Extreme Southeastern Part Research Articles

Geomorphology, Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Mesopotamian Plain, Iraq: A Critical Review

The Mesopotamian Plain is part of the Mesopotamia which extends for vast area bigger than the plain. The plain is almost flat and vast lowland, which has clearly defined physiographic boundaries with the other surrounding physiographic provinces. The plain is a huge accumulation geomorphologic unit, where the fluvial, lacustrine, and the Aeolian landforms prevail; the fluvial units being the abundant among others. However, estuarine and marine forms also are developed, but restricted to the extreme southeastern reaches of the plain. The Mesopotamian Plain is covered totally by Quaternary sediments among which the fluvial origin is the most prevailing and more specifically the flood plain sediments. The flood plain sediments are the Holocene in age, whereas the Pleistocene sediments are restricted to alluvial fan sediments and river terraces. The flood plain sediments cover majority of the Mesopotamian Plain, whereas the alluvial sediments are restricted to the northern–eastern, western and southern peripheral parts only. Different geomorphological features indicate the Neotectonic activity in the plain, such as migrations of rivers due to growing of subsurface anticlines. The extreme southeastern part is covered by the tidal flat and sabkha sediments. Marshes and shallow depressions are also covered by the Holocene sediments which are contaminated by the Aeolian sediments. Mesopotamian Plain is a part of the Mesopotamian Foredeep which is a part of the Zagros Foreland Basin including the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. It is large continuously subsiding basin since the Upper Miocene (11.62 Ma). The plain shows no structural features on the surface, except the main fault escarpment representing the part of Abu Jir Active Fault Zone. However, the rolling topography, in the northern parts of the plain indicates subsurface anticlines that are still growing up, such as Balad, Samarra, Tikrit and Baiji anticlines indicating the Neotectonic activity. Moreover, many buried subsurface anticlines are present in different parts of the plain. All of them are growing anticlines and have caused continuous shift to Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their distributaries indicating the Neotectonic activities. The minimum and maximum subsidence amounts in the plain since the Upper Miocene are zero and –2500 m, respectively.

First record of Sphecodina caudata (Bremer & Grey, 1852) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) from Amur Oblast, with an overview of its distribution in Russia

Hawk moth Sphecodina caudata (Bremer et Grey, 1853) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) is recorded for the Amurskaya Oblast for the first time. The new locality is situated in the extreme southeastern part of this region (3 km W Kundur village, Khingan Nature Reserve), in 308 – 420 km north-west of previously known habitats in the south of the Khabarovsk Krai. Overwiew of the distribution of S. caudata in Russia is provided.

Detailed ground radiometric surveys on Gabal El Sela, Southeastern Desert, Egypt

Gabal El Sela area lies in the extreme southeastern part of the eastern desert in Egypt. It is covered by basement rocks of different compositions. The detailed work in this area covers about 4 km2 and it is represented mainly by coarse younger granite as a curved shape extended in NE–SW direction and dissected by many faults in various trends; some of them are invaded by dykes especially the lamprophyre dykes in the ENE–WSW trend. Detailed geological, structural, and radiometric investigations are carried out on the area. The radiometric data are statistically analyzed and the results show that the total count radiometric map reflects six separate anomalies. The field work revealed that four anomalies are related to lamprophyre dykes, the other two anomalies are structurally controlled by NE–SW and E–W faults. These anomalies are followed by some trenches which traced and measured in detail exhibiting the possible extension of these anomalies with depth. These measurements show that lamprophyre dyke has the highest reading of radioactivity, it reaches 270 Ur in the surface and to 6,300 in the trenches. While the granite of the sela area is considered possesses high level of radioactivity, where its radioactivity ranges from 19.9 to 81 Ur with an average of about 32 Ur.

Geological evolution of the Iraqi Mesopotamia Foredeep, inner platform and near surroundings of the Arabian Plate

Geological evolution of the Iraqi Mesopotamia Foredeep, inner platform and near surroundings of the Arabian Plate

Reptilia, Amphisbaenidae, Monopeltis schoutedeni de Witte, 1933: first record from Gabon, with an updated key to Gabonese worm lizards

The amphisbaenian Monopeltis schoutedeni is reported for the first time from Gabon based on a single individual from the extreme southeastern part of the country. The species was formerly known only from the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is the 4th amphisbaenian and the 123rd reptile species recorded from Gabon. An identification key to Gabon amphisbaenians is provided.

Seasonal variation in body mass and fat of Zebra Finches in south-eastern Australia

In order to detect seasonal acclimatisation on body mass and fat reserves, patterns in mean monthly dawn body mass and body fat were investigated in a population of Zebra Finches, Taeniopygia guttata, for 17 months in the extreme south-eastern part of their distribution. Mass and fat were lowest in the cold (non-breeding) months and highest in the warmer (breeding) months, resulting in a maximum annual amplitude in body mass of 8% in males and 14% in females. Both sexes increased in body mass and fat at the onset of the breeding season, but there were no significant sex differences. The pattern of winter ‘slimming’ and summer ‘fattening’ in Zebra Finches stands in striking contrast to that of small, non-migrant, Northern Hemisphere passerines that make substantial mass increases in winter, rather than summer. However, our findings are consistent with studies on laboratory Zebra Finches. Winter mass loss could be an adaptive response to reduce energetic costs, including those of flight, and it could reduce predation risk associated with frequent travelling in search of dispersed winter food. In a multiple regression analysis, day length, minimum ambient temperature and breeding activity were significant predictors of body mass in males, but not in females. Breeding activity was the most significant predictor, but was positively correlated with day length and temperature. Competitive mating may be a factor in regulating increases in male mass during the breeding season, but further investigations are needed.

Phylogenetic Relationships in Helianthus (Asteraceae) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Region Sequence Data

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA was sequenced from 73 samples representing 46 of the 49 species of Helianthus and both species of Phoebanthus. Overall there was only a small amount of sequence divergence, less than 4% within Helianthus and less than 5.5% between Phoe- banthus and Helianthus. Phylogenetic analysis supported a close relationship between Phoebanthus and Helianthas as sister groups within subtribe Helianthinae. Within Helianthus, four species of the southeastern U.S. were separated successively as basally diverging clades: H. heterophyllus, H. carnosus, H. porteri, and H. agrestis. There was little differentiation among the remaining species. The annual species of sect. Helianthus were placed in a weakly supported clade, within which three further clades were also weakly supported: H. annuus/H. argophyllus/H. bolanderi; H. debilis/H. praecox; H. petiolaris/H. neglectus/H. deserticola/H. niveus subsp. niveus and subsp. canescens. The perennial species did not form a monophyletic clade. Within the perennials, there were a few clades of weak to moderate support: H. angustifolius/H. floridanus/H. simulans; H. giganteus/H. grosseserratus/H. maximiliani/H. nuttallii/H. divaricatus; H. arizonensis/H. ciliaris/H. laciniatus; and H. atrorubens/H. mollis/H. occidentalis/H. silphioides. The phylogenetic placement of species with narrow geographic distributions in the extreme southeastern part of North America as the sister group (Phoebanthus) and as basally diverging branches of Helianthus in the ITS trees suggests that the ancestor to the genus may have been confined to this area prior to divergence and dispersal leading to the extant array of snpecies.

Dating the Construction of Mulberry Plantation

Research Notes Dating the Construction of Mulberry Plantation DIANE D. GREER Florida A&M University Figure 1. Mulberry Plantation, Berkeley County, South Carolina, 1711 (pavilions added 1714). Main facade of house (author). "Mulberry defies feverish attempts to find a word for it: it seems a sort of melting pot of architectural forms, as diverse in origin as the population of the colony." 1 Hugh Morrison's description in Early American Architecture From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period captures the frustration of architectural historians in categorizing the architecture of the enigmatic main house of Mulberry Plantation (Figure 1), located in Berkeley County near Charleston, South Carolina. A closer examination of the design history of Mulberry Plantation may help to explain its seeming stylistic inconsistencies. Known locally and described historically as "Mulberry Castle/' the house was long believed to have been built in 1714, the date inscribed in each of four weathervanes atop the corner pavilions (Figure 2). However, it now appears 1. Hugh Morrison, Early American Architecture from the First Colonial Settlement to the National Period, New York, 1952, 172. 2. Charleston County Miscellaneous Records, vol. 56, 1711-1715, 170, South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston. This indenture, dated 17 May 1712, states that Thomas Broughton had "lately set up some erections and buildings on a part of fairlawns plantations." 56 that the house, without its pavilions, existed as early as 1711. Information found in the archives of the South Carolina Historical Society supports the notion that the body of the house, as built, was a typical example of early Georgian architecture and that only with the addition of the pavilions did its stylistic origins become clouded. In 1708, Thomas Broughton, an Englishman who later became lieutenant governor of South Carolina, purchased 4A23 acres of land from John Colleton, one of the proprietors of the colony. By 1712, Broughton had constructed a house overlooking the river.2 Unfortunately, the land on which he built this "Capitoll Mesuage Tenement Dwelling House Mansion" 3 was not a part of the 1708 purchase. Broughton and Colleton resolved the 3. Will of Thomas Broughton, Broughton Papers, South Carolina Historical Society, Charleston. Thomas Broughton died in 1737. This undated, handwritten document is concerned primarily with the disposition of the slaves at "Mulbery Plantation," a subject Broughton addresses in detail. Almost as an afterthought, he assigns the "Capitoll Mesuage Tenement Dwelling House Mansion" to his wife, Anne. ARRIS Volume 6: 56-57. 1995 problem amicably in May 1712 by executing a second indenture, an Agreement of Exchange.4 The second indenture documents the existence of the house as early as the spring of 1712. A letter written by Dr. Francis LeJau, a missionary to Charleston, supports an even earlier construction date. LeJau wrote in September 1711, "I have now no leading man or men ofauthority in my Parish. Col. Broughton left us 3 months ago to go and live upon his fine seat fourteen miles off." 5 The 1714 date indicated on the weathervanes corresponds to information contained in an undated document, probably a page from a personal journal, in the Broughton papers at the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston. The document states that "Gov Broughton built the present house at old Mulberry upon Sir John Colleton's land and the flankers were added by a vote of the General Assembly or the Council as a defence against the neighbouring Indians." 6 In the early eighteenth century, South Carolinians lived with the constant threat of Indian attack. Several histories of South Carolina refer to Mulberry's position on 4. Ibid. The property on which Broughton erected buildings was located on the extreme southeastern part of the Fair Lawn Barony. By the Agreement of Exchange dated 17 May 1712, Broughton retained the "bluff bank" and traded 300 acres off the northwest part of Mulberry Plantation back to Colleton along with 150 pounds, which represented the difference in value. 5. Mills Lane, Architecture ofthe Old South, South Carolina, New York, 1984,56. 6. Anonymous document, undated,Broughton Papers. Thisdocument, RESEARCH NOTES 57 Figure 2 (jar left). Mulberry Plantation. Detail of cupola showing 1714 date on weathervane of southwest pavilion (author). Figure 3 (left) . Mulberry Plantation. First floor plan...

Crayfish Species from Creeks and Rivers of Cherokee County, Kansas

Crayfish Species from Creeks and Rivers of Cherokee County, Kansas

Arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in Bangladesh

AbstractDaily data of (a) rainfall amount, (b) prevailing wind direction, (c) wind speed, (d) mean temperature, and (e) mean relative humidity of 19 stations in Bangladesh for the months May through to October, for the period 1958 through to 1987, have been analysed in order to determine various spatio‐temporal patterns of the arrival and withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon in the country. Statistical characteristics of these dates have been presented.The summer monsoon arrives first in the extreme south‐eastern part of the country, and initially moves towards the north. After being diverted by the Meghalaya Plateau, the flow turns towards the west. The mean arrival date of the summer monsoon in the extreme south‐eastern coastal part and in the extreme north‐western part are 2 June and 15 June, respectively. Withdrawal of the summer monsoon proceeds in the opposite direction to the arrival. Mean withdrawal dates of the summer monsoon from the extreme north‐western part and extreme south‐eastern part of the country are 30 September and 17 October, respectively. Standard deviations of both arrival and withdrawal dates in different parts of the country vary from 7 to 10 days.Probabilistic early dates of arrival of the summer monsoon in Cox's Bazar area in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 28 May, 23 May, and 19 May, respectively. Probabilistic late dates of arrival in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 8 June, 13 June, and 16 June, respectively.Probabilistic early dates of complete withdrawal of the summer monsoon from Bangladesh in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 10 October, 5 October, and 1 October, respectively. Probabilistic late dates of complete withdrawal in 1 year out of 4 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 23 October, 28 October, and November 1, respectively.

Mark Twain's Moveable Farm and the Evasion

Tl4HE Quarles farm, southwest of Hannibal, where young Sam Clemens spent his summers with his aunt and uncle and their slaves, was as important in Mark Twain's imagination as Hannibal itself. Used simply as setting, farm came, as Mark Twain said, very handy to me in literature once or twice. 1 His most signal use of it was to turn it into Tom Sawyer's Aunt Sally and Uncle Silas Phelps's plantation in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Located where Huck and Jim's long raft voyage down Mississippi ended, Phelps place must be considerably south of its Missouri counterpart, but just how far south is a matter of disagreement. There are scholars who put it in Arkansas and others who put it in Mississippi or Louisiana. It is purpose of this study to sketch history of disagreement, to offer a precise location for farm based on fresh analysis and evidence, and, more importantly, to suggest how disagreement is a consequence of Mark Twain's own ambivalence. In 1958 Henry Nash Smith referred to the 'one-horse' plantation of Silas Phelps near Pikesville, Arkansas.2 The following year Louis Budd located plantation no further north than Natchez or possibly Baton Rouge.3 In I967 Leo Marx put it in northern Louisiana, and appended a map.4 Two years later Allison Ensor concluded that Pikesville and Phelps farm are located in extreme southeastern part of Arkansas,5 and four

The Stratigraphy of the Trinity Group, East Texas Basin

The Lower Cretaceous Trinity Group of the East Texas basin contains formations that have produced oil for a number of years, and while they have been the subject of considerable discussion, little has been said about their character and regional distribution over the entire basin. This regional treatment is critical to an understanding of the tectonic history of the East Texas basin. The Trinity Group consists of facies varying from fluvial sands to marginal marine limestones and shales. In the East Texas basin, Trinity rocks were initially deposited during basinal subsidence and form a wedge of sediments that thicken rapidly eastward. Early Trinity deposition began as clastics were shed from highlands to the north and west and then were deposited within the basin by prograding deltaic systems. Sediment was first deposited as channel-fill and point-bar deposits. Toward the basin, fluvial sands were deposited as destructive deltaic facies. True marine sedimentation was confined to the extreme southeastern part of the basin. Trinity deposition reflects a series of minor transgressive and regressive pulses, with environments ranging from deltaic and shallow open shelf to restricted lagoon. With the buildup of the Stuart City reef system along the southern margin of the basin isolationmore » occurred. During late Trinity, seas covered the entire basin and a large area of the stable Texas platform resulting in deposition of a thick, shallow, open-marine limestone and shale sequence, which marks the end of Trinity deposition.« less

Le cartulaire de la Selve: La Terre, les hommes, et le pouvoir en Rouergue au XII siècle (review)

REVIEW ARTICLE Anne-Marie Magnou & Paul Ourliac, eds. Le cartulaire de la Selve: La Terre, les hommes, et le pouvoir en Rouergue au XII siècle. Paris: C.N.R.S. (Centre Régional de Publications de Toulouse ), 1985. FF150. The long-awaited publication of the Templar cartulary of la Selve brings to light one of the treasures of the Order of Malta collection of the departmental archives of the Haute-Garonne in Toulouse. That collection includes not only surviving medieval archives for Hospitals from throughout southern France but most of the early archives for the many Templar holdings which were transferred to the Hospital in the early fourteenth century (Dubourg, passim). The Malta collection has long been recognized by southern French scholars as a rich source for the study of Occitan charters; Clovis Brunei, in his Les plus anciennes chartes en langue proven çale, used it extensively. Ourliac has long seen in it a useful source forthe legal and economic history ofthe Midi (see his 1969 article on "Le pays de la Selve"). This edition comprises a cartulary, a charterroll, and a group ofisolatedindividualparchmentchartersfromtheTemplarholdingor commandery ofla Selve in the central Rouergue. The documents are ofobvious interest for local history, Templar history, onomastic and genealogical study as well as for the history ofOccitan. Virtually all the charters were written in the vernacular of a small region of the central Rouergue west of Millau and south of Rodez. Although the edition and publication are exemplary, the language ofthe documents is notdiscussed in detail by theeditors (6) who simplyreferthereader to Brunei. Transactions included in the publication date from approximately 1 150 to 1250, although few actually beardates. The approximatedates given bytheeditorsforindividual charters (vers 1 160, vers 1 170, etc.) have been derived from dated charters published forother religious communities in this region. One must note, however, that these dates are not terribly precise; in many cases vers should be interpretedtomeanplusorminustwentyyearsorso. (Itisunfortunate that the Bonnecombe documents mentioned below were not used as additional aids in establishing these dates.) In addition to its value for local history or for the history ofthe Crusadingorders, thiscartularyraises several questionsregardingthe 23 REVIEW ARTICLE history of language and documents in this region. First, in such ecclesiastical cartularies can the use ofthe vernacularinstead ofLatin be considered evidence of backwardness or progressiveness? Secondly , what is the relationship between the original and cartulary in this period? As a social andeconomic historian oftheregion, I would like to bring such questions before historians of language. In theirintroduction, Ourliac and Magnou make thepoint that the vernacular charter is probably a closer record ofthe actual act of transferimmortalized by the written word than is the equivalentLatin charter (5). They alsocontend thatthelaSelvecartulary's vernacular charters reflect the relative isolation of this region south of Rodez in which this Templar holding was located. To support their argument, they make comparisons to the nearly contemporary cartulary for the Rouergat Cistercian house of Silvanès, which is located on the edge of the Cévennes in the extreme southeastern part of the Rouergue (some 50 kilometers from la Selve.) The Silvanès cartulary is almost entirely in Latin rather than in the vernacular. The editors of the vernacular la Selve cartulary explain this difference as resulting not because one is a Templar and one a Cistercian house, or because la Selve may have remained an outpost (similar to a deanery or priory or grange) of Sainte Eulalie throughmuchoftheperiodin whichvernacularcharterspredominate, butbecause Silvanèswaslocatedinaregionthatwaslessisolated,less backward, more in contact with the learned Latin traditions and reviving Roman law of the Languedoc coastal region. Use of the vernacular (in theminds ofthese legal historians) seems tobeequated with backwardness; useofLatin withcirculation ofpeople, ideas, etc. Could one not contend instead that the vernacular indicates a thriving, developing, and literate, although predominately lay society in this region? I see no reason why the use of the vernacular in charters from the Middle Ages should be considered evidence of isolation or backwardness—except perhaps in the legal historian's terms of reference as reflecting isolation from the revival of Roman law terminology. Indeed, could not the continuation of the use of Latin inthemid twelfth century bythemonksofSilvanèsbeindicative ofmarked conservatism in that extremely inaccessible, mountainous region of the southeastern Rouergue...

Gondwana coals of Bhutan Himalaya - Occurrence, properties and petrographic characteristics

A narrow belt of highly inclined coal-bearing Gondwana strata occurs in the extreme south-eastern part of Bhutan Himalaya. Recently, a systematic survey was undertaken along this coal belt and coals of three areas were analyzed in detail for the evaluation of their physico-chemical properties and petrographic characteristics. The entire region is in the midst of the Great Himalayan orogenic belt, and the whole stratigraphic sequence underwent several diastrophic movements in the geological past. The massive effects of these orogenies is more pronounced in the coal beds of Gondwana sequence, and due to severe crushing and tectonic shearing these coals became powdery and flaky in nature. Significantly, the coals retained their pre-deformational rank exhibiting typical high-volatile, low-rank, bituminous characters, with mild caking propensities. Also these coals are markedly low in sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine and carbonate content like that of Peninsular Gondwana coals. Petrographic studies of these Bhutan coals revealed a close similarity with the eastern Raniganj coals (Upper Permian) of Peninsular India. The tectonic shearing and crushing of the coals are exhibited by the frequent presence of microfolding, microfaulting, and other compressional structures. However, the coals of all the three areas have shown a consistently low order of reflectance values. This typical retention of pre-deformational low-rank bituminous character is a significant feature of Bhutan coals. It shows that massive orogenic movements were only able to physically crush these coals but could not generate the requisite thermal regime to raise the rank of these coals.

Oil and Gas Possibilities Onshore and Offshore Ghana: ABSTRACT

Nearly half of the total area of the Republic of Ghana is covered by sedimentary rocks. These rocks are found mainly in four different parts of the country: Tano basin, Keta basin, Voltaian basin, and the continental shelf. The possibilities of finding oil and gas onshore and offshore Ghana have thus been concentrated in these four areas. Because oil seeps in saturated superficial sands were found in the Tano basin, efforts to find oil in Ghana started as far back as 1896 in this basin, which is located at the extreme southwestern part of Ghana and has an area of 1,165 km2 (450 mi2). Seventeen onshore wells have been drilled so far in this basin, which is underlain by Upper Cretaceous Apollonian sediments consisting mainly of thin alternations of sand and clay with a few thin beds of gravel and fossiliferous limestone. The Keta basin, located at the extreme southeastern part of Ghana, has an area of 2,200 km2 (850 mi2). It is covered in the north by Pliocene and in the south by Holocene deposits. Since 1966, three onshore wells have been drilled in this basin. The continental shelf of Ghana is at the southern part of the country and has an area of 27,562 km2 (10,640 mi2). Prospecting for oil in the shelf started in 1968. In all, 34 offshore oil wells have been drilled by foreign companies in this area, which has been divided into 24 concession blocks. At present, oil is being produced from wells in Block 10. The possibility of finding oil and/or gas at the extreme western part of the continental shelf cannot be overemphasized. The expansive Voltaian sedimentary basin, located in the central part of Ghana, covers an area of about 103,600 km2 (40,000 mi2). The basin is underlain by Precambrian to lower Paleozoic epicontinental Voltaian series comprised of a thick sequence of marine and continental sediments. Although no trace of hydrocarbon was found in the only well that has been drilled so far in this basin, the presence of traces of bitumen in some parts of the basin indicates that, despite of its age, the basin might prove to be an oil province. The recent discovery of oil in the Ivory Coast means that it is possible to find oil or gas in Ghana, inasmuch as Ghana's petroleum potential is closely associated with that of the Ivory Coast basin, which extends for 560 km (300 mi) along the entire Ivory Coast and persists eastward into Ghana for an additional 320 km (200 mi), terminating in the area directly west of Accra. The Ghanian part of the Ivory Coast basin, therefore, holds the greatest possibility of finding oil or gas in Ghana. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1204------------

Holocene deformation and crustal movements in some type areas of India

Abstract Recent crustal movements have been observed and studied in several parts of India including the Himalayan and sub-Himalayan regions, the Precambrian shield of peninsular India and also the coastal tracts. The results of studies of Holocene deformation and crustal movements in two type areas are presented, one in the extreme southeastern part of the peninsula and the other in northeastern India. The Precambrian shield in the extreme southeastern part is characterised by a major NE—SW trending fault zone in the Tirupattur—Mattur areas of Tamil Nadu with some major extended faults, one of which apparently cuts through the entire crust and Moho as indicated by gravity data and which is associated with occurrences of alkaline and basic intrusions and carbonatite complex. Evidence of Recent crustal movements in this zone is afforded by geomorphic features and recent and current seismicity of a mild nature which is apparently to be attributed to slow movements along the fault plane. The Shillong plateau in northeastern India occurs as block-uplifted horst, comprising for the most part Archaean crystalline rocks with plateau basalts and Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments occurring on its southern margin. The plateau is bounded by major faults and is located in a zone of high seismicity lying astride and parallel to the eastern Himalayas intervened by the alluvium of the Brahmaputra Valley. Geomorphic features such as raised terraces, straight-edged scarps, etc., provide evidence for Recent crustal movements with dominant vertical movements along the fault planes which have continued through Tertiary and Recent times. Repeated precision levelling measurements conducted by the Survey of India indicate a rate of uplift of 4–5 cm per 100 years during the period 1910–1975. The gravity data pertaining to this region are also discussed in relation to the crustal movements.

Southeastern Papua: Generation of thick crust in a tensional environment?

Research Article| March 01, 1975 Southeastern Papua: Generation of thick crust in a tensional environment? John Milsom; John Milsom 1287 Jersey Road, Osteley, Middlesex, England Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Ian E. Smith Ian E. Smith 2Department of Geology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information John Milsom 1287 Jersey Road, Osteley, Middlesex, England Ian E. Smith 2Department of Geology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 02 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 Geological Society of America Geology (1975) 3 (3): 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<117:SPGOTC>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation John Milsom, Ian E. Smith; Southeastern Papua: Generation of thick crust in a tensional environment?. Geology 1975;; 3 (3): 117–120. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1975)3<117:SPGOTC>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract The extreme southeastern part of the Papuan peninsula is composed mainly of middle Eocene submarine basalt which resembles mid-ocean-ridge tholeiite. During middle Miocene time, the basaltic pile was intruded by potassic rocks, with which pronounced gravity and magnetic anomalies are associated. Although continental rocks have not been found in this area, geophysical data indicate that the crust is of near to normal continental thickness. The uplift of the basalt may be due to differentiation and expansion of the underlying mantle under a tensional regime, and the potassic rocks may be the surface expression of diapirs formed during that differentiation. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The Origins and Affinities of the Troglobitic Crayfishes of North America (Decapoda, Astacidae). I. The Genus Cambarus

One of the most interesting phases of the history of crayfish dispersal and modification is that associated with the origins of troglobites. There are a few generalizations which can be drawn concerning the distributions and the origins of the several stocks which have engendered populations that have been able to meet the demands of a subterranean existence. In order to gain the proper perspective of the distributional relationships of the cavernicolous crayfishes with their epigean relatives, a brief summary of the distributions of the four genera with hypogean representatives is presented. The largest genus in the family Astacidae, Procambarus, comprises more than 100 species and subspecies of which six are true troglobites. The range of the genus extends from Cuba, Guatemala and Honduras northward to Illinois and southern New England. Most of the species are found in the southeastern parts of the United States and Mexico where they are confined largely to the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Provinces. Only in Mexico have representatives been able to cross the divide into the Pacific drainage. The six albinistic species and subspecies are known only from Florida (4), Veracruz, Mexico (1), and Pinar del Rio, Cuba (1); that from the latter has not been described. The monotypic genus Troglocambarus is known only from caves in the Florida peninsula. The genus Orconectes, the second largest in the family, is composed of approximately 60 species and subspecies, and among them five troglobitic taxa have been recognized. The range of this genus is largely confined to the Mississippi and Great Lakes drainage systems, but a few species have reached the extreme southeastern part of the United States, and two occur east of the Appalachian system in an area extending from Maine to Virginia. The hypogean representatives are found in the Interior Low Plateaus of southern Indiana, central Kentucky and Tennessee, and northern Alabama. The genus Cambarus, comprising some 40 species and subspecies, is represented by six troglobitic species within the United States. Its range extends from the Gulf of Mexico (Texas to northern Florida) to Canada; however, most of the species occur in the eastern part of the United States, along the slopes of and in streams arising in the Appalachian Mountains. The present discussion concerns the cavernicoles of this genus.

The Subspecific Identity of the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Kansas and Nebraska

Great Plains. The species once occurred along most of the eastern edge of Nebraska, but now is found only along the Missouri River in the extreme southeastern part of that state. In Kansas, the gray squirrel presently occurs in the eastern one-fourth of the state; formerly it ranged westward along the valleys of rivers to approximately the 98th Meridian. J. A. Allen (in Coues and Allen, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Territories, 11:715, 1877) referred specimens from Nebrask, (mouth of the Platte River) and Kansas (Leavenworth and Salt Creek [= Saline River]) to Sciurus carolinensis var. leucotis, for which the currently employed name is Sciurus carolinensis pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815 (see Hall and Kelson, The Mammals of North America, p. 371, 1959). Subsequent authors, however, assigned gray squirrels from the two states to Sciurus carolinensis carolinensis Gmelin, 1788. In studying Nebraskan specimens, one of us (Jones) noted that they differed in several respects from typical specimens of S. c. carolinensis, as did some specimens from Kansas, prompting us to review the subspecific identity of gray squirrels from the two states.

La geologie de l'extreme sud-est de Madagascar

Abstract Recent work in the extreme southeastern part of Madagascar suggests that the Androyen system be subdivided on the basis of stratigraphic rather than metamorphic zones. The Anosyen granites and their train of charnockites were developed at variable levels within the upper pyroxenite series which is distinctly layered. These upper series contain thorium deposits (thorianite in the phroxenites, monazite in the granites); the Anosyen granitization and thorium concentration are related to the Eocambrian orogeny 485 million years ago.