knowledge on the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes and drivers that women develop and adopt on these journeys.

Extrinsic attributes that drive consumer purchase of block mozzarella

Consumer demand for cheese continues to increase with mozzarella being one of the primary cheeses in the US The objective of this study was to understand the impact of extrinsic attributes on consumer desires for block mozzarella cheese. An online survey was conducted with mozzarella consumers (n = 437). Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint (ACBC) and Kano modeling were utilized to determine the importance of attributes applicable to block mozzarella. Maximum Difference (MXD) scaling was applied to further quantify the appeal of 23 label claims/messages. Subsequently, 2.5-h immersive qualitative focus groups were conducted (n = 28 consumers) that included mozzarella usage occasion discussion, naming identification, block mozzarella sorting, label discussion, and group tasting. Survey data were evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistics. The ideal block mozzarella for consumers was made from whole milk, had a firm texture/shreds well, block/bar shape, with a resealable package and farmer owned labeling. Milkfat amount and label claims were the most important attributes (P < 0.05) across all consumers from conjoint analysis. Consumers found "produced without added hormones," "made with milk from our pasture-raised cows," and "made locally" to be the most appealing label claims. Consumer segmentation identified a Natural Cluster (n = 243) which assigned high utility to claims such as "all natural" and "organic" while the Flavor Cluster (n = 194) assigned high utility to "established business for more than 75 years" and "#1 in Italy." Melt was a must-have attribute for mozzarella consumers while easy to shred and slice was a performance attribute. Block mozzarella is generally a price-driven product, except for special occasions where consumers seek out block mozzarella that they perceive to be of higher quality.

Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Attributes of Sustainability, Origin and Production Process in Raicilla

In recent years, consumer concern about the origin, process and environmental impact of food and beverages has increased significantly, due to sustainability and food safety issues. However, studies of consumers’ willingness to pay for these types of attributes in traditional agave distillates are scarce. In this article, a discrete choice experiment was carried out on a sample of Mexican Raicilla consumers (n = 300) to estimate their willingness to pay for attributes such as ecolabels, protections of origin and the production process; the analysis was performed using a mixed logit model. The results showed that consumers are willing to pay a higher price for a Raicilla that contains on the label the region of origin, the production process (ancestral or artisanal), that has some legal-economic protection, such as geographical indication or designation of origin, and certifications in water management and organic production. The methodology of discrete choice experiments made it possible to jointly evaluate the extrinsic attributes in the willingness to pay for a traditional agave distillate, allowing its influence on the decision to purchase to be determined.

Segmentation of Chinese consumer preference for wine extrinsic attributes based on stratification and weighted clustering algorithm

Chinese consumers are unfamiliar with the sensory attributes of wine and often pay more attention to the extrinsic attributes of wine that can most directly present information. Therefore, it is crucial to study consumer preferences for extrinsic attributes. This paper proposes a consumer segmentation method based on stratification and weighted clustering algorithm, leveraging data from an anonymous online survey (N = 3179). The AFR model is constructed based on the RFM model to segment wine consumers from the perspective of customer value. This model removes Monetary indicator and adds a new indicator Amount to eliminate multicollinearity caused by the Frequency and Monetary indicators of RFM model. In addition, factor analysis is used to assign weights to clustering indicators, addressing the problems of unequal weighting and strong correlation among the indicators. This allows for a simple, efficient, and precise segmentation of wine consumers at different levels. The method proposed in this article segments consumers into two layers and six categories: the potential layer includes product-oriented type, amorphous type, and cheap-fine type, while the mature layer comprises the rational type, reputation-price type and random type. This research will provide wine producers and distributors with a simple and efficient basis for production and marketing decision-making. Additionally, it can serve as a reference for consumer segmentation in food and other fields.

Packaging, perception, and acceptability: a comprehensive exploration of extrinsic attributes and consumer behaviours in novel food product systems

SummaryIn today's global markets, the constant arrival of new products represents a challenge for the food industry to offer distinct choices to consumers, primarily due to the parallel sensory attributes and pricing structures of the available food options. Innovators must employ methodologies beyond traditional sensory analysis to ensure the product's success. Researchers must, therefore, explore the entire product experience to understand its influence on consumer behaviours. Food choices are multifaceted, influenced by various factors, including individual physiological and psychological characteristics and intrinsic and extrinsic product attributes. As a result, consumers' decisions are shaped by the multisensory information derived from products they encounter in supermarkets. This review aims to comprehensively examine the factors influencing consumer food choices, from initial product encounters to consumption. The review explores the impact of repetitive tasting on the consumer's attitudes and intentions towards novel products. Additionally, the review investigates which extrinsic attributes capture consumer attention in supermarket settings. It also delves into the effects of extrinsic product attributes on both explicit and implicit emotions and expectations raised about the sensory properties of the product and, ultimately, their purchasing behaviours.

Think and Choose! The Dual Impact of Label Information and Consumer Attitudes on the Choice of a Plant-Based Analog.

This study explored the impact of various label information (extrinsic attributes) and sociodemographic and attitudinal factors (intrinsic attributes) on Brazilian consumer choices, using simulated traditional and plant-based muçarela cheese as the model product. The research was conducted in two phases: the first involved a structured questionnaire assessing attitudinal dimensions such as Health Consciousness, Climate Change, Plant-based Diets, and Food Neophobia, along with sociodemographic data collection. The second phase comprised a discrete choice experiment with (n = 52) and without (n = 509) eye tracking. The term "Cheese" on labels increased choice probability by 7.6% in a general survey and 15.1% in an eye tracking study. A prolonged gaze at "Cheese" did not affect choice, while more views of "Plant-based product" slightly raised choice likelihood by 2.5%. Repeatedly revisiting these terms reduced the choice probability by 3.7% for "Cheese" and 1% for "Plant-based product". Nutritional claims like "Source of Vitamins B6 and B12" and "Source of Proteins and Calcium" boosted choice probabilities by 4.97% and 5.69% in the general and 8.4% and 6.9% in the eye-tracking experiment, respectively. Conversely, front-of-package labeling indicating high undesirable nutrient content decreased choice by 13% for magnifying presentations and 15.6% for text. In a plant-based subsample, higher environmental concerns and openness to plant-based diets increased choice probabilities by 5.31% and 5.1%, respectively. These results highlight the complex dynamics between label information, consumer understanding, and decision-making.

VISAtlas: An Image-Based Exploration and Query System for Large Visualization Collections via Neural Image Embedding.

High-quality visualization collections are beneficial for a variety of applications including visualization reference and data-driven visualization design. The visualization community has created many visualization collections, and developed interactive exploration systems for the collections. However, the systems are mainly based on extrinsic attributes like authors and publication years, whilst neglect intrinsic property (i.e., visual appearance) of visualizations, hindering visual comparison and query of visualization designs. This paper presents VISAtlas, an image-based approach empowered by neural image embedding, to facilitate exploration and query for visualization collections. To improve embedding accuracy, we create a comprehensive collection of synthetic and real-world visualizations, and use it to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) model with a triplet loss for taxonomical classification of visualizations. Next, we design a coordinated multiple view (CMV) system that enables multi-perspective exploration and design retrieval based on visualization embeddings. Specifically, we design a novel embedding overview that leverages contextual layout framework to preserve the context of the embedding vectors with the associated visualization taxonomies, and density plot and sampling techniques to address the overdrawing problem. We demonstrate in three case studies and one user study the effectiveness of VISAtlas in supporting comparative analysis of visualization collections, exploration of composite visualizations, and image-based retrieval of visualization designs. The studies reveal that real-world visualization collections (e.g., Beagle and VIS30K) better accord with the richness and diversity of visualization designs than synthetic collections (e.g., Data2Vis), inspiring composite visualizations are identified in real-world collections, and distinct design patterns exist in visualizations from different sources.

Understanding the Influence of Perceived Authenticity of Femvertising on Consumer Buycott Intentions: A Moderated Mediation Model of Consumers’ Extrinsic Attributions and Power Distance

Building on attribution theory, the study proposes that consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising mediates the relationship between perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ buycott intention. Furthermore, the study theoretically proposes that power distance as a cultural norms moderates the direct perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising. Finally the study contends power distance also moderates the indirect relationship between perceived authenticity of femvertising and consumers’ buycott intention via consumers’ extrinsic attributions towards femvertising. Using data collected from the 413 consumers and analysing using structural equation modelling in Mplus (8.9), the results reveals that all the hypothesized relationship were supported. In so doing the study contributes to the nascent yet growing literature on femvertising as well as offer novel practical insights for the managers and organizations.

Exploring the holistic nature of a multi-level retail brand: a scoping review

PurposeGiven that existing retail brand research tends to treat each level of a retail brand as a separate concept, this paper aims to unveil the holistic nature of a multi-level retail brand, considering the distinctiveness of each level and the interrelationships between the images of different levels.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a scoping review approach that includes 478 retail brand articles. Subsequently, a thematic analysis method is applied.FindingsThe brand attributes that shape the distinct image of each retail brand level encompass diverse intrinsic and extrinsic attributes. Moreover, the holistic nature of a multi-level retail brand is formed by the interrelationships between the images of different levels, which are reflected in the presence of common extrinsic attributes and their interplay at attribute, benefit and attitude levels.Originality/valueTheoretically, this review provides conceptual clarity by unveiling the multi-level yet holistic nature of a retail brand, helping researchers refine and extend existing theories in retail branding, while also providing new research opportunities in this field. Practically, the findings could guide retailers in implementing differentiated branding strategies at each level while achieving synergy across all levels.

The Effect of Extrinsic Characteristics of Live Streaming e-commerce on Customer Engagement Behavior: User Stickiness as a Mediating Variable

Nowadays, live streaming e-commerce is in the trend of emergence, analyzing the impact of live e-commerce extrinsic characteristics on consumers is of great significance, providing practical guidance for the direction that live e-commerce development needs to focus on. This study used the SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) framework to develop a theoretical model for investigating the impact of live streaming e-commerce's extrinsic attributes on customer engagement behavior，with user stickiness as a mediating variable. We collected data by using the questionnaire, analyzed it with SPSS software, and employed the Bootstrap sampling method. The empirical results showed that anchor, product, platform, community and user stickiness have a significant positive impact on customer engagement behavior, among which community factors have the most significant impact on customer engagement behavior. At the same time, user stickiness can act as a mediator between the extrinsic characteristics of live streaming and customer engagement behavior. Finally, this paper put forward opinions such as tapping the role of community opinion leaders.

Real Estate Industry Sustainable Solution (Environmental, Social, and Governance) Significance Assessment—AI-Powered Algorithm Implementation

As the global imperative for sustainable development intensifies, the real estate industry stands at the intersection of environmental responsibility and economic viability. This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the significance of sustainable solutions within the real estate sector, employing advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms to assess their impact. This study focuses on the integration of AI-powered tools in a decision-making process analysis. The research methodology involves the development and implementation of AI algorithms capable of analyzing vast datasets related to real estate attributes. By leveraging machine learning techniques, the algorithm assesses the significance of energy efficiency solutions along with other intrinsic and extrinsic attributes. This paper examines the effectiveness of these solutions in relation to the influence on property prices with a framework based on an AI-driven algorithm. The findings aim to inform real estate professionals and investors about the tangible advantages of integrating AI technologies into sustainable solutions, promoting a more informed and responsible approach to industry practices. This research contributes to the growing interest in the connection of the real estate sector, sustainability, and AI, offering insights that can guide strategic decision making. By implementing the random forest method in the real estate feature significance assessment original methodology, it has been shown that AI-powered algorithms can be a useful tool from the perspective of real estate price prediction. The methodology’s ability to handle non-linear relationships and provide insights into feature importance proved advantageous in comparison to the multiple regression analysis.

Determining consumers’ willingness to pay in view of extrinsic attributes of Erzurum Stuffed-Kadayif with Protected Geographical Indication

The aim of the study is to determine consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) in view of the brand types and food retailers simulations from the product profiles based on the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif profiles with Protected Geographical Indication, and then to create the marketing strategies for each consumer segment. In order to reach to these goals, the main material composed of the primary data obtained from consumers consuming Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif in Erzurum Province. Based on the data, k-means cluster analysis was firstly used to segment heterogeneous consumer masses according to their consumption frequencies, and choice-based CA model was secondly applied to calculate the total utilities for each consumer segment and then to measure consumers’ WTP for Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif profile simulations. The results of the study highlighted that the light and heavy users’ WTPs with higher premium prices for the local brands and manufacturer outlets calculated as 48.0% and 28.2%, and 40.8% and 26.5% respectively, but the medium users’ WTPs with high premium prices for each product attribute found as 14.5%. Focused on such consumer-oriented attitudes, the market actors should position Erzurum Stuffed-kadayif with local retailer brands sold from the higher premium prices at the manufacturer stores for the light and heavy users, but it should be implemented the product differentiation strategies under the intrinsic and extrinsic food attributes for the medium users.

The Role of Extrinsic Attributes on Product Performance: Perspective of Bangladesh

The Role of Extrinsic Attributes on Product Performance: Perspective of Bangladesh

Kelp Wanted?! Understanding the Drivers of US Consumers’ Willingness to Buy and Their Willingness to Pay a Price Premium for Sea Vegetables

Lifestyle changes towards sustainable and healthy diets have given rise to superfoods. Sea vegetables, which are otherwise known as edible seaweeds fall in the category of superfoods and are perceived as sustainable and ethical food options. The present study is dedicated to US consumers’ willingness to buy and their willingness to pay a price premium for sea vegetables, providing insights and best-practice recommendations for marketing managers in the US food retail and gastronomy. An online consumer survey was distributed to explore predictors explaining willingness to buy and pay a price premium. Food engagement, food attributes, consumer knowledge, and health importance were the investigated predictors covered in the survey. Descriptive statistics and partial least square structural equation modelling were used to analyze the data. Food engagement and sea vegetable intrinsic and extrinsic attributes were identified as the strongest predictors for both willingness to buy and to pay a price premium. In contrast, health importance only influenced willingness to buy, and consumer knowledge only influenced willingness to pay a price premium. By focusing on the forms of consumer behavior with high commitment and exploring and validating the factors driving these consumers’ behaviors, the study fills an important research gap.

Impact of animal origin of milk, processing technology, type of product, and price on the Boursin cheese choice process: Insights of a discrete choice experiment and eye tracking.

Boursin is a versatile semisoft cheese that can be made with different types of milk. While widely distributed in the European and North American markets, Boursin is produced to a limited extent in Brazil despite its commercial potential. This scenario encourages consumer-oriented product development studies by facilitating data collection with less bias and fewer product preconceptions, thus favoring the investigation of technological aspects of commercial interest. This study evaluates Brazilians' perceptions regarding different versions of Boursin cheese, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the factors related to choosing cheese. Four attributes related to cheese production were evaluated at three different levels using two discrete choice experiments: one with eye tracking (n=20) and another without (n=312). These attributes included "type of processing" (evaluating pasteurization, ohmic heating, and preparation with raw milk), "animal origin of milk" (cow, goat, or buffalo milk), "type of product" (traditional, light, and lactose-free versions), and "price" (10.99, 13.99, and 16.99 BRL). Information regarding processing with ohmic heating did not affect the probability of Boursin being chosen, suggesting that consumers are open to using this emerging technology in Boursin cheese. However, information on being made with goat, buffalo, and raw milk negatively impacted the probability of choice, along with the price of 16.99 BRL. The frequency of cheese consumption and the level of health concerns also affected the probability of choosing the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Identifying the relationship between extrinsic attributes presented on the Boursin cheese label and the consumer's choice process can aid the communication process with the target audience and reveal how some technological issues of interest to manufacturers are perceived. This study indicates how information regarding the animal origin of the milk (cow, goat, and buffalo), the type of processing (pasteurization, ohmic heating, and raw milk), the version of the product (traditional, light, and lactose-free), and the price affect the consumer choice process. The results provide insights that can be applied to product processing and designing labels.

Importance of the origin, organic production and other extrinsic parameters in fruit and vegetable choices.

The aims of the present work were to evaluate consumers' perceptions and purchasing habits in relation to fruit and vegetables and to determine the importance of the production type, price and geographical origin of such products for consumers' purchasing decisions. For this purpose, an online consumer survey was conducted to determine Spanish people's opinions and consumption habits in relation to fruit and vegetables, especially those from organic farming. The survey also included a part to assess the importance that consumers attach to different extrinsic attributes in oranges and avocado pears (with a conjoint analysis), and a section to determine the participants' ethnocentrism. Consumers agree that organic food respects the environment more, contains fewer 'chemicals' and is more natural. Price is the first reason why many people do not buy organic food, followed by them thinking that they do not offer any added value and they are difficult to find. For the Spanish population, country of origin, local production, seasonality and price are much more important attributes for purchasing fruit and vegetables than them being organic. This study reflects a relatively high ethnocentrism level of the surveyed population, especially in older individuals. Given consumer preference for km 0/local and seasonal products, and the importance of these parameters for the environment, promoting the market of such products would help to achieve some Sustainable Development Goals. This study offers a vision of the trends of Spanish consumers in relation to fruit and vegetable preferences, which can help producers and distributors to design new strategies that focus on meeting consumer demands.

Psychosocial drivers influencing local food purchasing: beyond availability, the importance of trust in farmers.

Although consumers bought more local food during the changing context of pandemic COVID -19, this positive modification may not become a stable habit afterward. To understand this change in drivers of consumers' intention to buy local food, we investigated the role of perceptions of various intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of local food, its perceived quality, price and availability, and consumers' trust in local food producers. We also investigated the role of sociodemographic variables as well as the moderating role of consumers' stage of change (i.e., absence, reduction, maintenance, and increase) in the purchase of local food. Structural equation modeling results on a representative sample of Italian consumers (N = 511) showed that local food availability is the main driver of purchase intention (β = 0.20; p = 0.001), especially among consumers who have changed their habits toward buying local food (reduction stage = β = 0.24; increase stage = 0.30; p = 0.001). In addition, trust in local food producers was found to be a key antecedent to consumers' perceptions of local food as environmentally friendly (β = 0.57; p = 0.001), healthy (β = 0.55; p = 0.001), authentic (β = 0.58; p = 0.001), tasty (β = 0.52; p = 0.001), socially sustainable (β = 0.59; p = 0.001), and as a product with a good appearance (β = 0.55; p = 0.001). Overall, these results improve our understanding of which food attributes should be emphasized in communication to promote the purchase of local food.

Consumers' preferences for processed meat: a best–worst scaling approach in three European countries

Processed meat products are a staple part of the typical European diet. Product packaging can include a considerable amount of information and, with other intrinsic and extrinsic attributes, substantially influence consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions. This study investigates 14 product attributes of processed meat products using a cross-country analysis. Based on an online survey conducted in Hungary (n = 410), Italy (n = 268), and Serbia (n = 402), an object-case best–worst scaling approach was applied. Results reveal both international and country-specific characteristics of preferences. Best-Worst scores reveal that taste and best-before date are among the most significant considerations in all three countries, while brand is among the attributes considered least important. Comparisons indicate significant differences according to country and socioeconomic characteristics. The study provides managerial implications.

Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for dried traditional mangos from Kitui – A marketing analysis for Kenya and Germany

The Kenyan mango value chain faces high post-harvest losses due to poor market access alongside a lack of storage technologies and processing facilities. Thus, using fruit processing methods, like solar drying, can enhance shelf life and help smallholder farmers access new markets, diversifying income and livelihoods. Nonetheless, the processing of both indigenous and grafted mango fruits is not a very common practice. This study was conducted to support product development targeting processing and marketing to link farmers to both local and export markets. Four independent consumer testing and sensory evaluation rounds on Kitui’s dried mango flakes were conducted in Germany and Kenya. Data were collected via a group tasting by 31 randomly selected participants and an online questionnaire of 304 randomly selected participants. All participants were given samples of different varieties of dried mango flakes with and without additives. Results show that high-quality mango cultivars, like Ngowe, receive high hedonic scores without any additives (honey, sodium metabisulfite, or ascorbic acid). Some varieties positively respond to the treatments and achieve higher scores, e.g., Van Dyke or the indigenous variety Kikamba. The consumers testing in Germany show that extrinsic attributes, such as organic production, fair trade, cooperative, and sustainable labelled flakes open up new opportunities for farmers who aim for the export market. Against findings derived from German panellists, in Kenya, consumers do not show a higher willingness to pay despite having a positive attitude toward sustainability. Thus, the local market should focus on cost-reduction strategies rather than introducing standardisation.

Consumers’ Preference and Future Consideration Toward Organic Instant Noodles: Evidence from Indonesia

The consumption of instant noodles in Indonesia is the second highest globally. However, people are now more aware of sustainable lifestyles and the health risks of consuming food additives, so some opt for more organic choices, including instant noodles. Research on customers’ preferences in this area remains lacking, so the current study aims to fill the gap. This study also analyses the relationship between the choices and consumers’ future considerations. Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) method was used to reveal the perception of sustainable attributes in organic instant noodles. The future considerations were measured using the Future Consequences Consideration (FCC) scale. As many as 592 respondents participated in the study, selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were analyzed using conditional logit via package support.CEs on R software. The findings show that Indonesian consumers’ preferences are primarily based on the extrinsic attributes: organic labels and packaging materials, but they also consider the health claims. They will likely prefer instant noodles with organic characteristics for future considerations. The results of this study have implications for instant noodle product development. Young consumers take up a large portion of the market, and they are now more aware of sustainability and health. The current study can inform the product development and the approach to the targeted market. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on consumer perception on sustainability attributes in organic instant noodles.